]> git.lizzy.rs Git - minetest.git/blob - README.md
Translated using Weblate (Galician)
[minetest.git] / README.md
1 Minetest
2 ========
3
4 ![Build Status](https://github.com/minetest/minetest/workflows/build/badge.svg)
5 [![Translation status](https://hosted.weblate.org/widgets/minetest/-/svg-badge.svg)](https://hosted.weblate.org/engage/minetest/?utm_source=widget)
6 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-LGPLv2.1%2B-blue.svg)](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.en.html)
7
8 Minetest is a free open-source voxel game engine with easy modding and game creation.
9
10 Copyright (C) 2010-2022 Perttu Ahola <celeron55@gmail.com>
11 and contributors (see source file comments and the version control log)
12
13 In case you downloaded the source code
14 --------------------------------------
15 If you downloaded the Minetest Engine source code in which this file is
16 contained, you probably want to download the [Minetest Game](https://github.com/minetest/minetest_game/)
17 project too. See its README.txt for more information.
18
19 Table of Contents
20 ------------------
21
22 1. [Further Documentation](#further-documentation)
23 2. [Default Controls](#default-controls)
24 3. [Paths](#paths)
25 4. [Configuration File](#configuration-file)
26 5. [Command-line Options](#command-line-options)
27 6. [Compiling](#compiling)
28 7. [Docker](#docker)
29 8. [Version Scheme](#version-scheme)
30
31
32 Further documentation
33 ----------------------
34 - Website: https://minetest.net/
35 - Wiki: https://wiki.minetest.net/
36 - Developer wiki: https://dev.minetest.net/
37 - Forum: https://forum.minetest.net/
38 - GitHub: https://github.com/minetest/minetest/
39 - [doc/](doc/) directory of source distribution
40
41 Default controls
42 ----------------
43 All controls are re-bindable using settings.
44 Some can be changed in the key config dialog in the settings tab.
45
46 | Button                        | Action                                                         |
47 |-------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|
48 | Move mouse                    | Look around                                                    |
49 | W, A, S, D                    | Move                                                           |
50 | Space                         | Jump/move up                                                   |
51 | Shift                         | Sneak/move down                                                |
52 | Q                             | Drop itemstack                                                 |
53 | Shift + Q                     | Drop single item                                               |
54 | Left mouse button             | Dig/punch/take item                                            |
55 | Right mouse button            | Place/use                                                      |
56 | Shift + right mouse button    | Build (without using)                                          |
57 | I                             | Inventory menu                                                 |
58 | Mouse wheel                   | Select item                                                    |
59 | 0-9                           | Select item                                                    |
60 | Z                             | Zoom (needs zoom privilege)                                    |
61 | T                             | Chat                                                           |
62 | /                             | Command                                                        |
63 | Esc                           | Pause menu/abort/exit (pauses only singleplayer game)          |
64 | R                             | Enable/disable full range view                                 |
65 | +                             | Increase view range                                            |
66 | -                             | Decrease view range                                            |
67 | K                             | Enable/disable fly mode (needs fly privilege)                  |
68 | P                             | Enable/disable pitch move mode                                 |
69 | J                             | Enable/disable fast mode (needs fast privilege)                |
70 | H                             | Enable/disable noclip mode (needs noclip privilege)            |
71 | E                             | Aux1 (Move fast in fast mode. Games may add special features)  |
72 | C                             | Cycle through camera modes                                     |
73 | V                             | Cycle through minimap modes                                    |
74 | Shift + V                     | Change minimap orientation                                     |
75 | F1                            | Hide/show HUD                                                  |
76 | F2                            | Hide/show chat                                                 |
77 | F3                            | Disable/enable fog                                             |
78 | F4                            | Disable/enable camera update (Mapblocks are not updated anymore when disabled, disabled in release builds)  |
79 | F5                            | Cycle through debug information screens                        |
80 | F6                            | Cycle through profiler info screens                            |
81 | F10                           | Show/hide console                                              |
82 | F12                           | Take screenshot                                                |
83
84 Paths
85 -----
86 Locations:
87
88 * `bin`   - Compiled binaries
89 * `share` - Distributed read-only data
90 * `user`  - User-created modifiable data
91
92 Where each location is on each platform:
93
94 * Windows .zip / RUN_IN_PLACE source:
95     * `bin`   = `bin`
96     * `share` = `.`
97     * `user`  = `.`
98 * Windows installed:
99     * `bin`   = `C:\Program Files\Minetest\bin (Depends on the install location)`
100     * `share` = `C:\Program Files\Minetest (Depends on the install location)`
101     * `user`  = `%APPDATA%\Minetest` or `%MINETEST_USER_PATH%`
102 * Linux installed:
103     * `bin`   = `/usr/bin`
104     * `share` = `/usr/share/minetest`
105     * `user`  = `~/.minetest` or `$MINETEST_USER_PATH`
106 * macOS:
107     * `bin`   = `Contents/MacOS`
108     * `share` = `Contents/Resources`
109     * `user`  = `Contents/User` or `~/Library/Application Support/minetest` or `$MINETEST_USER_PATH`
110
111 Worlds can be found as separate folders in: `user/worlds/`
112
113 Configuration file
114 ------------------
115 - Default location:
116     `user/minetest.conf`
117 - This file is created by closing Minetest for the first time.
118 - A specific file can be specified on the command line:
119     `--config <path-to-file>`
120 - A run-in-place build will look for the configuration file in
121     `location_of_exe/../minetest.conf` and also `location_of_exe/../../minetest.conf`
122
123 Command-line options
124 --------------------
125 - Use `--help`
126
127 Compiling
128 ---------
129 ### Compiling on GNU/Linux
130
131 #### Dependencies
132
133 | Dependency | Version | Commentary |
134 |------------|---------|------------|
135 | GCC        | 5.1+    | or Clang 3.5+ |
136 | CMake      | 3.5+    |            |
137 | IrrlichtMt | -       | Custom version of Irrlicht, see https://github.com/minetest/irrlicht |
138 | Freetype   | 2.0+    |            |
139 | SQLite3    | 3+      |            |
140 | Zstd       | 1.0+    |            |
141 | LuaJIT     | 2.0+    | Bundled Lua 5.1 is used if not present |
142 | GMP        | 5.0.0+  | Bundled mini-GMP is used if not present |
143 | JsonCPP    | 1.0.0+  | Bundled JsonCPP is used if not present |
144
145 For Debian/Ubuntu users:
146
147     sudo apt install g++ make libc6-dev cmake libpng-dev libjpeg-dev libxi-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libsqlite3-dev libogg-dev libvorbis-dev libopenal-dev libcurl4-gnutls-dev libfreetype6-dev zlib1g-dev libgmp-dev libjsoncpp-dev libzstd-dev libluajit-5.1-dev
148
149 For Fedora users:
150
151     sudo dnf install make automake gcc gcc-c++ kernel-devel cmake libcurl-devel openal-soft-devel libvorbis-devel libXi-devel libogg-devel freetype-devel mesa-libGL-devel zlib-devel jsoncpp-devel gmp-devel sqlite-devel luajit-devel leveldb-devel ncurses-devel spatialindex-devel libzstd-devel
152
153 For Arch users:
154
155     sudo pacman -S base-devel libcurl-gnutls cmake libxi libpng sqlite libogg libvorbis openal freetype2 jsoncpp gmp luajit leveldb ncurses zstd
156
157 For Alpine users:
158
159     sudo apk add build-base cmake libpng-dev jpeg-dev libxi-dev mesa-dev sqlite-dev libogg-dev libvorbis-dev openal-soft-dev curl-dev freetype-dev zlib-dev gmp-dev jsoncpp-dev luajit-dev zstd-dev
160
161 #### Download
162
163 You can install Git for easily keeping your copy up to date.
164 If you don’t want Git, read below on how to get the source without Git.
165 This is an example for installing Git on Debian/Ubuntu:
166
167     sudo apt install git
168
169 For Fedora users:
170
171     sudo dnf install git
172
173 Download source (this is the URL to the latest of source repository, which might not work at all times) using Git:
174
175     git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/minetest/minetest.git
176     cd minetest
177
178 Download minetest_game (otherwise only the "Development Test" game is available) using Git:
179
180     git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/minetest/minetest_game.git games/minetest_game
181
182 Download IrrlichtMt to `lib/irrlichtmt`, it will be used to satisfy the IrrlichtMt dependency that way:
183
184     git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/minetest/irrlicht.git lib/irrlichtmt
185
186 Download source, without using Git:
187
188     wget https://github.com/minetest/minetest/archive/master.tar.gz
189     tar xf master.tar.gz
190     cd minetest-master
191
192 Download minetest_game, without using Git:
193
194     cd games/
195     wget https://github.com/minetest/minetest_game/archive/master.tar.gz
196     tar xf master.tar.gz
197     mv minetest_game-master minetest_game
198     cd ..
199
200 Download IrrlichtMt, without using Git:
201
202     cd lib/
203     wget https://github.com/minetest/irrlicht/archive/master.tar.gz
204     tar xf master.tar.gz
205     mv irrlicht-master irrlichtmt
206     cd ..
207
208 #### Build
209
210 Build a version that runs directly from the source directory:
211
212     cmake . -DRUN_IN_PLACE=TRUE
213     make -j$(nproc)
214
215 Run it:
216
217     ./bin/minetest
218
219 - Use `cmake . -LH` to see all CMake options and their current state.
220 - If you want to install it system-wide (or are making a distribution package),
221   you will want to use `-DRUN_IN_PLACE=FALSE`.
222 - You can build a bare server by specifying `-DBUILD_SERVER=TRUE`.
223 - You can disable the client build by specifying `-DBUILD_CLIENT=FALSE`.
224 - You can select between Release and Debug build by `-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=<Debug or Release>`.
225   - Debug build is slower, but gives much more useful output in a debugger.
226 - If you build a bare server you don't need to compile IrrlichtMt, just the headers suffice.
227   - In that case use `-DIRRLICHT_INCLUDE_DIR=/some/where/irrlichtmt/include`.
228
229 - Minetest will use the IrrlichtMt package that is found first, given by the following order:
230   1. Specified `IRRLICHTMT_BUILD_DIR` CMake variable
231   2. `${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib/irrlichtmt` (if existent)
232   3. Installation of IrrlichtMt in the system-specific library paths
233   4. For server builds with disabled `BUILD_CLIENT` variable, the headers from `IRRLICHT_INCLUDE_DIR` will be used.
234   - NOTE: Changing the IrrlichtMt build directory (includes system installs) requires regenerating the CMake cache (`rm CMakeCache.txt`)
235
236 ### CMake options
237
238 General options and their default values:
239
240     BUILD_CLIENT=TRUE          - Build Minetest client
241     BUILD_SERVER=FALSE         - Build Minetest server
242     BUILD_UNITTESTS=TRUE       - Build unittest sources
243     BUILD_BENCHMARKS=FALSE     - Build benchmark sources
244     CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release   - Type of build (Release vs. Debug)
245         Release                - Release build
246         Debug                  - Debug build
247         SemiDebug              - Partially optimized debug build
248         RelWithDebInfo         - Release build with debug information
249         MinSizeRel             - Release build with -Os passed to compiler to make executable as small as possible
250     ENABLE_CURL=ON             - Build with cURL; Enables use of online mod repo, public serverlist and remote media fetching via http
251     ENABLE_CURSES=ON           - Build with (n)curses; Enables a server side terminal (command line option: --terminal)
252     ENABLE_GETTEXT=ON          - Build with Gettext; Allows using translations
253     ENABLE_GLES=OFF            - Enable extra support code for OpenGL ES (requires support by IrrlichtMt)
254     ENABLE_LEVELDB=ON          - Build with LevelDB; Enables use of LevelDB map backend
255     ENABLE_POSTGRESQL=ON       - Build with libpq; Enables use of PostgreSQL map backend (PostgreSQL 9.5 or greater recommended)
256     ENABLE_REDIS=ON            - Build with libhiredis; Enables use of Redis map backend
257     ENABLE_SPATIAL=ON          - Build with LibSpatial; Speeds up AreaStores
258     ENABLE_SOUND=ON            - Build with OpenAL, libogg & libvorbis; in-game sounds
259     ENABLE_LUAJIT=ON           - Build with LuaJIT (much faster than non-JIT Lua)
260     ENABLE_PROMETHEUS=OFF      - Build with Prometheus metrics exporter (listens on tcp/30000 by default)
261     ENABLE_SYSTEM_GMP=ON       - Use GMP from system (much faster than bundled mini-gmp)
262     ENABLE_SYSTEM_JSONCPP=ON   - Use JsonCPP from system
263     RUN_IN_PLACE=FALSE         - Create a portable install (worlds, settings etc. in current directory)
264     ENABLE_UPDATE_CHECKER=TRUE - Whether to enable update checks by default
265     USE_GPROF=FALSE            - Enable profiling using GProf
266     VERSION_EXTRA=             - Text to append to version (e.g. VERSION_EXTRA=foobar -> Minetest 0.4.9-foobar)
267     ENABLE_TOUCH=FALSE         - Enable Touchscreen support (requires support by IrrlichtMt)
268
269 Library specific options:
270
271     CURL_DLL                        - Only if building with cURL on Windows; path to libcurl.dll
272     CURL_INCLUDE_DIR                - Only if building with cURL; directory where curl.h is located
273     CURL_LIBRARY                    - Only if building with cURL; path to libcurl.a/libcurl.so/libcurl.lib
274     EGL_INCLUDE_DIR                 - Only if building with GLES; directory that contains egl.h
275     EGL_LIBRARY                     - Only if building with GLES; path to libEGL.a/libEGL.so
276     EXTRA_DLL                       - Only on Windows; optional paths to additional DLLs that should be packaged
277     FREETYPE_INCLUDE_DIR_freetype2  - Directory that contains files such as ftimage.h
278     FREETYPE_INCLUDE_DIR_ft2build   - Directory that contains ft2build.h
279     FREETYPE_LIBRARY                - Path to libfreetype.a/libfreetype.so/freetype.lib
280     FREETYPE_DLL                    - Only on Windows; path to libfreetype-6.dll
281     GETTEXT_DLL                     - Only when building with gettext on Windows; paths to libintl + libiconv DLLs
282     GETTEXT_INCLUDE_DIR             - Only when building with gettext; directory that contains libintl.h
283     GETTEXT_LIBRARY                 - Optional/platform-dependent with gettext; path to libintl.so/libintl.dll.a
284     GETTEXT_MSGFMT                  - Only when building with gettext; path to msgfmt/msgfmt.exe
285     ICONV_LIBRARY                   - Optional/platform-dependent; path to libiconv.so/libiconv.dylib
286     IRRLICHT_DLL                    - Only on Windows; path to IrrlichtMt.dll
287     IRRLICHT_INCLUDE_DIR            - Directory that contains IrrCompileConfig.h (usable for server build only)
288     LEVELDB_INCLUDE_DIR             - Only when building with LevelDB; directory that contains db.h
289     LEVELDB_LIBRARY                 - Only when building with LevelDB; path to libleveldb.a/libleveldb.so/libleveldb.dll.a
290     LEVELDB_DLL                     - Only when building with LevelDB on Windows; path to libleveldb.dll
291     PostgreSQL_INCLUDE_DIR          - Only when building with PostgreSQL; directory that contains libpq-fe.h
292     PostgreSQL_LIBRARY              - Only when building with PostgreSQL; path to libpq.a/libpq.so/libpq.lib
293     REDIS_INCLUDE_DIR               - Only when building with Redis; directory that contains hiredis.h
294     REDIS_LIBRARY                   - Only when building with Redis; path to libhiredis.a/libhiredis.so
295     SPATIAL_INCLUDE_DIR             - Only when building with LibSpatial; directory that contains spatialindex/SpatialIndex.h
296     SPATIAL_LIBRARY                 - Only when building with LibSpatial; path to libspatialindex_c.so/spatialindex-32.lib
297     LUA_INCLUDE_DIR                 - Only if you want to use LuaJIT; directory where luajit.h is located
298     LUA_LIBRARY                     - Only if you want to use LuaJIT; path to libluajit.a/libluajit.so
299     OGG_DLL                         - Only if building with sound on Windows; path to libogg.dll
300     OGG_INCLUDE_DIR                 - Only if building with sound; directory that contains an ogg directory which contains ogg.h
301     OGG_LIBRARY                     - Only if building with sound; path to libogg.a/libogg.so/libogg.dll.a
302     OPENAL_DLL                      - Only if building with sound on Windows; path to OpenAL32.dll
303     OPENAL_INCLUDE_DIR              - Only if building with sound; directory where al.h is located
304     OPENAL_LIBRARY                  - Only if building with sound; path to libopenal.a/libopenal.so/OpenAL32.lib
305     SQLITE3_INCLUDE_DIR             - Directory that contains sqlite3.h
306     SQLITE3_LIBRARY                 - Path to libsqlite3.a/libsqlite3.so/sqlite3.lib
307     VORBISFILE_LIBRARY              - Only if building with sound; path to libvorbisfile.a/libvorbisfile.so/libvorbisfile.dll.a
308     VORBIS_DLL                      - Only if building with sound on Windows; paths to vorbis DLLs
309     VORBIS_INCLUDE_DIR              - Only if building with sound; directory that contains a directory vorbis with vorbisenc.h inside
310     VORBIS_LIBRARY                  - Only if building with sound; path to libvorbis.a/libvorbis.so/libvorbis.dll.a
311     ZLIB_DLL                        - Only on Windows; path to zlib1.dll
312     ZLIB_INCLUDE_DIR                - Directory that contains zlib.h
313     ZLIB_LIBRARY                    - Path to libz.a/libz.so/zlib.lib
314     ZSTD_DLL                        - Only on Windows; path to libzstd.dll
315     ZSTD_INCLUDE_DIR                - Directory that contains zstd.h
316     ZSTD_LIBRARY                    - Path to libzstd.a/libzstd.so/ztd.lib
317
318 ### Compiling on Windows using MSVC
319
320 ### Requirements
321
322 - [Visual Studio 2015 or newer](https://visualstudio.microsoft.com)
323 - [CMake](https://cmake.org/download/)
324 - [vcpkg](https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg)
325 - [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads)
326
327 ### Compiling and installing the dependencies
328
329 It is highly recommended to use vcpkg as package manager.
330
331 After you successfully built vcpkg you can easily install the required libraries:
332 ```powershell
333 vcpkg install zlib zstd curl[winssl] openal-soft libvorbis libogg libjpeg-turbo sqlite3 freetype luajit gmp jsoncpp opengl-registry --triplet x64-windows
334 ```
335
336 - **Don't forget about IrrlichtMt.** The easiest way is to clone it to `lib/irrlichtmt` as described in the Linux section.
337 - `curl` is optional, but required to read the serverlist, `curl[winssl]` is required to use the content store.
338 - `openal-soft`, `libvorbis` and `libogg` are optional, but required to use sound.
339 - `luajit` is optional, it replaces the integrated Lua interpreter with a faster just-in-time interpreter.
340 - `gmp` and `jsoncpp` are optional, otherwise the bundled versions will be compiled
341
342 There are other optional libraries, but they are not tested if they can build and link correctly.
343
344 Use `--triplet` to specify the target triplet, e.g. `x64-windows` or `x86-windows`.
345
346 ### Compile Minetest
347
348 #### a) Using the vcpkg toolchain and CMake GUI
349 1. Start up the CMake GUI
350 2. Select **Browse Source...** and select DIR/minetest
351 3. Select **Browse Build...** and select DIR/minetest-build
352 4. Select **Configure**
353 5. Choose the right visual Studio version and target platform. It has to match the version of the installed dependencies
354 6. Choose **Specify toolchain file for cross-compiling**
355 7. Click **Next**
356 8. Select the vcpkg toolchain file e.g. `D:/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake`
357 9. Click Finish
358 10. Wait until cmake have generated the cash file
359 11. If there are any errors, solve them and hit **Configure**
360 12. Click **Generate**
361 13. Click **Open Project**
362 14. Compile Minetest inside Visual studio.
363
364 #### b) Using the vcpkg toolchain and the commandline
365
366 Run the following script in PowerShell:
367
368 ```powershell
369 cmake . -G"Visual Studio 15 2017 Win64" -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=D:/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DENABLE_GETTEXT=OFF -DENABLE_CURSES=OFF
370 cmake --build . --config Release
371 ```
372 Make sure that the right compiler is selected and the path to the vcpkg toolchain is correct.
373
374 ### Windows Installer using WiX Toolset
375
376 Requirements:
377 * [Visual Studio 2017](https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/)
378 * [WiX Toolset](https://wixtoolset.org/)
379
380 In the Visual Studio 2017 Installer select **Optional Features -> WiX Toolset**.
381
382 Build the binaries as described above, but make sure you unselect `RUN_IN_PLACE`.
383
384 Open the generated project file with Visual Studio. Right-click **Package** and choose **Generate**.
385 It may take some minutes to generate the installer.
386
387 ### Compiling on MacOS
388
389 #### Requirements
390 - [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/)
391 - [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads)
392
393 Install dependencies with homebrew:
394
395 ```
396 brew install cmake freetype gettext gmp hiredis jpeg jsoncpp leveldb libogg libpng libvorbis luajit zstd
397 ```
398
399 #### Download
400
401 Download source (this is the URL to the latest of source repository, which might not work at all times) using Git:
402
403 ```bash
404 git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/minetest/minetest.git
405 cd minetest
406 ```
407
408 Download minetest_game (otherwise only the "Development Test" game is available) using Git:
409
410 ```
411 git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/minetest/minetest_game.git games/minetest_game
412 ```
413
414 Download Minetest's fork of Irrlicht:
415
416 ```
417 git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/minetest/irrlicht.git lib/irrlichtmt
418 ```
419
420 #### Build
421
422 ```bash
423 mkdir build
424 cd build
425
426 cmake .. \
427     -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=10.14 \
428     -DCMAKE_FIND_FRAMEWORK=LAST \
429     -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=../build/macos/ \
430     -DRUN_IN_PLACE=FALSE -DENABLE_GETTEXT=TRUE
431
432 make -j$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu)
433 make install
434 ```
435
436 #### Run
437
438 ```
439 open ./build/macos/minetest.app
440 ```
441
442 Docker
443 ------
444 We provide Minetest server Docker images using the GitLab mirror registry.
445
446 Images are built on each commit and available using the following tag scheme:
447
448 * `registry.gitlab.com/minetest/minetest/server:latest` (latest build)
449 * `registry.gitlab.com/minetest/minetest/server:<branch/tag>` (current branch or current tag)
450 * `registry.gitlab.com/minetest/minetest/server:<commit-id>` (current commit id)
451
452 If you want to test it on a Docker server you can easily run:
453
454         sudo docker run registry.gitlab.com/minetest/minetest/server:<docker tag>
455
456 If you want to use it in a production environment you should use volumes bound to the Docker host
457 to persist data and modify the configuration:
458
459         sudo docker create -v /home/minetest/data/:/var/lib/minetest/ -v /home/minetest/conf/:/etc/minetest/ registry.gitlab.com/minetest/minetest/server:master
460
461 Data will be written to `/home/minetest/data` on the host, and configuration will be read from `/home/minetest/conf/minetest.conf`.
462
463 **Note:** If you don't understand the previous commands please read the official Docker documentation before use.
464
465 You can also host your Minetest server inside a Kubernetes cluster. See our example implementation in [`misc/kubernetes.yml`](misc/kubernetes.yml).
466
467
468 Version scheme
469 --------------
470 We use `major.minor.patch` since 5.0.0-dev. Prior to that we used `0.major.minor`.
471
472 - Major is incremented when the release contains breaking changes, all other
473 numbers are set to 0.
474 - Minor is incremented when the release contains new non-breaking features,
475 patch is set to 0.
476 - Patch is incremented when the release only contains bugfixes and very
477 minor/trivial features considered necessary.
478
479 Since 5.0.0-dev and 0.4.17-dev, the dev notation refers to the next release,
480 i.e.: 5.0.0-dev is the development version leading to 5.0.0.
481 Prior to that we used `previous_version-dev`.