Auto merge of #44279 - smaeul:crt_static-deps, r=alexcrichton

Require rlibs for dependent crates when linking static executables

This handles the case for `CrateTypeExecutable` and `+crt_static`. I reworked the match block to avoid duplicating the `attempt_static` and error checking code again (this case would have been a copy of the `CrateTypeCdylib`/`CrateTypeStaticlib` case).

On `linux-musl` targets where `std` was built with `crt_static = false` in `config.toml`, this change brings the test suite from entirely failing to mostly passing.

This change should not affect behavior for other crate types, or for targets which do not respect `+crt_static`.