std: Stabilize the `hash` module

std: Stabilize the `hash` module

This commit is an implementation of [RFC 823][rfc] which is another pass over
the `std::hash` module for stabilization. The contents of the module were not
entirely marked stable, but some portions which remained quite similar to the
previous incarnation are now marked `#[stable]`. Specifically:

[rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0823-hash-simplification.md

* `std::hash` is now stable (the name)
* `Hash` is now stable
* `Hash::hash` is now stable
* `Hasher` is now stable
* `SipHasher` is now stable
* `SipHasher::new` and `new_with_keys` are now stable
* `Hasher for SipHasher` is now stable
* Many `Hash` implementations are now stable

All other portions of the `hash` module remain `#[unstable]` as they are less
commonly used and were recently redesigned.

This commit is a breaking change due to the modifications to the `std::hash` API
and more details can be found on the [RFC][rfc].

Closes #22467
[breaking-change]