Add scoped thread-local encoding and decoding contexts to cstore.

Add scoped thread-local encoding and decoding contexts to cstore.

With this commit, metadata encoding and decoding can make use of
thread-local encoding and decoding contexts. These allow implementers
of serialize::Encodable and Decodable to access information and
datastructures that would otherwise not be available to them. For
example, we can automatically translate def-id and span information
during decoding because the decoding context knows which crate the
data is decoded from. Or it allows to make ty::Ty decodable because
the context has access to the ty::ctxt that is needed for creating
ty::Ty instances.