Auto merge of #51702 - ecstatic-morse:infinite-loop-detection, r=oli-obk

Auto merge of #51702 - ecstatic-morse:infinite-loop-detection, r=oli-obk

Infinite loop detection for const evaluation

Resolves #50637.

An `EvalContext` stores the transient state (stack, heap, etc.) of the MIRI virtual machine while it executing code. As long as MIRI only executes pure functions, we can detect if a program is in a state where it will never terminate by periodically taking a "snapshot" of this transient state and comparing it to previous ones. If any two states are exactly equal, the machine must be in an infinite loop.

Instead of fully cloning a snapshot every time the detector is run, we store a snapshot's hash. Only when a hash collision occurs do we fully clone the interpreter state. Future snapshots which cause a collision will be compared against this clone, causing the interpreter to abort if they are equal.

At the moment, snapshots are not taken until MIRI has progressed a certain amount. After this threshold, snapshots are taken every `DETECTOR_SNAPSHOT_PERIOD` steps. This means that an infinite loop with period `P` will be detected after a maximum of `2 * P * DETECTOR_SNAPSHOT_PERIOD` interpreter steps. The factor of 2 arises because we only clone a snapshot after it causes a hash collision.