Add support for bounds on associated types in trait definitions

Add support for bounds on associated types in trait definitions

E.g.
```
trait Trait {
    type Item: SomeOtherTrait;
}
```
Note that these don't simply desugar to where clauses; as I understand it, where
clauses have to be proved by the *user* of the trait, but these bounds are proved
by the *implementor*. (Also, where clauses on associated types are unstable.)