re-introduce a cache for ast-ty-to-ty

re-introduce a cache for ast-ty-to-ty

It turns out that `ast_ty_to_ty` is supposed to be updating the `def`
after it finishes, but at some point in the past it stopped doing
so. This was never noticed because of the `ast_ty_to_ty_cache`, but that
cache was recently removed. This PR fixes the code to update the def
properly, but apparently that is not quite enough to make the operation
idempotent, so for now we reintroduce the cache too.

Fixes #33425.