rustc: Support auto-retry linking on a segfault

rustc: Support auto-retry linking on a segfault

This is a last-ditch attempt to help our pain with dealing with #38878 on the
bots. A new environment variable is added to the compiler,
`RUSTC_RETRY_LINKER_ON_SEGFAULT`, which will instruct the compiler to
automatically retry the final linker invocation if it looks like the linker
segfaulted (up to 2 extra times).

Unfortunately there have been no successful attempts to debug #38878. The only
information seems to be that the linker (e.g. `ld` on OSX) is segfaulting
somewhere in some thread pool implementation. This appears to be spurious as
failed PRs will later merge.

The hope is that this helps the queue keep moving without clogging and delaying
PRs due to #38878.