Adjust codegen logic for range and guarded arms

Adjust codegen logic for range and guarded arms

By carefully distinguishing falling back to the default arm from moving
on to the next pattern, this patch adjusts the codegen logic for range
and guarded arms of pattern matching expression. It is a more
appropriate way of fixing #12582 and #13027 without causing regressions
such as #13867.

Closes #13867