Auto merge of #50851 - eddyb:the-only-constant, r=nikomatsakis

Auto merge of #50851 - eddyb:the-only-constant, r=nikomatsakis

rustc: introduce {ast,hir}::AnonConst to consolidate so-called "embedded constants".

Previously, constants in array lengths and enum variant discriminants were "merely an expression", and had no separate ID for, e.g. type-checking or const-eval, instead reusing the expression's.

That complicated code working with bodies, because such constants were the only special case where the "owner" of the body wasn't the HIR parent, but rather the same node as the body itself.
Also, if the body happened to be a closure, we had no way to allocate a `DefId` for both the constant *and* the closure, leading to *several* bugs (mostly ICEs where type errors were expected).

This PR rectifies the situation by adding another (`{ast,hir}::AnonConst`) node around every such constant. Also, const generics are expected to rely on the new `AnonConst` nodes, as well (cc @varkor).
* fixes #48838
* fixes #50600
* fixes #50688
* fixes #50689
* obsoletes #50623

r? @nikomatsakis