Better handling for exponential-sized types in misc places

Better handling for exponential-sized types in misc places

Mostly to fix ui/issues/issue-37311-type-length-limit/issue-37311.rs.

Most parts of the compiler can handle deeply nested types with a lot
of duplicates just fine, but some parts still attempt to naively
traverse type tree.

Before such problems were caught by type length limit check,
but now these places will have to be changed to handle
duplicated types gracefully.