Auto merge of #61812 - jonas-schievink:assoc-ty-defaults, r=nikomatsakis
Implement RFC 2532 – Associated Type Defaults
This is a partial implementation that is still missing the changes to object types, since I ran into some trouble while implementing that. I'm opening this part already to get feedback on the implementation and the unexpected test fallout (see my comments below). The remaining changes can be done in a later PR.
Blockers before this can land:
* [x] Resolve unsoundness around interaction with specialization (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/61812#discussion_r300504010) - #64564