1 // Copyright 2012 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
2 // file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
3 // http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
5 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
6 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
7 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
8 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
9 // except according to those terms.
11 // ASCII art shape renderer.
12 // Demonstrates traits, impls, operator overloading, non-copyable struct, unit testing.
13 // To run execute: rustc --test shapes.rs && ./shapes
15 // Rust's std library is tightly bound to the language itself so it is automatically linked in.
16 // However the extra library is designed to be optional (for code that must run on constrained
17 // environments like embedded devices or special environments like kernel code) so it must
18 // be explicitly linked in.
20 // Extern mod controls linkage. Use controls the visibility of names to modules that are
21 // already linked in. Using WriterUtil allows us to use the write_line method.
26 // Represents a position on a canvas.
32 impl Copy for Point {}
34 // Represents an offset on a canvas. (This has the same structure as a Point.
35 // but different semantics).
50 // Contains the information needed to do shape rendering via ASCII art.
55 lines: Vec<Vec<char> > ,
57 // This struct can be quite large so we'll disable copying: developers need
58 // to either pass these structs around via references or move them.
61 impl Drop for AsciiArt {
65 // It's common to define a constructor sort of function to create struct instances.
66 // If there is a canonical constructor it is typically named the same as the type.
67 // Other constructor sort of functions are typically named from_foo, from_bar, etc.
68 fn AsciiArt(width: uint, height: uint, fill: char) -> AsciiArt {
69 // Use an anonymous function to build a vector of vectors containing
70 // blank characters for each position in our canvas.
71 let mut lines = Vec::new();
72 for _ in range(0, height) {
73 lines.push(Vec::from_elem(width, '.'));
76 // Rust code often returns values by omitting the trailing semi-colon
77 // instead of using an explicit return statement.
78 AsciiArt {width: width, height: height, fill: fill, lines: lines}
81 // Methods particular to the AsciiArt struct.
83 fn add_pt(&mut self, x: int, y: int) {
84 if x >= 0 && x < self.width as int {
85 if y >= 0 && y < self.height as int {
86 // Note that numeric types don't implicitly convert to each other.
90 // Vector subscripting will normally copy the element, but &v[i]
91 // will return a reference which is what we need because the
93 // 1) potentially large
94 // 2) needs to be modified
95 let row = &mut self.lines[v];
102 // Allows AsciiArt to be converted to a string using the libcore ToString trait.
103 // Note that the %s fmt! specifier will not call this automatically.
104 impl fmt::Show for AsciiArt {
105 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
106 // Convert each line into a string.
107 let lines = self.lines.iter()
108 .map(|line| String::from_chars(line.as_slice()))
109 .collect::<Vec<String>>();
111 // Concatenate the lines together using a new-line.
112 write!(f, "{}", lines.connect("\n"))
116 // This is similar to an interface in other languages: it defines a protocol which
117 // developers can implement for arbitrary concrete types.
119 fn add_point(&mut self, shape: Point);
120 fn add_rect(&mut self, shape: Rect);
122 // Unlike interfaces traits support default implementations.
123 // Got an ICE as soon as I added this method.
124 fn add_points(&mut self, shapes: &[Point]) {
125 for pt in shapes.iter() {self.add_point(*pt)};
129 // Here we provide an implementation of the Canvas methods for AsciiArt.
130 // Other implementations could also be provided (e.g. for PDF or Apple's Quartz)
131 // and code can use them polymorphically via the Canvas trait.
132 impl Canvas for AsciiArt {
133 fn add_point(&mut self, shape: Point) {
134 self.add_pt(shape.x, shape.y);
137 fn add_rect(&mut self, shape: Rect) {
138 // Add the top and bottom lines.
139 for x in range(shape.top_left.x, shape.top_left.x + shape.size.width) {
140 self.add_pt(x, shape.top_left.y);
141 self.add_pt(x, shape.top_left.y + shape.size.height - 1);
144 // Add the left and right lines.
145 for y in range(shape.top_left.y, shape.top_left.y + shape.size.height) {
146 self.add_pt(shape.top_left.x, y);
147 self.add_pt(shape.top_left.x + shape.size.width - 1, y);
152 // Rust's unit testing framework is currently a bit under-developed so we'll use
153 // this little helper.
154 pub fn check_strs(actual: &str, expected: &str) -> bool {
155 if actual != expected {
156 println!("Found:\n{}\nbut expected\n{}", actual, expected);
163 fn test_ascii_art_ctor() {
164 let art = AsciiArt(3, 3, '*');
165 assert!(check_strs(art.to_string().as_slice(), "...\n...\n..."));
170 let mut art = AsciiArt(3, 3, '*');
174 assert!(check_strs(art.to_string().as_slice(), "*..\n...\n.*."));
179 let mut art = AsciiArt(4, 4, '*');
180 art.add_rect(Rect {top_left: Point {x: 0, y: 0}, size: Size {width: 4, height: 4}});
181 art.add_point(Point {x: 2, y: 2});
182 assert!(check_strs(art.to_string().as_slice(), "****\n*..*\n*.**\n****"));
186 test_ascii_art_ctor();