src/libsyntax/print/pprust.rs

   1 // Copyright 2012-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
   2 // file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
   3 // http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
   4 //
   5 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
   6 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
   7 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
   8 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
   9 // except according to those terms.
  10
  11 pub use self::AnnNode::*;
  12
  13 use abi::{self, Abi};
  14 use ast::{self, BlockCheckMode, PatKind};
  15 use ast::{SelfKind, RegionTyParamBound, TraitTyParamBound, TraitBoundModifier};
  16 use ast::Attribute;
  17 use util::parser::AssocOp;
  18 use attr;
  19 use attr::{AttrMetaMethods, AttributeMethods};
  20 use codemap::{self, CodeMap};
  21 use syntax_pos::{self, BytePos};
  22 use errors;
  23 use parse::token::{self, keywords, BinOpToken, Token, InternedString};
  24 use parse::lexer::comments;
  25 use parse;
  26 use print::pp::{self, break_offset, word, space, zerobreak, hardbreak};
  27 use print::pp::{Breaks, eof};
  28 use print::pp::Breaks::{Consistent, Inconsistent};
  29 use ptr::P;
  30 use std_inject;
  31 use tokenstream::{self, TokenTree};
  32
  33 use std::ascii;
  34 use std::io::{self, Write, Read};
  35 use std::iter;
  36
  37 pub enum AnnNode<'a> {
  38     NodeIdent(&'a ast::Ident),
  39     NodeName(&'a ast::Name),
  40     NodeBlock(&'a ast::Block),
  41     NodeItem(&'a ast::Item),
  42     NodeSubItem(ast::NodeId),
  43     NodeExpr(&'a ast::Expr),
  44     NodePat(&'a ast::Pat),
  45 }
  46
  47 pub trait PpAnn {
  48     fn pre(&self, _state: &mut State, _node: AnnNode) -> io::Result<()> { Ok(()) }
  49     fn post(&self, _state: &mut State, _node: AnnNode) -> io::Result<()> { Ok(()) }
  50 }
  51
  52 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
  53 pub struct NoAnn;
  54
  55 impl PpAnn for NoAnn {}
  56
  57 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
  58 pub struct CurrentCommentAndLiteral {
  59     pub cur_cmnt: usize,
  60     pub cur_lit: usize,
  61 }
  62
  63 pub struct State<'a> {
  64     pub s: pp::Printer<'a>,
  65     cm: Option<&'a CodeMap>,
  66     comments: Option<Vec<comments::Comment> >,
  67     literals: Option<Vec<comments::Literal> >,
  68     cur_cmnt_and_lit: CurrentCommentAndLiteral,
  69     boxes: Vec<pp::Breaks>,
  70     ann: &'a (PpAnn+'a),
  71 }
  72
  73 pub fn rust_printer<'a>(writer: Box<Write+'a>) -> State<'a> {
  74     static NO_ANN: NoAnn = NoAnn;
  75     rust_printer_annotated(writer, &NO_ANN)
  76 }
  77
  78 pub fn rust_printer_annotated<'a>(writer: Box<Write+'a>,
  79                                   ann: &'a PpAnn) -> State<'a> {
  80     State {
  81         s: pp::mk_printer(writer, DEFAULT_COLUMNS),
  82         cm: None,
  83         comments: None,
  84         literals: None,
  85         cur_cmnt_and_lit: CurrentCommentAndLiteral {
  86             cur_cmnt: 0,
  87             cur_lit: 0
  88         },
  89         boxes: Vec::new(),
  90         ann: ann,
  91     }
  92 }
  93
  94 pub const INDENT_UNIT: usize = 4;
  95
  96 pub const DEFAULT_COLUMNS: usize = 78;
  97
  98 /// Requires you to pass an input filename and reader so that
  99 /// it can scan the input text for comments and literals to
 100 /// copy forward.
 101 pub fn print_crate<'a>(cm: &'a CodeMap,
 102                        span_diagnostic: &errors::Handler,
 103                        krate: &ast::Crate,
 104                        filename: String,
 105                        input: &mut Read,
 106                        out: Box<Write+'a>,
 107                        ann: &'a PpAnn,
 108                        is_expanded: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
 109     let mut s = State::new_from_input(cm,
 110                                       span_diagnostic,
 111                                       filename,
 112                                       input,
 113                                       out,
 114                                       ann,
 115                                       is_expanded);
 116     if is_expanded && !std_inject::no_std(krate) {
 117         // We need to print `#![no_std]` (and its feature gate) so that
 118         // compiling pretty-printed source won't inject libstd again.
 119         // However we don't want these attributes in the AST because
 120         // of the feature gate, so we fake them up here.
 121
 122         // #![feature(prelude_import)]
 123         let prelude_import_meta = attr::mk_word_item(InternedString::new("prelude_import"));
 124         let list = attr::mk_list_item(InternedString::new("feature"),
 125                                       vec![prelude_import_meta]);
 126         let fake_attr = attr::mk_attr_inner(attr::mk_attr_id(), list);
 127         try!(s.print_attribute(&fake_attr));
 128
 129         // #![no_std]
 130         let no_std_meta = attr::mk_word_item(InternedString::new("no_std"));
 131         let fake_attr = attr::mk_attr_inner(attr::mk_attr_id(), no_std_meta);
 132         try!(s.print_attribute(&fake_attr));
 133     }
 134
 135     try!(s.print_mod(&krate.module, &krate.attrs));
 136     try!(s.print_remaining_comments());
 137     eof(&mut s.s)
 138 }
 139
 140 impl<'a> State<'a> {
 141     pub fn new_from_input(cm: &'a CodeMap,
 142                           span_diagnostic: &errors::Handler,
 143                           filename: String,
 144                           input: &mut Read,
 145                           out: Box<Write+'a>,
 146                           ann: &'a PpAnn,
 147                           is_expanded: bool) -> State<'a> {
 148         let (cmnts, lits) = comments::gather_comments_and_literals(
 149             span_diagnostic,
 150             filename,
 151             input);
 152
 153         State::new(
 154             cm,
 155             out,
 156             ann,
 157             Some(cmnts),
 158             // If the code is post expansion, don't use the table of
 159             // literals, since it doesn't correspond with the literals
 160             // in the AST anymore.
 161             if is_expanded { None } else { Some(lits) })
 162     }
 163
 164     pub fn new(cm: &'a CodeMap,
 165                out: Box<Write+'a>,
 166                ann: &'a PpAnn,
 167                comments: Option<Vec<comments::Comment>>,
 168                literals: Option<Vec<comments::Literal>>) -> State<'a> {
 169         State {
 170             s: pp::mk_printer(out, DEFAULT_COLUMNS),
 171             cm: Some(cm),
 172             comments: comments,
 173             literals: literals,
 174             cur_cmnt_and_lit: CurrentCommentAndLiteral {
 175                 cur_cmnt: 0,
 176                 cur_lit: 0
 177             },
 178             boxes: Vec::new(),
 179             ann: ann,
 180         }
 181     }
 182 }
 183
 184 pub fn to_string<F>(f: F) -> String where
 185     F: FnOnce(&mut State) -> io::Result<()>,
 186 {
 187     let mut wr = Vec::new();
 188     {
 189         let mut printer = rust_printer(Box::new(&mut wr));
 190         f(&mut printer).unwrap();
 191         eof(&mut printer.s).unwrap();
 192     }
 193     String::from_utf8(wr).unwrap()
 194 }
 195
 196 pub fn binop_to_string(op: BinOpToken) -> &'static str {
 197     match op {
 198         token::Plus     => "+",
 199         token::Minus    => "-",
 200         token::Star     => "*",
 201         token::Slash    => "/",
 202         token::Percent  => "%",
 203         token::Caret    => "^",
 204         token::And      => "&",
 205         token::Or       => "|",
 206         token::Shl      => "<<",
 207         token::Shr      => ">>",
 208     }
 209 }
 210
 211 pub fn token_to_string(tok: &Token) -> String {
 212     match *tok {
 213         token::Eq                   => "=".to_string(),
 214         token::Lt                   => "<".to_string(),
 215         token::Le                   => "<=".to_string(),
 216         token::EqEq                 => "==".to_string(),
 217         token::Ne                   => "!=".to_string(),
 218         token::Ge                   => ">=".to_string(),
 219         token::Gt                   => ">".to_string(),
 220         token::Not                  => "!".to_string(),
 221         token::Tilde                => "~".to_string(),
 222         token::OrOr                 => "||".to_string(),
 223         token::AndAnd               => "&&".to_string(),
 224         token::BinOp(op)            => binop_to_string(op).to_string(),
 225         token::BinOpEq(op)          => format!("{}=", binop_to_string(op)),
 226
 227         /* Structural symbols */
 228         token::At                   => "@".to_string(),
 229         token::Dot                  => ".".to_string(),
 230         token::DotDot               => "..".to_string(),
 231         token::DotDotDot            => "...".to_string(),
 232         token::Comma                => ",".to_string(),
 233         token::Semi                 => ";".to_string(),
 234         token::Colon                => ":".to_string(),
 235         token::ModSep               => "::".to_string(),
 236         token::RArrow               => "->".to_string(),
 237         token::LArrow               => "<-".to_string(),
 238         token::FatArrow             => "=>".to_string(),
 239         token::OpenDelim(token::Paren) => "(".to_string(),
 240         token::CloseDelim(token::Paren) => ")".to_string(),
 241         token::OpenDelim(token::Bracket) => "[".to_string(),
 242         token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket) => "]".to_string(),
 243         token::OpenDelim(token::Brace) => "{".to_string(),
 244         token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) => "}".to_string(),
 245         token::Pound                => "#".to_string(),
 246         token::Dollar               => "$".to_string(),
 247         token::Question             => "?".to_string(),
 248
 249         /* Literals */
 250         token::Literal(lit, suf) => {
 251             let mut out = match lit {
 252                 token::Byte(b)           => format!("b'{}'", b),
 253                 token::Char(c)           => format!("'{}'", c),
 254                 token::Float(c)          => c.to_string(),
 255                 token::Integer(c)        => c.to_string(),
 256                 token::Str_(s)           => format!("\"{}\"", s),
 257                 token::StrRaw(s, n)      => format!("r{delim}\"{string}\"{delim}",
 258                                                     delim=repeat("#", n),
 259                                                     string=s),
 260                 token::ByteStr(v)         => format!("b\"{}\"", v),
 261                 token::ByteStrRaw(s, n)   => format!("br{delim}\"{string}\"{delim}",
 262                                                     delim=repeat("#", n),
 263                                                     string=s),
 264             };
 265
 266             if let Some(s) = suf {
 267                 out.push_str(&s.as_str())
 268             }
 269
 270             out
 271         }
 272
 273         /* Name components */
 274         token::Ident(s)             => s.to_string(),
 275         token::Lifetime(s)          => s.to_string(),
 276         token::Underscore           => "_".to_string(),
 277
 278         /* Other */
 279         token::DocComment(s)        => s.to_string(),
 280         token::SubstNt(s)           => format!("${}", s),
 281         token::MatchNt(s, t)        => format!("${}:{}", s, t),
 282         token::Eof                  => "<eof>".to_string(),
 283         token::Whitespace           => " ".to_string(),
 284         token::Comment              => "/* */".to_string(),
 285         token::Shebang(s)           => format!("/* shebang: {}*/", s),
 286
 287         token::SpecialVarNt(var)    => format!("${}", var.as_str()),
 288
 289         token::Interpolated(ref nt) => match *nt {
 290             token::NtExpr(ref e)        => expr_to_string(&e),
 291             token::NtMeta(ref e)        => meta_item_to_string(&e),
 292             token::NtTy(ref e)          => ty_to_string(&e),
 293             token::NtPath(ref e)        => path_to_string(&e),
 294             token::NtItem(ref e)        => item_to_string(&e),
 295             token::NtBlock(ref e)       => block_to_string(&e),
 296             token::NtStmt(ref e)        => stmt_to_string(&e),
 297             token::NtPat(ref e)         => pat_to_string(&e),
 298             token::NtIdent(ref e)       => ident_to_string(e.node),
 299             token::NtTT(ref e)          => tt_to_string(&e),
 300             token::NtArm(ref e)         => arm_to_string(&e),
 301             token::NtImplItem(ref e)    => impl_item_to_string(&e),
 302             token::NtTraitItem(ref e)   => trait_item_to_string(&e),
 303             token::NtGenerics(ref e)    => generics_to_string(&e),
 304             token::NtWhereClause(ref e) => where_clause_to_string(&e),
 305             token::NtArg(ref e)         => arg_to_string(&e),
 306         }
 307     }
 308 }
 309
 310 pub fn ty_to_string(ty: &ast::Ty) -> String {
 311     to_string(|s| s.print_type(ty))
 312 }
 313
 314 pub fn bounds_to_string(bounds: &[ast::TyParamBound]) -> String {
 315     to_string(|s| s.print_bounds("", bounds))
 316 }
 317
 318 pub fn pat_to_string(pat: &ast::Pat) -> String {
 319     to_string(|s| s.print_pat(pat))
 320 }
 321
 322 pub fn arm_to_string(arm: &ast::Arm) -> String {
 323     to_string(|s| s.print_arm(arm))
 324 }
 325
 326 pub fn expr_to_string(e: &ast::Expr) -> String {
 327     to_string(|s| s.print_expr(e))
 328 }
 329
 330 pub fn lifetime_to_string(e: &ast::Lifetime) -> String {
 331     to_string(|s| s.print_lifetime(e))
 332 }
 333
 334 pub fn tt_to_string(tt: &tokenstream::TokenTree) -> String {
 335     to_string(|s| s.print_tt(tt))
 336 }
 337
 338 pub fn tts_to_string(tts: &[tokenstream::TokenTree]) -> String {
 339     to_string(|s| s.print_tts(tts))
 340 }
 341
 342 pub fn stmt_to_string(stmt: &ast::Stmt) -> String {
 343     to_string(|s| s.print_stmt(stmt))
 344 }
 345
 346 pub fn attr_to_string(attr: &ast::Attribute) -> String {
 347     to_string(|s| s.print_attribute(attr))
 348 }
 349
 350 pub fn item_to_string(i: &ast::Item) -> String {
 351     to_string(|s| s.print_item(i))
 352 }
 353
 354 pub fn impl_item_to_string(i: &ast::ImplItem) -> String {
 355     to_string(|s| s.print_impl_item(i))
 356 }
 357
 358 pub fn trait_item_to_string(i: &ast::TraitItem) -> String {
 359     to_string(|s| s.print_trait_item(i))
 360 }
 361
 362 pub fn generics_to_string(generics: &ast::Generics) -> String {
 363     to_string(|s| s.print_generics(generics))
 364 }
 365
 366 pub fn where_clause_to_string(i: &ast::WhereClause) -> String {
 367     to_string(|s| s.print_where_clause(i))
 368 }
 369
 370 pub fn fn_block_to_string(p: &ast::FnDecl) -> String {
 371     to_string(|s| s.print_fn_block_args(p))
 372 }
 373
 374 pub fn path_to_string(p: &ast::Path) -> String {
 375     to_string(|s| s.print_path(p, false, 0))
 376 }
 377
 378 pub fn ident_to_string(id: ast::Ident) -> String {
 379     to_string(|s| s.print_ident(id))
 380 }
 381
 382 pub fn fun_to_string(decl: &ast::FnDecl,
 383                      unsafety: ast::Unsafety,
 384                      constness: ast::Constness,
 385                      name: ast::Ident,
 386                      generics: &ast::Generics)
 387                      -> String {
 388     to_string(|s| {
 389         try!(s.head(""));
 390         try!(s.print_fn(decl, unsafety, constness, Abi::Rust, Some(name),
 391                    generics, &ast::Visibility::Inherited));
 392         try!(s.end()); // Close the head box
 393         s.end() // Close the outer box
 394     })
 395 }
 396
 397 pub fn block_to_string(blk: &ast::Block) -> String {
 398     to_string(|s| {
 399         // containing cbox, will be closed by print-block at }
 400         try!(s.cbox(INDENT_UNIT));
 401         // head-ibox, will be closed by print-block after {
 402         try!(s.ibox(0));
 403         s.print_block(blk)
 404     })
 405 }
 406
 407 pub fn meta_item_to_string(mi: &ast::MetaItem) -> String {
 408     to_string(|s| s.print_meta_item(mi))
 409 }
 410
 411 pub fn attribute_to_string(attr: &ast::Attribute) -> String {
 412     to_string(|s| s.print_attribute(attr))
 413 }
 414
 415 pub fn lit_to_string(l: &ast::Lit) -> String {
 416     to_string(|s| s.print_literal(l))
 417 }
 418
 419 pub fn variant_to_string(var: &ast::Variant) -> String {
 420     to_string(|s| s.print_variant(var))
 421 }
 422
 423 pub fn arg_to_string(arg: &ast::Arg) -> String {
 424     to_string(|s| s.print_arg(arg, false))
 425 }
 426
 427 pub fn mac_to_string(arg: &ast::Mac) -> String {
 428     to_string(|s| s.print_mac(arg, ::parse::token::Paren))
 429 }
 430
 431 pub fn visibility_qualified(vis: &ast::Visibility, s: &str) -> String {
 432     match *vis {
 433         ast::Visibility::Public => format!("pub {}", s),
 434         ast::Visibility::Crate(_) => format!("pub(crate) {}", s),
 435         ast::Visibility::Restricted { ref path, .. } => format!("pub({}) {}", path, s),
 436         ast::Visibility::Inherited => s.to_string()
 437     }
 438 }
 439
 440 fn needs_parentheses(expr: &ast::Expr) -> bool {
 441     match expr.node {
 442         ast::ExprKind::Assign(..) | ast::ExprKind::Binary(..) |
 443         ast::ExprKind::Closure(..) |
 444         ast::ExprKind::AssignOp(..) | ast::ExprKind::Cast(..) |
 445         ast::ExprKind::InPlace(..) | ast::ExprKind::Type(..) => true,
 446         _ => false,
 447     }
 448 }
 449
 450 pub trait PrintState<'a> {
 451     fn writer(&mut self) -> &mut pp::Printer<'a>;
 452     fn boxes(&mut self) -> &mut Vec<pp::Breaks>;
 453     fn comments(&mut self) -> &mut Option<Vec<comments::Comment>>;
 454     fn cur_cmnt_and_lit(&mut self) -> &mut CurrentCommentAndLiteral;
 455     fn literals(&self) -> &Option<Vec<comments::Literal>>;
 456
 457     fn word_space(&mut self, w: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
 458         try!(word(self.writer(), w));
 459         space(self.writer())
 460     }
 461
 462     fn popen(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> { word(self.writer(), "(") }
 463
 464     fn pclose(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> { word(self.writer(), ")") }
 465
 466     fn is_begin(&mut self) -> bool {
 467         match self.writer().last_token() {
 468             pp::Token::Begin(_) => true,
 469             _ => false,
 470         }
 471     }
 472
 473     fn is_end(&mut self) -> bool {
 474         match self.writer().last_token() {
 475             pp::Token::End => true,
 476             _ => false,
 477         }
 478     }
 479
 480     // is this the beginning of a line?
 481     fn is_bol(&mut self) -> bool {
 482         self.writer().last_token().is_eof() || self.writer().last_token().is_hardbreak_tok()
 483     }
 484
 485     fn hardbreak_if_not_bol(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
 486         if !self.is_bol() {
 487             try!(hardbreak(self.writer()))
 488         }
 489         Ok(())
 490     }
 491
 492     // "raw box"
 493     fn rbox(&mut self, u: usize, b: pp::Breaks) -> io::Result<()> {
 494         self.boxes().push(b);
 495         pp::rbox(self.writer(), u, b)
 496     }
 497
 498     fn ibox(&mut self, u: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
 499         self.boxes().push(pp::Breaks::Inconsistent);
 500         pp::ibox(self.writer(), u)
 501     }
 502
 503     fn end(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
 504         self.boxes().pop().unwrap();
 505         pp::end(self.writer())
 506     }
 507
 508     fn commasep<T, F>(&mut self, b: Breaks, elts: &[T], mut op: F) -> io::Result<()>
 509         where F: FnMut(&mut Self, &T) -> io::Result<()>,
 510     {
 511         try!(self.rbox(0, b));
 512         let mut first = true;
 513         for elt in elts {
 514             if first { first = false; } else { try!(self.word_space(",")); }
 515             try!(op(self, elt));
 516         }
 517         self.end()
 518     }
 519
 520     fn next_lit(&mut self, pos: BytePos) -> Option<comments::Literal> {
 521         let mut cur_lit = self.cur_cmnt_and_lit().cur_lit;
 522
 523         let mut result = None;
 524
 525         if let &Some(ref lits) = self.literals()
 526         {
 527             while cur_lit < lits.len() {
 528                 let ltrl = (*lits)[cur_lit].clone();
 529                 if ltrl.pos > pos { break; }
 530                 cur_lit += 1;
 531                 if ltrl.pos == pos {
 532                     result = Some(ltrl);
 533                     break;
 534                 }
 535             }
 536         }
 537
 538         self.cur_cmnt_and_lit().cur_lit = cur_lit;
 539         result
 540     }
 541
 542     fn maybe_print_comment(&mut self, pos: BytePos) -> io::Result<()> {
 543         loop {
 544             match self.next_comment() {
 545                 Some(ref cmnt) => {
 546                     if (*cmnt).pos < pos {
 547                         try!(self.print_comment(cmnt));
 548                         self.cur_cmnt_and_lit().cur_cmnt += 1;
 549                     } else { break; }
 550                 }
 551                 _ => break
 552             }
 553         }
 554         Ok(())
 555     }
 556
 557     fn print_comment(&mut self,
 558                      cmnt: &comments::Comment) -> io::Result<()> {
 559         match cmnt.style {
 560             comments::Mixed => {
 561                 assert_eq!(cmnt.lines.len(), 1);
 562                 try!(zerobreak(self.writer()));
 563                 try!(word(self.writer(), &cmnt.lines[0]));
 564                 zerobreak(self.writer())
 565             }
 566             comments::Isolated => {
 567                 try!(self.hardbreak_if_not_bol());
 568                 for line in &cmnt.lines {
 569                     // Don't print empty lines because they will end up as trailing
 570                     // whitespace
 571                     if !line.is_empty() {
 572                         try!(word(self.writer(), &line[..]));
 573                     }
 574                     try!(hardbreak(self.writer()));
 575                 }
 576                 Ok(())
 577             }
 578             comments::Trailing => {
 579                 try!(word(self.writer(), " "));
 580                 if cmnt.lines.len() == 1 {
 581                     try!(word(self.writer(), &cmnt.lines[0]));
 582                     hardbreak(self.writer())
 583                 } else {
 584                     try!(self.ibox(0));
 585                     for line in &cmnt.lines {
 586                         if !line.is_empty() {
 587                             try!(word(self.writer(), &line[..]));
 588                         }
 589                         try!(hardbreak(self.writer()));
 590                     }
 591                     self.end()
 592                 }
 593             }
 594             comments::BlankLine => {
 595                 // We need to do at least one, possibly two hardbreaks.
 596                 let is_semi = match self.writer().last_token() {
 597                     pp::Token::String(s, _) => ";" == s,
 598                     _ => false
 599                 };
 600                 if is_semi || self.is_begin() || self.is_end() {
 601                     try!(hardbreak(self.writer()));
 602                 }
 603                 hardbreak(self.writer())
 604             }
 605         }
 606     }
 607
 608     fn next_comment(&mut self) -> Option<comments::Comment> {
 609         let cur_cmnt = self.cur_cmnt_and_lit().cur_cmnt;
 610         match *self.comments() {
 611             Some(ref cmnts) => {
 612                 if cur_cmnt < cmnts.len() {
 613                     Some(cmnts[cur_cmnt].clone())
 614                 } else {
 615                     None
 616                 }
 617             }
 618             _ => None
 619         }
 620     }
 621
 622     fn print_literal(&mut self, lit: &ast::Lit) -> io::Result<()> {
 623         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(lit.span.lo));
 624         match self.next_lit(lit.span.lo) {
 625             Some(ref ltrl) => {
 626                 return word(self.writer(), &(*ltrl).lit);
 627             }
 628             _ => ()
 629         }
 630         match lit.node {
 631             ast::LitKind::Str(ref st, style) => self.print_string(&st, style),
 632             ast::LitKind::Byte(byte) => {
 633                 let mut res = String::from("b'");
 634                 res.extend(ascii::escape_default(byte).map(|c| c as char));
 635                 res.push('\'');
 636                 word(self.writer(), &res[..])
 637             }
 638             ast::LitKind::Char(ch) => {
 639                 let mut res = String::from("'");
 640                 res.extend(ch.escape_default());
 641                 res.push('\'');
 642                 word(self.writer(), &res[..])
 643             }
 644             ast::LitKind::Int(i, t) => {
 645                 match t {
 646                     ast::LitIntType::Signed(st) => {
 647                         word(self.writer(),
 648                              &st.val_to_string(i as i64))
 649                     }
 650                     ast::LitIntType::Unsigned(ut) => {
 651                         word(self.writer(), &ut.val_to_string(i))
 652                     }
 653                     ast::LitIntType::Unsuffixed => {
 654                         word(self.writer(), &format!("{}", i))
 655                     }
 656                 }
 657             }
 658             ast::LitKind::Float(ref f, t) => {
 659                 word(self.writer(),
 660                      &format!(
 661                          "{}{}",
 662                          &f,
 663                          t.ty_to_string()))
 664             }
 665             ast::LitKind::FloatUnsuffixed(ref f) => word(self.writer(), &f[..]),
 666             ast::LitKind::Bool(val) => {
 667                 if val { word(self.writer(), "true") } else { word(self.writer(), "false") }
 668             }
 669             ast::LitKind::ByteStr(ref v) => {
 670                 let mut escaped: String = String::new();
 671                 for &ch in v.iter() {
 672                     escaped.extend(ascii::escape_default(ch)
 673                                          .map(|c| c as char));
 674                 }
 675                 word(self.writer(), &format!("b\"{}\"", escaped))
 676             }
 677         }
 678     }
 679
 680     fn print_string(&mut self, st: &str,
 681                     style: ast::StrStyle) -> io::Result<()> {
 682         let st = match style {
 683             ast::StrStyle::Cooked => {
 684                 (format!("\"{}\"", st.escape_default()))
 685             }
 686             ast::StrStyle::Raw(n) => {
 687                 (format!("r{delim}\"{string}\"{delim}",
 688                          delim=repeat("#", n),
 689                          string=st))
 690             }
 691         };
 692         word(self.writer(), &st[..])
 693     }
 694
 695     fn print_inner_attributes(&mut self,
 696                               attrs: &[ast::Attribute]) -> io::Result<()> {
 697         self.print_either_attributes(attrs, ast::AttrStyle::Inner, false, true)
 698     }
 699
 700     fn print_inner_attributes_no_trailing_hardbreak(&mut self,
 701                                                    attrs: &[ast::Attribute])
 702                                                    -> io::Result<()> {
 703         self.print_either_attributes(attrs, ast::AttrStyle::Inner, false, false)
 704     }
 705
 706     fn print_outer_attributes(&mut self,
 707                               attrs: &[ast::Attribute]) -> io::Result<()> {
 708         self.print_either_attributes(attrs, ast::AttrStyle::Outer, false, true)
 709     }
 710
 711     fn print_inner_attributes_inline(&mut self,
 712                                      attrs: &[ast::Attribute]) -> io::Result<()> {
 713         self.print_either_attributes(attrs, ast::AttrStyle::Inner, true, true)
 714     }
 715
 716     fn print_outer_attributes_inline(&mut self,
 717                                      attrs: &[ast::Attribute]) -> io::Result<()> {
 718         self.print_either_attributes(attrs, ast::AttrStyle::Outer, true, true)
 719     }
 720
 721     fn print_either_attributes(&mut self,
 722                               attrs: &[ast::Attribute],
 723                               kind: ast::AttrStyle,
 724                               is_inline: bool,
 725                               trailing_hardbreak: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
 726         let mut count = 0;
 727         for attr in attrs {
 728             if attr.node.style == kind {
 729                 try!(self.print_attribute_inline(attr, is_inline));
 730                 if is_inline {
 731                     try!(self.nbsp());
 732                 }
 733                 count += 1;
 734             }
 735         }
 736         if count > 0 && trailing_hardbreak && !is_inline {
 737             try!(self.hardbreak_if_not_bol());
 738         }
 739         Ok(())
 740     }
 741
 742     fn print_attribute(&mut self, attr: &ast::Attribute) -> io::Result<()> {
 743         self.print_attribute_inline(attr, false)
 744     }
 745
 746     fn print_attribute_inline(&mut self, attr: &ast::Attribute,
 747                               is_inline: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
 748         if !is_inline {
 749             try!(self.hardbreak_if_not_bol());
 750         }
 751         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(attr.span.lo));
 752         if attr.node.is_sugared_doc {
 753             try!(word(self.writer(), &attr.value_str().unwrap()));
 754             hardbreak(self.writer())
 755         } else {
 756             match attr.node.style {
 757                 ast::AttrStyle::Inner => try!(word(self.writer(), "#![")),
 758                 ast::AttrStyle::Outer => try!(word(self.writer(), "#[")),
 759             }
 760             try!(self.print_meta_item(&attr.meta()));
 761             word(self.writer(), "]")
 762         }
 763     }
 764
 765     fn print_meta_item(&mut self, item: &ast::MetaItem) -> io::Result<()> {
 766         try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
 767         match item.node {
 768             ast::MetaItemKind::Word(ref name) => {
 769                 try!(word(self.writer(), &name));
 770             }
 771             ast::MetaItemKind::NameValue(ref name, ref value) => {
 772                 try!(self.word_space(&name[..]));
 773                 try!(self.word_space("="));
 774                 try!(self.print_literal(value));
 775             }
 776             ast::MetaItemKind::List(ref name, ref items) => {
 777                 try!(word(self.writer(), &name));
 778                 try!(self.popen());
 779                 try!(self.commasep(Consistent,
 780                               &items[..],
 781                               |s, i| s.print_meta_item(&i)));
 782                 try!(self.pclose());
 783             }
 784         }
 785         self.end()
 786     }
 787
 788     fn space_if_not_bol(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
 789         if !self.is_bol() { try!(space(self.writer())); }
 790         Ok(())
 791     }
 792
 793     fn nbsp(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> { word(self.writer(), " ") }
 794 }
 795
 796 impl<'a> PrintState<'a> for State<'a> {
 797     fn writer(&mut self) -> &mut pp::Printer<'a> {
 798         &mut self.s
 799     }
 800
 801     fn boxes(&mut self) -> &mut Vec<pp::Breaks> {
 802         &mut self.boxes
 803     }
 804
 805     fn comments(&mut self) -> &mut Option<Vec<comments::Comment>> {
 806         &mut self.comments
 807     }
 808
 809     fn cur_cmnt_and_lit(&mut self) -> &mut CurrentCommentAndLiteral {
 810         &mut self.cur_cmnt_and_lit
 811     }
 812
 813     fn literals(&self) -> &Option<Vec<comments::Literal>> {
 814         &self.literals
 815     }
 816 }
 817
 818 impl<'a> State<'a> {
 819     pub fn cbox(&mut self, u: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
 820         self.boxes.push(pp::Breaks::Consistent);
 821         pp::cbox(&mut self.s, u)
 822     }
 823
 824     pub fn word_nbsp(&mut self, w: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
 825         try!(word(&mut self.s, w));
 826         self.nbsp()
 827     }
 828
 829     pub fn head(&mut self, w: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
 830         // outer-box is consistent
 831         try!(self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT));
 832         // head-box is inconsistent
 833         try!(self.ibox(w.len() + 1));
 834         // keyword that starts the head
 835         if !w.is_empty() {
 836             try!(self.word_nbsp(w));
 837         }
 838         Ok(())
 839     }
 840
 841     pub fn bopen(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
 842         try!(word(&mut self.s, "{"));
 843         self.end() // close the head-box
 844     }
 845
 846     pub fn bclose_(&mut self, span: syntax_pos::Span,
 847                    indented: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
 848         self.bclose_maybe_open(span, indented, true)
 849     }
 850     pub fn bclose_maybe_open(&mut self, span: syntax_pos::Span,
 851                              indented: usize, close_box: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
 852         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(span.hi));
 853         try!(self.break_offset_if_not_bol(1, -(indented as isize)));
 854         try!(word(&mut self.s, "}"));
 855         if close_box {
 856             try!(self.end()); // close the outer-box
 857         }
 858         Ok(())
 859     }
 860     pub fn bclose(&mut self, span: syntax_pos::Span) -> io::Result<()> {
 861         self.bclose_(span, INDENT_UNIT)
 862     }
 863
 864     pub fn in_cbox(&self) -> bool {
 865         match self.boxes.last() {
 866             Some(&last_box) => last_box == pp::Breaks::Consistent,
 867             None => false
 868         }
 869     }
 870
 871     pub fn break_offset_if_not_bol(&mut self, n: usize,
 872                                    off: isize) -> io::Result<()> {
 873         if !self.is_bol() {
 874             break_offset(&mut self.s, n, off)
 875         } else {
 876             if off != 0 && self.s.last_token().is_hardbreak_tok() {
 877                 // We do something pretty sketchy here: tuck the nonzero
 878                 // offset-adjustment we were going to deposit along with the
 879                 // break into the previous hardbreak.
 880                 self.s.replace_last_token(pp::hardbreak_tok_offset(off));
 881             }
 882             Ok(())
 883         }
 884     }
 885
 886     // Synthesizes a comment that was not textually present in the original source
 887     // file.
 888     pub fn synth_comment(&mut self, text: String) -> io::Result<()> {
 889         try!(word(&mut self.s, "/*"));
 890         try!(space(&mut self.s));
 891         try!(word(&mut self.s, &text[..]));
 892         try!(space(&mut self.s));
 893         word(&mut self.s, "*/")
 894     }
 895
 896
 897
 898     pub fn commasep_cmnt<T, F, G>(&mut self,
 899                                   b: Breaks,
 900                                   elts: &[T],
 901                                   mut op: F,
 902                                   mut get_span: G) -> io::Result<()> where
 903         F: FnMut(&mut State, &T) -> io::Result<()>,
 904         G: FnMut(&T) -> syntax_pos::Span,
 905     {
 906         try!(self.rbox(0, b));
 907         let len = elts.len();
 908         let mut i = 0;
 909         for elt in elts {
 910             try!(self.maybe_print_comment(get_span(elt).hi));
 911             try!(op(self, elt));
 912             i += 1;
 913             if i < len {
 914                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ","));
 915                 try!(self.maybe_print_trailing_comment(get_span(elt),
 916                                                   Some(get_span(&elts[i]).hi)));
 917                 try!(self.space_if_not_bol());
 918             }
 919         }
 920         self.end()
 921     }
 922
 923     pub fn commasep_exprs(&mut self, b: Breaks,
 924                           exprs: &[P<ast::Expr>]) -> io::Result<()> {
 925         self.commasep_cmnt(b, exprs, |s, e| s.print_expr(&e), |e| e.span)
 926     }
 927
 928     pub fn print_mod(&mut self, _mod: &ast::Mod,
 929                      attrs: &[ast::Attribute]) -> io::Result<()> {
 930         try!(self.print_inner_attributes(attrs));
 931         for item in &_mod.items {
 932             try!(self.print_item(&item));
 933         }
 934         Ok(())
 935     }
 936
 937     pub fn print_foreign_mod(&mut self, nmod: &ast::ForeignMod,
 938                              attrs: &[ast::Attribute]) -> io::Result<()> {
 939         try!(self.print_inner_attributes(attrs));
 940         for item in &nmod.items {
 941             try!(self.print_foreign_item(item));
 942         }
 943         Ok(())
 944     }
 945
 946     pub fn print_opt_lifetime(&mut self,
 947                               lifetime: &Option<ast::Lifetime>) -> io::Result<()> {
 948         if let Some(l) = *lifetime {
 949             try!(self.print_lifetime(&l));
 950             try!(self.nbsp());
 951         }
 952         Ok(())
 953     }
 954
 955     pub fn print_type(&mut self, ty: &ast::Ty) -> io::Result<()> {
 956         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(ty.span.lo));
 957         try!(self.ibox(0));
 958         match ty.node {
 959             ast::TyKind::Vec(ref ty) => {
 960                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "["));
 961                 try!(self.print_type(&ty));
 962                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "]"));
 963             }
 964             ast::TyKind::Ptr(ref mt) => {
 965                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "*"));
 966                 match mt.mutbl {
 967                     ast::Mutability::Mutable => try!(self.word_nbsp("mut")),
 968                     ast::Mutability::Immutable => try!(self.word_nbsp("const")),
 969                 }
 970                 try!(self.print_type(&mt.ty));
 971             }
 972             ast::TyKind::Rptr(ref lifetime, ref mt) => {
 973                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "&"));
 974                 try!(self.print_opt_lifetime(lifetime));
 975                 try!(self.print_mt(mt));
 976             }
 977             ast::TyKind::Tup(ref elts) => {
 978                 try!(self.popen());
 979                 try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &elts[..],
 980                               |s, ty| s.print_type(&ty)));
 981                 if elts.len() == 1 {
 982                     try!(word(&mut self.s, ","));
 983                 }
 984                 try!(self.pclose());
 985             }
 986             ast::TyKind::Paren(ref typ) => {
 987                 try!(self.popen());
 988                 try!(self.print_type(&typ));
 989                 try!(self.pclose());
 990             }
 991             ast::TyKind::BareFn(ref f) => {
 992                 let generics = ast::Generics {
 993                     lifetimes: f.lifetimes.clone(),
 994                     ty_params: P::new(),
 995                     where_clause: ast::WhereClause {
 996                         id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
 997                         predicates: Vec::new(),
 998                     },
 999                 };
1000                 try!(self.print_ty_fn(f.abi,
1001                                  f.unsafety,
1002                                  &f.decl,
1003                                  None,
1004                                  &generics));
1005             }
1006             ast::TyKind::Path(None, ref path) => {
1007                 try!(self.print_path(path, false, 0));
1008             }
1009             ast::TyKind::Path(Some(ref qself), ref path) => {
1010                 try!(self.print_qpath(path, qself, false))
1011             }
1012             ast::TyKind::ObjectSum(ref ty, ref bounds) => {
1013                 try!(self.print_type(&ty));
1014                 try!(self.print_bounds("+", &bounds[..]));
1015             }
1016             ast::TyKind::PolyTraitRef(ref bounds) => {
1017                 try!(self.print_bounds("", &bounds[..]));
1018             }
1019             ast::TyKind::FixedLengthVec(ref ty, ref v) => {
1020                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "["));
1021                 try!(self.print_type(&ty));
1022                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "; "));
1023                 try!(self.print_expr(&v));
1024                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "]"));
1025             }
1026             ast::TyKind::Typeof(ref e) => {
1027                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "typeof("));
1028                 try!(self.print_expr(&e));
1029                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ")"));
1030             }
1031             ast::TyKind::Infer => {
1032                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "_"));
1033             }
1034             ast::TyKind::ImplicitSelf => {
1035                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "Self"));
1036             }
1037             ast::TyKind::Mac(ref m) => {
1038                 try!(self.print_mac(m, token::Paren));
1039             }
1040         }
1041         self.end()
1042     }
1043
1044     pub fn print_foreign_item(&mut self,
1045                               item: &ast::ForeignItem) -> io::Result<()> {
1046         try!(self.hardbreak_if_not_bol());
1047         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(item.span.lo));
1048         try!(self.print_outer_attributes(&item.attrs));
1049         match item.node {
1050             ast::ForeignItemKind::Fn(ref decl, ref generics) => {
1051                 try!(self.head(""));
1052                 try!(self.print_fn(decl, ast::Unsafety::Normal,
1053                               ast::Constness::NotConst,
1054                               Abi::Rust, Some(item.ident),
1055                               generics, &item.vis));
1056                 try!(self.end()); // end head-ibox
1057                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1058                 self.end() // end the outer fn box
1059             }
1060             ast::ForeignItemKind::Static(ref t, m) => {
1061                 try!(self.head(&visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "static")));
1062                 if m {
1063                     try!(self.word_space("mut"));
1064                 }
1065                 try!(self.print_ident(item.ident));
1066                 try!(self.word_space(":"));
1067                 try!(self.print_type(&t));
1068                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1069                 try!(self.end()); // end the head-ibox
1070                 self.end() // end the outer cbox
1071             }
1072         }
1073     }
1074
1075     fn print_associated_const(&mut self,
1076                               ident: ast::Ident,
1077                               ty: &ast::Ty,
1078                               default: Option<&ast::Expr>,
1079                               vis: &ast::Visibility)
1080                               -> io::Result<()>
1081     {
1082         try!(word(&mut self.s, &visibility_qualified(vis, "")));
1083         try!(self.word_space("const"));
1084         try!(self.print_ident(ident));
1085         try!(self.word_space(":"));
1086         try!(self.print_type(ty));
1087         if let Some(expr) = default {
1088             try!(space(&mut self.s));
1089             try!(self.word_space("="));
1090             try!(self.print_expr(expr));
1091         }
1092         word(&mut self.s, ";")
1093     }
1094
1095     fn print_associated_type(&mut self,
1096                              ident: ast::Ident,
1097                              bounds: Option<&ast::TyParamBounds>,
1098                              ty: Option<&ast::Ty>)
1099                              -> io::Result<()> {
1100         try!(self.word_space("type"));
1101         try!(self.print_ident(ident));
1102         if let Some(bounds) = bounds {
1103             try!(self.print_bounds(":", bounds));
1104         }
1105         if let Some(ty) = ty {
1106             try!(space(&mut self.s));
1107             try!(self.word_space("="));
1108             try!(self.print_type(ty));
1109         }
1110         word(&mut self.s, ";")
1111     }
1112
1113     /// Pretty-print an item
1114     pub fn print_item(&mut self, item: &ast::Item) -> io::Result<()> {
1115         try!(self.hardbreak_if_not_bol());
1116         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(item.span.lo));
1117         try!(self.print_outer_attributes(&item.attrs));
1118         try!(self.ann.pre(self, NodeItem(item)));
1119         match item.node {
1120             ast::ItemKind::ExternCrate(ref optional_path) => {
1121                 try!(self.head(&visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "extern crate")));
1122                 if let Some(p) = *optional_path {
1123                     let val = p.as_str();
1124                     if val.contains("-") {
1125                         try!(self.print_string(&val, ast::StrStyle::Cooked));
1126                     } else {
1127                         try!(self.print_name(p));
1128                     }
1129                     try!(space(&mut self.s));
1130                     try!(word(&mut self.s, "as"));
1131                     try!(space(&mut self.s));
1132                 }
1133                 try!(self.print_ident(item.ident));
1134                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1135                 try!(self.end()); // end inner head-block
1136                 try!(self.end()); // end outer head-block
1137             }
1138             ast::ItemKind::Use(ref vp) => {
1139                 try!(self.head(&visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "use")));
1140                 try!(self.print_view_path(&vp));
1141                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1142                 try!(self.end()); // end inner head-block
1143                 try!(self.end()); // end outer head-block
1144             }
1145             ast::ItemKind::Static(ref ty, m, ref expr) => {
1146                 try!(self.head(&visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "static")));
1147                 if m == ast::Mutability::Mutable {
1148                     try!(self.word_space("mut"));
1149                 }
1150                 try!(self.print_ident(item.ident));
1151                 try!(self.word_space(":"));
1152                 try!(self.print_type(&ty));
1153                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
1154                 try!(self.end()); // end the head-ibox
1155
1156                 try!(self.word_space("="));
1157                 try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
1158                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1159                 try!(self.end()); // end the outer cbox
1160             }
1161             ast::ItemKind::Const(ref ty, ref expr) => {
1162                 try!(self.head(&visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "const")));
1163                 try!(self.print_ident(item.ident));
1164                 try!(self.word_space(":"));
1165                 try!(self.print_type(&ty));
1166                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
1167                 try!(self.end()); // end the head-ibox
1168
1169                 try!(self.word_space("="));
1170                 try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
1171                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1172                 try!(self.end()); // end the outer cbox
1173             }
1174             ast::ItemKind::Fn(ref decl, unsafety, constness, abi, ref typarams, ref body) => {
1175                 try!(self.head(""));
1176                 try!(self.print_fn(
1177                     decl,
1178                     unsafety,
1179                     constness,
1180                     abi,
1181                     Some(item.ident),
1182                     typarams,
1183                     &item.vis
1184                 ));
1185                 try!(word(&mut self.s, " "));
1186                 try!(self.print_block_with_attrs(&body, &item.attrs));
1187             }
1188             ast::ItemKind::Mod(ref _mod) => {
1189                 try!(self.head(&visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "mod")));
1190                 try!(self.print_ident(item.ident));
1191                 try!(self.nbsp());
1192                 try!(self.bopen());
1193                 try!(self.print_mod(_mod, &item.attrs));
1194                 try!(self.bclose(item.span));
1195             }
1196             ast::ItemKind::ForeignMod(ref nmod) => {
1197                 try!(self.head("extern"));
1198                 try!(self.word_nbsp(&nmod.abi.to_string()));
1199                 try!(self.bopen());
1200                 try!(self.print_foreign_mod(nmod, &item.attrs));
1201                 try!(self.bclose(item.span));
1202             }
1203             ast::ItemKind::Ty(ref ty, ref params) => {
1204                 try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
1205                 try!(self.ibox(0));
1206                 try!(self.word_nbsp(&visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "type")));
1207                 try!(self.print_ident(item.ident));
1208                 try!(self.print_generics(params));
1209                 try!(self.end()); // end the inner ibox
1210
1211                 try!(self.print_where_clause(&params.where_clause));
1212                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
1213                 try!(self.word_space("="));
1214                 try!(self.print_type(&ty));
1215                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1216                 try!(self.end()); // end the outer ibox
1217             }
1218             ast::ItemKind::Enum(ref enum_definition, ref params) => {
1219                 try!(self.print_enum_def(
1220                     enum_definition,
1221                     params,
1222                     item.ident,
1223                     item.span,
1224                     &item.vis
1225                 ));
1226             }
1227             ast::ItemKind::Struct(ref struct_def, ref generics) => {
1228                 try!(self.head(&visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "struct")));
1229                 try!(self.print_struct(&struct_def, generics, item.ident, item.span, true));
1230             }
1231
1232             ast::ItemKind::DefaultImpl(unsafety, ref trait_ref) => {
1233                 try!(self.head(""));
1234                 try!(self.print_visibility(&item.vis));
1235                 try!(self.print_unsafety(unsafety));
1236                 try!(self.word_nbsp("impl"));
1237                 try!(self.print_trait_ref(trait_ref));
1238                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
1239                 try!(self.word_space("for"));
1240                 try!(self.word_space(".."));
1241                 try!(self.bopen());
1242                 try!(self.bclose(item.span));
1243             }
1244             ast::ItemKind::Impl(unsafety,
1245                           polarity,
1246                           ref generics,
1247                           ref opt_trait,
1248                           ref ty,
1249                           ref impl_items) => {
1250                 try!(self.head(""));
1251                 try!(self.print_visibility(&item.vis));
1252                 try!(self.print_unsafety(unsafety));
1253                 try!(self.word_nbsp("impl"));
1254
1255                 if generics.is_parameterized() {
1256                     try!(self.print_generics(generics));
1257                     try!(space(&mut self.s));
1258                 }
1259
1260                 match polarity {
1261                     ast::ImplPolarity::Negative => {
1262                         try!(word(&mut self.s, "!"));
1263                     },
1264                     _ => {}
1265                 }
1266
1267                 match *opt_trait {
1268                     Some(ref t) => {
1269                         try!(self.print_trait_ref(t));
1270                         try!(space(&mut self.s));
1271                         try!(self.word_space("for"));
1272                     }
1273                     None => {}
1274                 }
1275
1276                 try!(self.print_type(&ty));
1277                 try!(self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause));
1278
1279                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
1280                 try!(self.bopen());
1281                 try!(self.print_inner_attributes(&item.attrs));
1282                 for impl_item in impl_items {
1283                     try!(self.print_impl_item(impl_item));
1284                 }
1285                 try!(self.bclose(item.span));
1286             }
1287             ast::ItemKind::Trait(unsafety, ref generics, ref bounds, ref trait_items) => {
1288                 try!(self.head(""));
1289                 try!(self.print_visibility(&item.vis));
1290                 try!(self.print_unsafety(unsafety));
1291                 try!(self.word_nbsp("trait"));
1292                 try!(self.print_ident(item.ident));
1293                 try!(self.print_generics(generics));
1294                 let mut real_bounds = Vec::with_capacity(bounds.len());
1295                 for b in bounds.iter() {
1296                     if let TraitTyParamBound(ref ptr, ast::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe) = *b {
1297                         try!(space(&mut self.s));
1298                         try!(self.word_space("for ?"));
1299                         try!(self.print_trait_ref(&ptr.trait_ref));
1300                     } else {
1301                         real_bounds.push(b.clone());
1302                     }
1303                 }
1304                 try!(self.print_bounds(":", &real_bounds[..]));
1305                 try!(self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause));
1306                 try!(word(&mut self.s, " "));
1307                 try!(self.bopen());
1308                 for trait_item in trait_items {
1309                     try!(self.print_trait_item(trait_item));
1310                 }
1311                 try!(self.bclose(item.span));
1312             }
1313             ast::ItemKind::Mac(codemap::Spanned { ref node, .. }) => {
1314                 try!(self.print_visibility(&item.vis));
1315                 try!(self.print_path(&node.path, false, 0));
1316                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "! "));
1317                 try!(self.print_ident(item.ident));
1318                 try!(self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT));
1319                 try!(self.popen());
1320                 try!(self.print_tts(&node.tts[..]));
1321                 try!(self.pclose());
1322                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1323                 try!(self.end());
1324             }
1325         }
1326         self.ann.post(self, NodeItem(item))
1327     }
1328
1329     fn print_trait_ref(&mut self, t: &ast::TraitRef) -> io::Result<()> {
1330         self.print_path(&t.path, false, 0)
1331     }
1332
1333     fn print_formal_lifetime_list(&mut self, lifetimes: &[ast::LifetimeDef]) -> io::Result<()> {
1334         if !lifetimes.is_empty() {
1335             try!(word(&mut self.s, "for<"));
1336             let mut comma = false;
1337             for lifetime_def in lifetimes {
1338                 if comma {
1339                     try!(self.word_space(","))
1340                 }
1341                 try!(self.print_lifetime_bounds(&lifetime_def.lifetime, &lifetime_def.bounds));
1342                 comma = true;
1343             }
1344             try!(word(&mut self.s, ">"));
1345         }
1346         Ok(())
1347     }
1348
1349     fn print_poly_trait_ref(&mut self, t: &ast::PolyTraitRef) -> io::Result<()> {
1350         try!(self.print_formal_lifetime_list(&t.bound_lifetimes));
1351         self.print_trait_ref(&t.trait_ref)
1352     }
1353
1354     pub fn print_enum_def(&mut self, enum_definition: &ast::EnumDef,
1355                           generics: &ast::Generics, ident: ast::Ident,
1356                           span: syntax_pos::Span,
1357                           visibility: &ast::Visibility) -> io::Result<()> {
1358         try!(self.head(&visibility_qualified(visibility, "enum")));
1359         try!(self.print_ident(ident));
1360         try!(self.print_generics(generics));
1361         try!(self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause));
1362         try!(space(&mut self.s));
1363         self.print_variants(&enum_definition.variants, span)
1364     }
1365
1366     pub fn print_variants(&mut self,
1367                           variants: &[ast::Variant],
1368                           span: syntax_pos::Span) -> io::Result<()> {
1369         try!(self.bopen());
1370         for v in variants {
1371             try!(self.space_if_not_bol());
1372             try!(self.maybe_print_comment(v.span.lo));
1373             try!(self.print_outer_attributes(&v.node.attrs));
1374             try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
1375             try!(self.print_variant(v));
1376             try!(word(&mut self.s, ","));
1377             try!(self.end());
1378             try!(self.maybe_print_trailing_comment(v.span, None));
1379         }
1380         self.bclose(span)
1381     }
1382
1383     pub fn print_visibility(&mut self, vis: &ast::Visibility) -> io::Result<()> {
1384         match *vis {
1385             ast::Visibility::Public => self.word_nbsp("pub"),
1386             ast::Visibility::Crate(_) => self.word_nbsp("pub(crate)"),
1387             ast::Visibility::Restricted { ref path, .. } =>
1388                 self.word_nbsp(&format!("pub({})", path)),
1389             ast::Visibility::Inherited => Ok(())
1390         }
1391     }
1392
1393     pub fn print_struct(&mut self,
1394                         struct_def: &ast::VariantData,
1395                         generics: &ast::Generics,
1396                         ident: ast::Ident,
1397                         span: syntax_pos::Span,
1398                         print_finalizer: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
1399         try!(self.print_ident(ident));
1400         try!(self.print_generics(generics));
1401         if !struct_def.is_struct() {
1402             if struct_def.is_tuple() {
1403                 try!(self.popen());
1404                 try!(self.commasep(
1405                     Inconsistent, struct_def.fields(),
1406                     |s, field| {
1407                         try!(s.maybe_print_comment(field.span.lo));
1408                         try!(s.print_outer_attributes(&field.attrs));
1409                         try!(s.print_visibility(&field.vis));
1410                         s.print_type(&field.ty)
1411                     }
1412                 ));
1413                 try!(self.pclose());
1414             }
1415             try!(self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause));
1416             if print_finalizer {
1417                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1418             }
1419             try!(self.end());
1420             self.end() // close the outer-box
1421         } else {
1422             try!(self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause));
1423             try!(self.nbsp());
1424             try!(self.bopen());
1425             try!(self.hardbreak_if_not_bol());
1426
1427             for field in struct_def.fields() {
1428                 try!(self.hardbreak_if_not_bol());
1429                 try!(self.maybe_print_comment(field.span.lo));
1430                 try!(self.print_outer_attributes(&field.attrs));
1431                 try!(self.print_visibility(&field.vis));
1432                 try!(self.print_ident(field.ident.unwrap()));
1433                 try!(self.word_nbsp(":"));
1434                 try!(self.print_type(&field.ty));
1435                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ","));
1436             }
1437
1438             self.bclose(span)
1439         }
1440     }
1441
1442     /// This doesn't deserve to be called "pretty" printing, but it should be
1443     /// meaning-preserving. A quick hack that might help would be to look at the
1444     /// spans embedded in the TTs to decide where to put spaces and newlines.
1445     /// But it'd be better to parse these according to the grammar of the
1446     /// appropriate macro, transcribe back into the grammar we just parsed from,
1447     /// and then pretty-print the resulting AST nodes (so, e.g., we print
1448     /// expression arguments as expressions). It can be done! I think.
1449     pub fn print_tt(&mut self, tt: &tokenstream::TokenTree) -> io::Result<()> {
1450         match *tt {
1451             TokenTree::Token(_, ref tk) => {
1452                 try!(word(&mut self.s, &token_to_string(tk)));
1453                 match *tk {
1454                     parse::token::DocComment(..) => {
1455                         hardbreak(&mut self.s)
1456                     }
1457                     _ => Ok(())
1458                 }
1459             }
1460             TokenTree::Delimited(_, ref delimed) => {
1461                 try!(word(&mut self.s, &token_to_string(&delimed.open_token())));
1462                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
1463                 try!(self.print_tts(&delimed.tts));
1464                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
1465                 word(&mut self.s, &token_to_string(&delimed.close_token()))
1466             },
1467             TokenTree::Sequence(_, ref seq) => {
1468                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "$("));
1469                 for tt_elt in &seq.tts {
1470                     try!(self.print_tt(tt_elt));
1471                 }
1472                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ")"));
1473                 match seq.separator {
1474                     Some(ref tk) => {
1475                         try!(word(&mut self.s, &token_to_string(tk)));
1476                     }
1477                     None => {},
1478                 }
1479                 match seq.op {
1480                     tokenstream::KleeneOp::ZeroOrMore => word(&mut self.s, "*"),
1481                     tokenstream::KleeneOp::OneOrMore => word(&mut self.s, "+"),
1482                 }
1483             }
1484         }
1485     }
1486
1487     pub fn print_tts(&mut self, tts: &[tokenstream::TokenTree]) -> io::Result<()> {
1488         try!(self.ibox(0));
1489         for (i, tt) in tts.iter().enumerate() {
1490             if i != 0 {
1491                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
1492             }
1493             try!(self.print_tt(tt));
1494         }
1495         self.end()
1496     }
1497
1498     pub fn print_variant(&mut self, v: &ast::Variant) -> io::Result<()> {
1499         try!(self.head(""));
1500         let generics = ast::Generics::default();
1501         try!(self.print_struct(&v.node.data, &generics, v.node.name, v.span, false));
1502         match v.node.disr_expr {
1503             Some(ref d) => {
1504                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
1505                 try!(self.word_space("="));
1506                 self.print_expr(&d)
1507             }
1508             _ => Ok(())
1509         }
1510     }
1511
1512     pub fn print_method_sig(&mut self,
1513                             ident: ast::Ident,
1514                             m: &ast::MethodSig,
1515                             vis: &ast::Visibility)
1516                             -> io::Result<()> {
1517         self.print_fn(&m.decl,
1518                       m.unsafety,
1519                       m.constness,
1520                       m.abi,
1521                       Some(ident),
1522                       &m.generics,
1523                       vis)
1524     }
1525
1526     pub fn print_trait_item(&mut self, ti: &ast::TraitItem)
1527                             -> io::Result<()> {
1528         try!(self.ann.pre(self, NodeSubItem(ti.id)));
1529         try!(self.hardbreak_if_not_bol());
1530         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(ti.span.lo));
1531         try!(self.print_outer_attributes(&ti.attrs));
1532         match ti.node {
1533             ast::TraitItemKind::Const(ref ty, ref default) => {
1534                 try!(self.print_associated_const(ti.ident, &ty,
1535                                             default.as_ref().map(|expr| &**expr),
1536                                             &ast::Visibility::Inherited));
1537             }
1538             ast::TraitItemKind::Method(ref sig, ref body) => {
1539                 if body.is_some() {
1540                     try!(self.head(""));
1541                 }
1542                 try!(self.print_method_sig(ti.ident, sig, &ast::Visibility::Inherited));
1543                 if let Some(ref body) = *body {
1544                     try!(self.nbsp());
1545                     try!(self.print_block_with_attrs(body, &ti.attrs));
1546                 } else {
1547                     try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1548                 }
1549             }
1550             ast::TraitItemKind::Type(ref bounds, ref default) => {
1551                 try!(self.print_associated_type(ti.ident, Some(bounds),
1552                                            default.as_ref().map(|ty| &**ty)));
1553             }
1554             ast::TraitItemKind::Macro(codemap::Spanned { ref node, .. }) => {
1555                 // code copied from ItemKind::Mac:
1556                 self.print_path(&node.path, false, 0)?;
1557                 word(&mut self.s, "! ")?;
1558                 self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT)?;
1559                 self.popen()?;
1560                 self.print_tts(&node.tts[..])?;
1561                 self.pclose()?;
1562                 word(&mut self.s, ";")?;
1563                 self.end()?
1564             }
1565         }
1566         self.ann.post(self, NodeSubItem(ti.id))
1567     }
1568
1569     pub fn print_impl_item(&mut self, ii: &ast::ImplItem) -> io::Result<()> {
1570         try!(self.ann.pre(self, NodeSubItem(ii.id)));
1571         try!(self.hardbreak_if_not_bol());
1572         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(ii.span.lo));
1573         try!(self.print_outer_attributes(&ii.attrs));
1574         if let ast::Defaultness::Default = ii.defaultness {
1575             try!(self.word_nbsp("default"));
1576         }
1577         match ii.node {
1578             ast::ImplItemKind::Const(ref ty, ref expr) => {
1579                 try!(self.print_associated_const(ii.ident, &ty, Some(&expr), &ii.vis));
1580             }
1581             ast::ImplItemKind::Method(ref sig, ref body) => {
1582                 try!(self.head(""));
1583                 try!(self.print_method_sig(ii.ident, sig, &ii.vis));
1584                 try!(self.nbsp());
1585                 try!(self.print_block_with_attrs(body, &ii.attrs));
1586             }
1587             ast::ImplItemKind::Type(ref ty) => {
1588                 try!(self.print_associated_type(ii.ident, None, Some(ty)));
1589             }
1590             ast::ImplItemKind::Macro(codemap::Spanned { ref node, .. }) => {
1591                 // code copied from ItemKind::Mac:
1592                 try!(self.print_path(&node.path, false, 0));
1593                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "! "));
1594                 try!(self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT));
1595                 try!(self.popen());
1596                 try!(self.print_tts(&node.tts[..]));
1597                 try!(self.pclose());
1598                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1599                 try!(self.end())
1600             }
1601         }
1602         self.ann.post(self, NodeSubItem(ii.id))
1603     }
1604
1605     pub fn print_stmt(&mut self, st: &ast::Stmt) -> io::Result<()> {
1606         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(st.span.lo));
1607         match st.node {
1608             ast::StmtKind::Local(ref loc) => {
1609                 try!(self.print_outer_attributes(&loc.attrs));
1610                 try!(self.space_if_not_bol());
1611                 try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
1612                 try!(self.word_nbsp("let"));
1613
1614                 try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
1615                 try!(self.print_local_decl(&loc));
1616                 try!(self.end());
1617                 if let Some(ref init) = loc.init {
1618                     try!(self.nbsp());
1619                     try!(self.word_space("="));
1620                     try!(self.print_expr(&init));
1621                 }
1622                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1623                 self.end()?;
1624             }
1625             ast::StmtKind::Item(ref item) => self.print_item(&item)?,
1626             ast::StmtKind::Expr(ref expr) => {
1627                 try!(self.space_if_not_bol());
1628                 try!(self.print_expr_outer_attr_style(&expr, false));
1629                 if parse::classify::expr_requires_semi_to_be_stmt(expr) {
1630                     try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1631                 }
1632             }
1633             ast::StmtKind::Semi(ref expr) => {
1634                 try!(self.space_if_not_bol());
1635                 try!(self.print_expr_outer_attr_style(&expr, false));
1636                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ";"));
1637             }
1638             ast::StmtKind::Mac(ref mac) => {
1639                 let (ref mac, style, ref attrs) = **mac;
1640                 try!(self.space_if_not_bol());
1641                 try!(self.print_outer_attributes(&attrs));
1642                 let delim = match style {
1643                     ast::MacStmtStyle::Braces => token::Brace,
1644                     _ => token::Paren
1645                 };
1646                 try!(self.print_mac(&mac, delim));
1647                 match style {
1648                     ast::MacStmtStyle::Braces => {}
1649                     _ => try!(word(&mut self.s, ";")),
1650                 }
1651             }
1652         }
1653         self.maybe_print_trailing_comment(st.span, None)
1654     }
1655
1656     pub fn print_block(&mut self, blk: &ast::Block) -> io::Result<()> {
1657         self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, &[])
1658     }
1659
1660     pub fn print_block_unclosed(&mut self, blk: &ast::Block) -> io::Result<()> {
1661         self.print_block_unclosed_indent(blk, INDENT_UNIT)
1662     }
1663
1664     pub fn print_block_unclosed_with_attrs(&mut self, blk: &ast::Block,
1665                                             attrs: &[ast::Attribute])
1666                                            -> io::Result<()> {
1667         self.print_block_maybe_unclosed(blk, INDENT_UNIT, attrs, false)
1668     }
1669
1670     pub fn print_block_unclosed_indent(&mut self, blk: &ast::Block,
1671                                        indented: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
1672         self.print_block_maybe_unclosed(blk, indented, &[], false)
1673     }
1674
1675     pub fn print_block_with_attrs(&mut self,
1676                                   blk: &ast::Block,
1677                                   attrs: &[ast::Attribute]) -> io::Result<()> {
1678         self.print_block_maybe_unclosed(blk, INDENT_UNIT, attrs, true)
1679     }
1680
1681     pub fn print_block_maybe_unclosed(&mut self,
1682                                       blk: &ast::Block,
1683                                       indented: usize,
1684                                       attrs: &[ast::Attribute],
1685                                       close_box: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
1686         match blk.rules {
1687             BlockCheckMode::Unsafe(..) => try!(self.word_space("unsafe")),
1688             BlockCheckMode::Default => ()
1689         }
1690         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(blk.span.lo));
1691         try!(self.ann.pre(self, NodeBlock(blk)));
1692         try!(self.bopen());
1693
1694         try!(self.print_inner_attributes(attrs));
1695
1696         for (i, st) in blk.stmts.iter().enumerate() {
1697             match st.node {
1698                 ast::StmtKind::Expr(ref expr) if i == blk.stmts.len() - 1 => {
1699                     try!(self.space_if_not_bol());
1700                     try!(self.print_expr_outer_attr_style(&expr, false));
1701                     try!(self.maybe_print_trailing_comment(expr.span, Some(blk.span.hi)));
1702                 }
1703                 _ => try!(self.print_stmt(st)),
1704             }
1705         }
1706
1707         try!(self.bclose_maybe_open(blk.span, indented, close_box));
1708         self.ann.post(self, NodeBlock(blk))
1709     }
1710
1711     fn print_else(&mut self, els: Option<&ast::Expr>) -> io::Result<()> {
1712         match els {
1713             Some(_else) => {
1714                 match _else.node {
1715                     // "another else-if"
1716                     ast::ExprKind::If(ref i, ref then, ref e) => {
1717                         try!(self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT - 1));
1718                         try!(self.ibox(0));
1719                         try!(word(&mut self.s, " else if "));
1720                         try!(self.print_expr(&i));
1721                         try!(space(&mut self.s));
1722                         try!(self.print_block(&then));
1723                         self.print_else(e.as_ref().map(|e| &**e))
1724                     }
1725                     // "another else-if-let"
1726                     ast::ExprKind::IfLet(ref pat, ref expr, ref then, ref e) => {
1727                         try!(self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT - 1));
1728                         try!(self.ibox(0));
1729                         try!(word(&mut self.s, " else if let "));
1730                         try!(self.print_pat(&pat));
1731                         try!(space(&mut self.s));
1732                         try!(self.word_space("="));
1733                         try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
1734                         try!(space(&mut self.s));
1735                         try!(self.print_block(&then));
1736                         self.print_else(e.as_ref().map(|e| &**e))
1737                     }
1738                     // "final else"
1739                     ast::ExprKind::Block(ref b) => {
1740                         try!(self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT - 1));
1741                         try!(self.ibox(0));
1742                         try!(word(&mut self.s, " else "));
1743                         self.print_block(&b)
1744                     }
1745                     // BLEAH, constraints would be great here
1746                     _ => {
1747                         panic!("print_if saw if with weird alternative");
1748                     }
1749                 }
1750             }
1751             _ => Ok(())
1752         }
1753     }
1754
1755     pub fn print_if(&mut self, test: &ast::Expr, blk: &ast::Block,
1756                     elseopt: Option<&ast::Expr>) -> io::Result<()> {
1757         try!(self.head("if"));
1758         try!(self.print_expr(test));
1759         try!(space(&mut self.s));
1760         try!(self.print_block(blk));
1761         self.print_else(elseopt)
1762     }
1763
1764     pub fn print_if_let(&mut self, pat: &ast::Pat, expr: &ast::Expr, blk: &ast::Block,
1765                         elseopt: Option<&ast::Expr>) -> io::Result<()> {
1766         try!(self.head("if let"));
1767         try!(self.print_pat(pat));
1768         try!(space(&mut self.s));
1769         try!(self.word_space("="));
1770         try!(self.print_expr(expr));
1771         try!(space(&mut self.s));
1772         try!(self.print_block(blk));
1773         self.print_else(elseopt)
1774     }
1775
1776     pub fn print_mac(&mut self, m: &ast::Mac, delim: token::DelimToken)
1777                      -> io::Result<()> {
1778         try!(self.print_path(&m.node.path, false, 0));
1779         try!(word(&mut self.s, "!"));
1780         match delim {
1781             token::Paren => try!(self.popen()),
1782             token::Bracket => try!(word(&mut self.s, "[")),
1783             token::Brace => {
1784                 try!(self.head(""));
1785                 try!(self.bopen());
1786             }
1787         }
1788         try!(self.print_tts(&m.node.tts));
1789         match delim {
1790             token::Paren => self.pclose(),
1791             token::Bracket => word(&mut self.s, "]"),
1792             token::Brace => self.bclose(m.span),
1793         }
1794     }
1795
1796
1797     fn print_call_post(&mut self, args: &[P<ast::Expr>]) -> io::Result<()> {
1798         try!(self.popen());
1799         try!(self.commasep_exprs(Inconsistent, args));
1800         self.pclose()
1801     }
1802
1803     pub fn check_expr_bin_needs_paren(&mut self, sub_expr: &ast::Expr,
1804                                       binop: ast::BinOp) -> bool {
1805         match sub_expr.node {
1806             ast::ExprKind::Binary(ref sub_op, _, _) => {
1807                 if AssocOp::from_ast_binop(sub_op.node).precedence() <
1808                     AssocOp::from_ast_binop(binop.node).precedence() {
1809                     true
1810                 } else {
1811                     false
1812                 }
1813             }
1814             _ => true
1815         }
1816     }
1817
1818     pub fn print_expr_maybe_paren(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr) -> io::Result<()> {
1819         let needs_par = needs_parentheses(expr);
1820         if needs_par {
1821             try!(self.popen());
1822         }
1823         try!(self.print_expr(expr));
1824         if needs_par {
1825             try!(self.pclose());
1826         }
1827         Ok(())
1828     }
1829
1830     fn print_expr_in_place(&mut self,
1831                            place: &ast::Expr,
1832                            expr: &ast::Expr) -> io::Result<()> {
1833         try!(self.print_expr_maybe_paren(place));
1834         try!(space(&mut self.s));
1835         try!(self.word_space("<-"));
1836         self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr)
1837     }
1838
1839     fn print_expr_vec(&mut self, exprs: &[P<ast::Expr>],
1840                       attrs: &[Attribute]) -> io::Result<()> {
1841         try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
1842         try!(word(&mut self.s, "["));
1843         try!(self.print_inner_attributes_inline(attrs));
1844         try!(self.commasep_exprs(Inconsistent, &exprs[..]));
1845         try!(word(&mut self.s, "]"));
1846         self.end()
1847     }
1848
1849     fn print_expr_repeat(&mut self,
1850                          element: &ast::Expr,
1851                          count: &ast::Expr,
1852                          attrs: &[Attribute]) -> io::Result<()> {
1853         try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
1854         try!(word(&mut self.s, "["));
1855         try!(self.print_inner_attributes_inline(attrs));
1856         try!(self.print_expr(element));
1857         try!(self.word_space(";"));
1858         try!(self.print_expr(count));
1859         try!(word(&mut self.s, "]"));
1860         self.end()
1861     }
1862
1863     fn print_expr_struct(&mut self,
1864                          path: &ast::Path,
1865                          fields: &[ast::Field],
1866                          wth: &Option<P<ast::Expr>>,
1867                          attrs: &[Attribute]) -> io::Result<()> {
1868         try!(self.print_path(path, true, 0));
1869         try!(word(&mut self.s, "{"));
1870         try!(self.print_inner_attributes_inline(attrs));
1871         try!(self.commasep_cmnt(
1872             Consistent,
1873             &fields[..],
1874             |s, field| {
1875                 try!(s.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
1876                 try!(s.print_ident(field.ident.node));
1877                 try!(s.word_space(":"));
1878                 try!(s.print_expr(&field.expr));
1879                 s.end()
1880             },
1881             |f| f.span));
1882         match *wth {
1883             Some(ref expr) => {
1884                 try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
1885                 if !fields.is_empty() {
1886                     try!(word(&mut self.s, ","));
1887                     try!(space(&mut self.s));
1888                 }
1889                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ".."));
1890                 try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
1891                 try!(self.end());
1892             }
1893             _ => if !fields.is_empty() {
1894                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ","))
1895             }
1896         }
1897         try!(word(&mut self.s, "}"));
1898         Ok(())
1899     }
1900
1901     fn print_expr_tup(&mut self, exprs: &[P<ast::Expr>],
1902                       attrs: &[Attribute]) -> io::Result<()> {
1903         try!(self.popen());
1904         try!(self.print_inner_attributes_inline(attrs));
1905         try!(self.commasep_exprs(Inconsistent, &exprs[..]));
1906         if exprs.len() == 1 {
1907             try!(word(&mut self.s, ","));
1908         }
1909         self.pclose()
1910     }
1911
1912     fn print_expr_call(&mut self,
1913                        func: &ast::Expr,
1914                        args: &[P<ast::Expr>]) -> io::Result<()> {
1915         try!(self.print_expr_maybe_paren(func));
1916         self.print_call_post(args)
1917     }
1918
1919     fn print_expr_method_call(&mut self,
1920                               ident: ast::SpannedIdent,
1921                               tys: &[P<ast::Ty>],
1922                               args: &[P<ast::Expr>]) -> io::Result<()> {
1923         let base_args = &args[1..];
1924         try!(self.print_expr(&args[0]));
1925         try!(word(&mut self.s, "."));
1926         try!(self.print_ident(ident.node));
1927         if !tys.is_empty() {
1928             try!(word(&mut self.s, "::<"));
1929             try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, tys,
1930                           |s, ty| s.print_type(&ty)));
1931             try!(word(&mut self.s, ">"));
1932         }
1933         self.print_call_post(base_args)
1934     }
1935
1936     fn print_expr_binary(&mut self,
1937                          op: ast::BinOp,
1938                          lhs: &ast::Expr,
1939                          rhs: &ast::Expr) -> io::Result<()> {
1940         if self.check_expr_bin_needs_paren(lhs, op) {
1941             try!(self.print_expr_maybe_paren(lhs));
1942         } else {
1943             try!(self.print_expr(lhs));
1944         }
1945         try!(space(&mut self.s));
1946         try!(self.word_space(op.node.to_string()));
1947         if self.check_expr_bin_needs_paren(rhs, op) {
1948             self.print_expr_maybe_paren(rhs)
1949         } else {
1950             self.print_expr(rhs)
1951         }
1952     }
1953
1954     fn print_expr_unary(&mut self,
1955                         op: ast::UnOp,
1956                         expr: &ast::Expr) -> io::Result<()> {
1957         try!(word(&mut self.s, ast::UnOp::to_string(op)));
1958         self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr)
1959     }
1960
1961     fn print_expr_addr_of(&mut self,
1962                           mutability: ast::Mutability,
1963                           expr: &ast::Expr) -> io::Result<()> {
1964         try!(word(&mut self.s, "&"));
1965         try!(self.print_mutability(mutability));
1966         self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr)
1967     }
1968
1969     pub fn print_expr(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr) -> io::Result<()> {
1970         self.print_expr_outer_attr_style(expr, true)
1971     }
1972
1973     fn print_expr_outer_attr_style(&mut self,
1974                                   expr: &ast::Expr,
1975                                   is_inline: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
1976         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(expr.span.lo));
1977
1978         let attrs = &expr.attrs;
1979         if is_inline {
1980             try!(self.print_outer_attributes_inline(attrs));
1981         } else {
1982             try!(self.print_outer_attributes(attrs));
1983         }
1984
1985         try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
1986         try!(self.ann.pre(self, NodeExpr(expr)));
1987         match expr.node {
1988             ast::ExprKind::Box(ref expr) => {
1989                 try!(self.word_space("box"));
1990                 try!(self.print_expr(expr));
1991             }
1992             ast::ExprKind::InPlace(ref place, ref expr) => {
1993                 try!(self.print_expr_in_place(place, expr));
1994             }
1995             ast::ExprKind::Vec(ref exprs) => {
1996                 try!(self.print_expr_vec(&exprs[..], attrs));
1997             }
1998             ast::ExprKind::Repeat(ref element, ref count) => {
1999                 try!(self.print_expr_repeat(&element, &count, attrs));
2000             }
2001             ast::ExprKind::Struct(ref path, ref fields, ref wth) => {
2002                 try!(self.print_expr_struct(path, &fields[..], wth, attrs));
2003             }
2004             ast::ExprKind::Tup(ref exprs) => {
2005                 try!(self.print_expr_tup(&exprs[..], attrs));
2006             }
2007             ast::ExprKind::Call(ref func, ref args) => {
2008                 try!(self.print_expr_call(&func, &args[..]));
2009             }
2010             ast::ExprKind::MethodCall(ident, ref tys, ref args) => {
2011                 try!(self.print_expr_method_call(ident, &tys[..], &args[..]));
2012             }
2013             ast::ExprKind::Binary(op, ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
2014                 try!(self.print_expr_binary(op, &lhs, &rhs));
2015             }
2016             ast::ExprKind::Unary(op, ref expr) => {
2017                 try!(self.print_expr_unary(op, &expr));
2018             }
2019             ast::ExprKind::AddrOf(m, ref expr) => {
2020                 try!(self.print_expr_addr_of(m, &expr));
2021             }
2022             ast::ExprKind::Lit(ref lit) => {
2023                 try!(self.print_literal(&lit));
2024             }
2025             ast::ExprKind::Cast(ref expr, ref ty) => {
2026                 if let ast::ExprKind::Cast(..) = expr.node {
2027                     try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
2028                 } else {
2029                     try!(self.print_expr_maybe_paren(&expr));
2030                 }
2031                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2032                 try!(self.word_space("as"));
2033                 try!(self.print_type(&ty));
2034             }
2035             ast::ExprKind::Type(ref expr, ref ty) => {
2036                 try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
2037                 try!(self.word_space(":"));
2038                 try!(self.print_type(&ty));
2039             }
2040             ast::ExprKind::If(ref test, ref blk, ref elseopt) => {
2041                 try!(self.print_if(&test, &blk, elseopt.as_ref().map(|e| &**e)));
2042             }
2043             ast::ExprKind::IfLet(ref pat, ref expr, ref blk, ref elseopt) => {
2044                 try!(self.print_if_let(&pat, &expr, &blk, elseopt.as_ref().map(|e| &**e)));
2045             }
2046             ast::ExprKind::While(ref test, ref blk, opt_ident) => {
2047                 if let Some(ident) = opt_ident {
2048                     try!(self.print_ident(ident.node));
2049                     try!(self.word_space(":"));
2050                 }
2051                 try!(self.head("while"));
2052                 try!(self.print_expr(&test));
2053                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2054                 try!(self.print_block_with_attrs(&blk, attrs));
2055             }
2056             ast::ExprKind::WhileLet(ref pat, ref expr, ref blk, opt_ident) => {
2057                 if let Some(ident) = opt_ident {
2058                     try!(self.print_ident(ident.node));
2059                     try!(self.word_space(":"));
2060                 }
2061                 try!(self.head("while let"));
2062                 try!(self.print_pat(&pat));
2063                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2064                 try!(self.word_space("="));
2065                 try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
2066                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2067                 try!(self.print_block_with_attrs(&blk, attrs));
2068             }
2069             ast::ExprKind::ForLoop(ref pat, ref iter, ref blk, opt_ident) => {
2070                 if let Some(ident) = opt_ident {
2071                     try!(self.print_ident(ident.node));
2072                     try!(self.word_space(":"));
2073                 }
2074                 try!(self.head("for"));
2075                 try!(self.print_pat(&pat));
2076                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2077                 try!(self.word_space("in"));
2078                 try!(self.print_expr(&iter));
2079                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2080                 try!(self.print_block_with_attrs(&blk, attrs));
2081             }
2082             ast::ExprKind::Loop(ref blk, opt_ident) => {
2083                 if let Some(ident) = opt_ident {
2084                     try!(self.print_ident(ident.node));
2085                     try!(self.word_space(":"));
2086                 }
2087                 try!(self.head("loop"));
2088                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2089                 try!(self.print_block_with_attrs(&blk, attrs));
2090             }
2091             ast::ExprKind::Match(ref expr, ref arms) => {
2092                 try!(self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT));
2093                 try!(self.ibox(4));
2094                 try!(self.word_nbsp("match"));
2095                 try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
2096                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2097                 try!(self.bopen());
2098                 try!(self.print_inner_attributes_no_trailing_hardbreak(attrs));
2099                 for arm in arms {
2100                     try!(self.print_arm(arm));
2101                 }
2102                 try!(self.bclose_(expr.span, INDENT_UNIT));
2103             }
2104             ast::ExprKind::Closure(capture_clause, ref decl, ref body, _) => {
2105                 try!(self.print_capture_clause(capture_clause));
2106
2107                 try!(self.print_fn_block_args(&decl));
2108                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2109
2110                 let default_return = match decl.output {
2111                     ast::FunctionRetTy::Default(..) => true,
2112                     _ => false
2113                 };
2114
2115                 match body.stmts.last().map(|stmt| &stmt.node) {
2116                     Some(&ast::StmtKind::Expr(ref i_expr)) if default_return &&
2117                                                               body.stmts.len() == 1 => {
2118                         // we extract the block, so as not to create another set of boxes
2119                         if let ast::ExprKind::Block(ref blk) = i_expr.node {
2120                             try!(self.print_block_unclosed_with_attrs(&blk, &i_expr.attrs));
2121                         } else {
2122                             // this is a bare expression
2123                             try!(self.print_expr(&i_expr));
2124                             try!(self.end()); // need to close a box
2125                         }
2126                     }
2127                     _ => try!(self.print_block_unclosed(&body)),
2128                 }
2129
2130                 // a box will be closed by print_expr, but we didn't want an overall
2131                 // wrapper so we closed the corresponding opening. so create an
2132                 // empty box to satisfy the close.
2133                 try!(self.ibox(0));
2134             }
2135             ast::ExprKind::Block(ref blk) => {
2136                 // containing cbox, will be closed by print-block at }
2137                 try!(self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT));
2138                 // head-box, will be closed by print-block after {
2139                 try!(self.ibox(0));
2140                 try!(self.print_block_with_attrs(&blk, attrs));
2141             }
2142             ast::ExprKind::Assign(ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
2143                 try!(self.print_expr(&lhs));
2144                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2145                 try!(self.word_space("="));
2146                 try!(self.print_expr(&rhs));
2147             }
2148             ast::ExprKind::AssignOp(op, ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
2149                 try!(self.print_expr(&lhs));
2150                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2151                 try!(word(&mut self.s, op.node.to_string()));
2152                 try!(self.word_space("="));
2153                 try!(self.print_expr(&rhs));
2154             }
2155             ast::ExprKind::Field(ref expr, id) => {
2156                 try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
2157                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "."));
2158                 try!(self.print_ident(id.node));
2159             }
2160             ast::ExprKind::TupField(ref expr, id) => {
2161                 try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
2162                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "."));
2163                 try!(self.print_usize(id.node));
2164             }
2165             ast::ExprKind::Index(ref expr, ref index) => {
2166                 try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
2167                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "["));
2168                 try!(self.print_expr(&index));
2169                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "]"));
2170             }
2171             ast::ExprKind::Range(ref start, ref end, limits) => {
2172                 if let &Some(ref e) = start {
2173                     try!(self.print_expr(&e));
2174                 }
2175                 if limits == ast::RangeLimits::HalfOpen {
2176                     try!(word(&mut self.s, ".."));
2177                 } else {
2178                     try!(word(&mut self.s, "..."));
2179                 }
2180                 if let &Some(ref e) = end {
2181                     try!(self.print_expr(&e));
2182                 }
2183             }
2184             ast::ExprKind::Path(None, ref path) => {
2185                 try!(self.print_path(path, true, 0))
2186             }
2187             ast::ExprKind::Path(Some(ref qself), ref path) => {
2188                 try!(self.print_qpath(path, qself, true))
2189             }
2190             ast::ExprKind::Break(opt_ident) => {
2191                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "break"));
2192                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2193                 if let Some(ident) = opt_ident {
2194                     try!(self.print_ident(ident.node));
2195                     try!(space(&mut self.s));
2196                 }
2197             }
2198             ast::ExprKind::Continue(opt_ident) => {
2199                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "continue"));
2200                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2201                 if let Some(ident) = opt_ident {
2202                     try!(self.print_ident(ident.node));
2203                     try!(space(&mut self.s))
2204                 }
2205             }
2206             ast::ExprKind::Ret(ref result) => {
2207                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "return"));
2208                 match *result {
2209                     Some(ref expr) => {
2210                         try!(word(&mut self.s, " "));
2211                         try!(self.print_expr(&expr));
2212                     }
2213                     _ => ()
2214                 }
2215             }
2216             ast::ExprKind::InlineAsm(ref a) => {
2217                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "asm!"));
2218                 try!(self.popen());
2219                 try!(self.print_string(&a.asm, a.asm_str_style));
2220                 try!(self.word_space(":"));
2221
2222                 try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &a.outputs,
2223                                    |s, out| {
2224                     let mut ch = out.constraint.chars();
2225                     match ch.next() {
2226                         Some('=') if out.is_rw => {
2227                             try!(s.print_string(&format!("+{}", ch.as_str()),
2228                                            ast::StrStyle::Cooked))
2229                         }
2230                         _ => try!(s.print_string(&out.constraint,
2231                                             ast::StrStyle::Cooked))
2232                     }
2233                     try!(s.popen());
2234                     try!(s.print_expr(&out.expr));
2235                     try!(s.pclose());
2236                     Ok(())
2237                 }));
2238                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2239                 try!(self.word_space(":"));
2240
2241                 try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &a.inputs,
2242                                    |s, &(ref co, ref o)| {
2243                     try!(s.print_string(&co, ast::StrStyle::Cooked));
2244                     try!(s.popen());
2245                     try!(s.print_expr(&o));
2246                     try!(s.pclose());
2247                     Ok(())
2248                 }));
2249                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2250                 try!(self.word_space(":"));
2251
2252                 try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &a.clobbers,
2253                                    |s, co| {
2254                     try!(s.print_string(&co, ast::StrStyle::Cooked));
2255                     Ok(())
2256                 }));
2257
2258                 let mut options = vec!();
2259                 if a.volatile {
2260                     options.push("volatile");
2261                 }
2262                 if a.alignstack {
2263                     options.push("alignstack");
2264                 }
2265                 if a.dialect == ast::AsmDialect::Intel {
2266                     options.push("intel");
2267                 }
2268
2269                 if !options.is_empty() {
2270                     try!(space(&mut self.s));
2271                     try!(self.word_space(":"));
2272                     try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &options,
2273                                   |s, &co| {
2274                                       try!(s.print_string(co, ast::StrStyle::Cooked));
2275                                       Ok(())
2276                                   }));
2277                 }
2278
2279                 try!(self.pclose());
2280             }
2281             ast::ExprKind::Mac(ref m) => try!(self.print_mac(m, token::Paren)),
2282             ast::ExprKind::Paren(ref e) => {
2283                 try!(self.popen());
2284                 try!(self.print_inner_attributes_inline(attrs));
2285                 try!(self.print_expr(&e));
2286                 try!(self.pclose());
2287             },
2288             ast::ExprKind::Try(ref e) => {
2289                 try!(self.print_expr(e));
2290                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "?"))
2291             }
2292         }
2293         try!(self.ann.post(self, NodeExpr(expr)));
2294         self.end()
2295     }
2296
2297     pub fn print_local_decl(&mut self, loc: &ast::Local) -> io::Result<()> {
2298         try!(self.print_pat(&loc.pat));
2299         if let Some(ref ty) = loc.ty {
2300             try!(self.word_space(":"));
2301             try!(self.print_type(&ty));
2302         }
2303         Ok(())
2304     }
2305
2306     pub fn print_ident(&mut self, ident: ast::Ident) -> io::Result<()> {
2307         try!(word(&mut self.s, &ident.name.as_str()));
2308         self.ann.post(self, NodeIdent(&ident))
2309     }
2310
2311     pub fn print_usize(&mut self, i: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
2312         word(&mut self.s, &i.to_string())
2313     }
2314
2315     pub fn print_name(&mut self, name: ast::Name) -> io::Result<()> {
2316         try!(word(&mut self.s, &name.as_str()));
2317         self.ann.post(self, NodeName(&name))
2318     }
2319
2320     pub fn print_for_decl(&mut self, loc: &ast::Local,
2321                           coll: &ast::Expr) -> io::Result<()> {
2322         try!(self.print_local_decl(loc));
2323         try!(space(&mut self.s));
2324         try!(self.word_space("in"));
2325         self.print_expr(coll)
2326     }
2327
2328     fn print_path(&mut self,
2329                   path: &ast::Path,
2330                   colons_before_params: bool,
2331                   depth: usize)
2332                   -> io::Result<()>
2333     {
2334         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(path.span.lo));
2335
2336         let mut first = !path.global;
2337         for segment in &path.segments[..path.segments.len()-depth] {
2338             if first {
2339                 first = false
2340             } else {
2341                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "::"))
2342             }
2343
2344             try!(self.print_ident(segment.identifier));
2345
2346             try!(self.print_path_parameters(&segment.parameters, colons_before_params));
2347         }
2348
2349         Ok(())
2350     }
2351
2352     fn print_qpath(&mut self,
2353                    path: &ast::Path,
2354                    qself: &ast::QSelf,
2355                    colons_before_params: bool)
2356                    -> io::Result<()>
2357     {
2358         try!(word(&mut self.s, "<"));
2359         try!(self.print_type(&qself.ty));
2360         if qself.position > 0 {
2361             try!(space(&mut self.s));
2362             try!(self.word_space("as"));
2363             let depth = path.segments.len() - qself.position;
2364             try!(self.print_path(&path, false, depth));
2365         }
2366         try!(word(&mut self.s, ">"));
2367         try!(word(&mut self.s, "::"));
2368         let item_segment = path.segments.last().unwrap();
2369         try!(self.print_ident(item_segment.identifier));
2370         self.print_path_parameters(&item_segment.parameters, colons_before_params)
2371     }
2372
2373     fn print_path_parameters(&mut self,
2374                              parameters: &ast::PathParameters,
2375                              colons_before_params: bool)
2376                              -> io::Result<()>
2377     {
2378         if parameters.is_empty() {
2379             return Ok(());
2380         }
2381
2382         if colons_before_params {
2383             try!(word(&mut self.s, "::"))
2384         }
2385
2386         match *parameters {
2387             ast::PathParameters::AngleBracketed(ref data) => {
2388                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "<"));
2389
2390                 let mut comma = false;
2391                 for lifetime in &data.lifetimes {
2392                     if comma {
2393                         try!(self.word_space(","))
2394                     }
2395                     try!(self.print_lifetime(lifetime));
2396                     comma = true;
2397                 }
2398
2399                 if !data.types.is_empty() {
2400                     if comma {
2401                         try!(self.word_space(","))
2402                     }
2403                     try!(self.commasep(
2404                         Inconsistent,
2405                         &data.types,
2406                         |s, ty| s.print_type(&ty)));
2407                         comma = true;
2408                 }
2409
2410                 for binding in data.bindings.iter() {
2411                     if comma {
2412                         try!(self.word_space(","))
2413                     }
2414                     try!(self.print_ident(binding.ident));
2415                     try!(space(&mut self.s));
2416                     try!(self.word_space("="));
2417                     try!(self.print_type(&binding.ty));
2418                     comma = true;
2419                 }
2420
2421                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ">"))
2422             }
2423
2424             ast::PathParameters::Parenthesized(ref data) => {
2425                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "("));
2426                 try!(self.commasep(
2427                     Inconsistent,
2428                     &data.inputs,
2429                     |s, ty| s.print_type(&ty)));
2430                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ")"));
2431
2432                 match data.output {
2433                     None => { }
2434                     Some(ref ty) => {
2435                         try!(self.space_if_not_bol());
2436                         try!(self.word_space("->"));
2437                         try!(self.print_type(&ty));
2438                     }
2439                 }
2440             }
2441         }
2442
2443         Ok(())
2444     }
2445
2446     pub fn print_pat(&mut self, pat: &ast::Pat) -> io::Result<()> {
2447         try!(self.maybe_print_comment(pat.span.lo));
2448         try!(self.ann.pre(self, NodePat(pat)));
2449         /* Pat isn't normalized, but the beauty of it
2450          is that it doesn't matter */
2451         match pat.node {
2452             PatKind::Wild => try!(word(&mut self.s, "_")),
2453             PatKind::Ident(binding_mode, ref path1, ref sub) => {
2454                 match binding_mode {
2455                     ast::BindingMode::ByRef(mutbl) => {
2456                         try!(self.word_nbsp("ref"));
2457                         try!(self.print_mutability(mutbl));
2458                     }
2459                     ast::BindingMode::ByValue(ast::Mutability::Immutable) => {}
2460                     ast::BindingMode::ByValue(ast::Mutability::Mutable) => {
2461                         try!(self.word_nbsp("mut"));
2462                     }
2463                 }
2464                 try!(self.print_ident(path1.node));
2465                 if let Some(ref p) = *sub {
2466                     try!(word(&mut self.s, "@"));
2467                     try!(self.print_pat(&p));
2468                 }
2469             }
2470             PatKind::TupleStruct(ref path, ref elts, ddpos) => {
2471                 try!(self.print_path(path, true, 0));
2472                 try!(self.popen());
2473                 if let Some(ddpos) = ddpos {
2474                     try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &elts[..ddpos], |s, p| s.print_pat(&p)));
2475                     if ddpos != 0 {
2476                         try!(self.word_space(","));
2477                     }
2478                     try!(word(&mut self.s, ".."));
2479                     if ddpos != elts.len() {
2480                         try!(word(&mut self.s, ","));
2481                         try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &elts[ddpos..], |s, p| s.print_pat(&p)));
2482                     }
2483                 } else {
2484                     try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &elts[..], |s, p| s.print_pat(&p)));
2485                 }
2486                 try!(self.pclose());
2487             }
2488             PatKind::Path(None, ref path) => {
2489                 try!(self.print_path(path, true, 0));
2490             }
2491             PatKind::Path(Some(ref qself), ref path) => {
2492                 try!(self.print_qpath(path, qself, false));
2493             }
2494             PatKind::Struct(ref path, ref fields, etc) => {
2495                 try!(self.print_path(path, true, 0));
2496                 try!(self.nbsp());
2497                 try!(self.word_space("{"));
2498                 try!(self.commasep_cmnt(
2499                     Consistent, &fields[..],
2500                     |s, f| {
2501                         try!(s.cbox(INDENT_UNIT));
2502                         if !f.node.is_shorthand {
2503                             try!(s.print_ident(f.node.ident));
2504                             try!(s.word_nbsp(":"));
2505                         }
2506                         try!(s.print_pat(&f.node.pat));
2507                         s.end()
2508                     },
2509                     |f| f.node.pat.span));
2510                 if etc {
2511                     if !fields.is_empty() { try!(self.word_space(",")); }
2512                     try!(word(&mut self.s, ".."));
2513                 }
2514                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2515                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "}"));
2516             }
2517             PatKind::Tuple(ref elts, ddpos) => {
2518                 try!(self.popen());
2519                 if let Some(ddpos) = ddpos {
2520                     try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &elts[..ddpos], |s, p| s.print_pat(&p)));
2521                     if ddpos != 0 {
2522                         try!(self.word_space(","));
2523                     }
2524                     try!(word(&mut self.s, ".."));
2525                     if ddpos != elts.len() {
2526                         try!(word(&mut self.s, ","));
2527                         try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &elts[ddpos..], |s, p| s.print_pat(&p)));
2528                     }
2529                 } else {
2530                     try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &elts[..], |s, p| s.print_pat(&p)));
2531                     if elts.len() == 1 {
2532                         try!(word(&mut self.s, ","));
2533                     }
2534                 }
2535                 try!(self.pclose());
2536             }
2537             PatKind::Box(ref inner) => {
2538                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "box "));
2539                 try!(self.print_pat(&inner));
2540             }
2541             PatKind::Ref(ref inner, mutbl) => {
2542                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "&"));
2543                 if mutbl == ast::Mutability::Mutable {
2544                     try!(word(&mut self.s, "mut "));
2545                 }
2546                 try!(self.print_pat(&inner));
2547             }
2548             PatKind::Lit(ref e) => try!(self.print_expr(&**e)),
2549             PatKind::Range(ref begin, ref end) => {
2550                 try!(self.print_expr(&begin));
2551                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2552                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "..."));
2553                 try!(self.print_expr(&end));
2554             }
2555             PatKind::Vec(ref before, ref slice, ref after) => {
2556                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "["));
2557                 try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent,
2558                                    &before[..],
2559                                    |s, p| s.print_pat(&p)));
2560                 if let Some(ref p) = *slice {
2561                     if !before.is_empty() { try!(self.word_space(",")); }
2562                     if p.node != PatKind::Wild {
2563                         try!(self.print_pat(&p));
2564                     }
2565                     try!(word(&mut self.s, ".."));
2566                     if !after.is_empty() { try!(self.word_space(",")); }
2567                 }
2568                 try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent,
2569                                    &after[..],
2570                                    |s, p| s.print_pat(&p)));
2571                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "]"));
2572             }
2573             PatKind::Mac(ref m) => try!(self.print_mac(m, token::Paren)),
2574         }
2575         self.ann.post(self, NodePat(pat))
2576     }
2577
2578     fn print_arm(&mut self, arm: &ast::Arm) -> io::Result<()> {
2579         // I have no idea why this check is necessary, but here it
2580         // is :(
2581         if arm.attrs.is_empty() {
2582             try!(space(&mut self.s));
2583         }
2584         try!(self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT));
2585         try!(self.ibox(0));
2586         try!(self.print_outer_attributes(&arm.attrs));
2587         let mut first = true;
2588         for p in &arm.pats {
2589             if first {
2590                 first = false;
2591             } else {
2592                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2593                 try!(self.word_space("|"));
2594             }
2595             try!(self.print_pat(&p));
2596         }
2597         try!(space(&mut self.s));
2598         if let Some(ref e) = arm.guard {
2599             try!(self.word_space("if"));
2600             try!(self.print_expr(&e));
2601             try!(space(&mut self.s));
2602         }
2603         try!(self.word_space("=>"));
2604
2605         match arm.body.node {
2606             ast::ExprKind::Block(ref blk) => {
2607                 // the block will close the pattern's ibox
2608                 try!(self.print_block_unclosed_indent(&blk, INDENT_UNIT));
2609
2610                 // If it is a user-provided unsafe block, print a comma after it
2611                 if let BlockCheckMode::Unsafe(ast::UserProvided) = blk.rules {
2612                     try!(word(&mut self.s, ","));
2613                 }
2614             }
2615             _ => {
2616                 try!(self.end()); // close the ibox for the pattern
2617                 try!(self.print_expr(&arm.body));
2618                 try!(word(&mut self.s, ","));
2619             }
2620         }
2621         self.end() // close enclosing cbox
2622     }
2623
2624     fn print_explicit_self(&mut self, explicit_self: &ast::ExplicitSelf) -> io::Result<()> {
2625         match explicit_self.node {
2626             SelfKind::Value(m) => {
2627                 try!(self.print_mutability(m));
2628                 word(&mut self.s, "self")
2629             }
2630             SelfKind::Region(ref lt, m) => {
2631                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "&"));
2632                 try!(self.print_opt_lifetime(lt));
2633                 try!(self.print_mutability(m));
2634                 word(&mut self.s, "self")
2635             }
2636             SelfKind::Explicit(ref typ, m) => {
2637                 try!(self.print_mutability(m));
2638                 try!(word(&mut self.s, "self"));
2639                 try!(self.word_space(":"));
2640                 self.print_type(&typ)
2641             }
2642         }
2643     }
2644
2645     pub fn print_fn(&mut self,
2646                     decl: &ast::FnDecl,
2647                     unsafety: ast::Unsafety,
2648                     constness: ast::Constness,
2649                     abi: abi::Abi,
2650                     name: Option<ast::Ident>,
2651                     generics: &ast::Generics,
2652                     vis: &ast::Visibility) -> io::Result<()> {
2653         try!(self.print_fn_header_info(unsafety, constness, abi, vis));
2654
2655         if let Some(name) = name {
2656             try!(self.nbsp());
2657             try!(self.print_ident(name));
2658         }
2659         try!(self.print_generics(generics));
2660         try!(self.print_fn_args_and_ret(decl));
2661         self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause)
2662     }
2663
2664     pub fn print_fn_args_and_ret(&mut self, decl: &ast::FnDecl)
2665         -> io::Result<()> {
2666         try!(self.popen());
2667         try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &decl.inputs, |s, arg| s.print_arg(arg, false)));
2668         if decl.variadic {
2669             try!(word(&mut self.s, ", ..."));
2670         }
2671         try!(self.pclose());
2672
2673         self.print_fn_output(decl)
2674     }
2675
2676     pub fn print_fn_block_args(
2677             &mut self,
2678             decl: &ast::FnDecl)
2679             -> io::Result<()> {
2680         try!(word(&mut self.s, "|"));
2681         try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &decl.inputs, |s, arg| s.print_arg(arg, true)));
2682         try!(word(&mut self.s, "|"));
2683
2684         if let ast::FunctionRetTy::Default(..) = decl.output {
2685             return Ok(());
2686         }
2687
2688         try!(self.space_if_not_bol());
2689         try!(self.word_space("->"));
2690         match decl.output {
2691             ast::FunctionRetTy::Ty(ref ty) => {
2692                 try!(self.print_type(&ty));
2693                 self.maybe_print_comment(ty.span.lo)
2694             }
2695             ast::FunctionRetTy::Default(..) => unreachable!(),
2696             ast::FunctionRetTy::None(span) => {
2697                 try!(self.word_nbsp("!"));
2698                 self.maybe_print_comment(span.lo)
2699             }
2700         }
2701     }
2702
2703     pub fn print_capture_clause(&mut self, capture_clause: ast::CaptureBy)
2704                                 -> io::Result<()> {
2705         match capture_clause {
2706             ast::CaptureBy::Value => self.word_space("move"),
2707             ast::CaptureBy::Ref => Ok(()),
2708         }
2709     }
2710
2711     pub fn print_bounds(&mut self,
2712                         prefix: &str,
2713                         bounds: &[ast::TyParamBound])
2714                         -> io::Result<()> {
2715         if !bounds.is_empty() {
2716             try!(word(&mut self.s, prefix));
2717             let mut first = true;
2718             for bound in bounds {
2719                 try!(self.nbsp());
2720                 if first {
2721                     first = false;
2722                 } else {
2723                     try!(self.word_space("+"));
2724                 }
2725
2726                 try!(match *bound {
2727                     TraitTyParamBound(ref tref, TraitBoundModifier::None) => {
2728                         self.print_poly_trait_ref(tref)
2729                     }
2730                     TraitTyParamBound(ref tref, TraitBoundModifier::Maybe) => {
2731                         try!(word(&mut self.s, "?"));
2732                         self.print_poly_trait_ref(tref)
2733                     }
2734                     RegionTyParamBound(ref lt) => {
2735                         self.print_lifetime(lt)
2736                     }
2737                 })
2738             }
2739             Ok(())
2740         } else {
2741             Ok(())
2742         }
2743     }
2744
2745     pub fn print_lifetime(&mut self,
2746                           lifetime: &ast::Lifetime)
2747                           -> io::Result<()>
2748     {
2749         self.print_name(lifetime.name)
2750     }
2751
2752     pub fn print_lifetime_bounds(&mut self,
2753                                  lifetime: &ast::Lifetime,
2754                                  bounds: &[ast::Lifetime])
2755                                  -> io::Result<()>
2756     {
2757         try!(self.print_lifetime(lifetime));
2758         if !bounds.is_empty() {
2759             try!(word(&mut self.s, ": "));
2760             for (i, bound) in bounds.iter().enumerate() {
2761                 if i != 0 {
2762                     try!(word(&mut self.s, " + "));
2763                 }
2764                 try!(self.print_lifetime(bound));
2765             }
2766         }
2767         Ok(())
2768     }
2769
2770     pub fn print_generics(&mut self,
2771                           generics: &ast::Generics)
2772                           -> io::Result<()>
2773     {
2774         let total = generics.lifetimes.len() + generics.ty_params.len();
2775         if total == 0 {
2776             return Ok(());
2777         }
2778
2779         try!(word(&mut self.s, "<"));
2780
2781         let mut ints = Vec::new();
2782         for i in 0..total {
2783             ints.push(i);
2784         }
2785
2786         try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &ints[..], |s, &idx| {
2787             if idx < generics.lifetimes.len() {
2788                 let lifetime_def = &generics.lifetimes[idx];
2789                 s.print_lifetime_bounds(&lifetime_def.lifetime, &lifetime_def.bounds)
2790             } else {
2791                 let idx = idx - generics.lifetimes.len();
2792                 let param = &generics.ty_params[idx];
2793                 s.print_ty_param(param)
2794             }
2795         }));
2796
2797         try!(word(&mut self.s, ">"));
2798         Ok(())
2799     }
2800
2801     pub fn print_ty_param(&mut self, param: &ast::TyParam) -> io::Result<()> {
2802         try!(self.print_ident(param.ident));
2803         try!(self.print_bounds(":", &param.bounds));
2804         match param.default {
2805             Some(ref default) => {
2806                 try!(space(&mut self.s));
2807                 try!(self.word_space("="));
2808                 self.print_type(&default)
2809             }
2810             _ => Ok(())
2811         }
2812     }
2813
2814     pub fn print_where_clause(&mut self, where_clause: &ast::WhereClause)
2815                               -> io::Result<()> {
2816         if where_clause.predicates.is_empty() {
2817             return Ok(())
2818         }
2819
2820         try!(space(&mut self.s));
2821         try!(self.word_space("where"));
2822
2823         for (i, predicate) in where_clause.predicates.iter().enumerate() {
2824             if i != 0 {
2825                 try!(self.word_space(","));
2826             }
2827
2828             match *predicate {
2829                 ast::WherePredicate::BoundPredicate(ast::WhereBoundPredicate{ref bound_lifetimes,
2830                                                                              ref bounded_ty,
2831                                                                              ref bounds,
2832                                                                              ..}) => {
2833                     try!(self.print_formal_lifetime_list(bound_lifetimes));
2834                     try!(self.print_type(&bounded_ty));
2835                     try!(self.print_bounds(":", bounds));
2836                 }
2837                 ast::WherePredicate::RegionPredicate(ast::WhereRegionPredicate{ref lifetime,
2838                                                                                ref bounds,
2839                                                                                ..}) => {
2840                     try!(self.print_lifetime_bounds(lifetime, bounds));
2841                 }
2842                 ast::WherePredicate::EqPredicate(ast::WhereEqPredicate{ref path, ref ty, ..}) => {
2843                     try!(self.print_path(path, false, 0));
2844                     try!(space(&mut self.s));
2845                     try!(self.word_space("="));
2846                     try!(self.print_type(&ty));
2847                 }
2848             }
2849         }
2850
2851         Ok(())
2852     }
2853
2854     pub fn print_view_path(&mut self, vp: &ast::ViewPath) -> io::Result<()> {
2855         match vp.node {
2856             ast::ViewPathSimple(ident, ref path) => {
2857                 try!(self.print_path(path, false, 0));
2858
2859                 if path.segments.last().unwrap().identifier.name !=
2860                         ident.name {
2861                     try!(space(&mut self.s));
2862                     try!(self.word_space("as"));
2863                     try!(self.print_ident(ident));
2864                 }
2865
2866                 Ok(())
2867             }
2868
2869             ast::ViewPathGlob(ref path) => {
2870                 try!(self.print_path(path, false, 0));
2871                 word(&mut self.s, "::*")
2872             }
2873
2874             ast::ViewPathList(ref path, ref idents) => {
2875                 if path.segments.is_empty() {
2876                     try!(word(&mut self.s, "{"));
2877                 } else {
2878                     try!(self.print_path(path, false, 0));
2879                     try!(word(&mut self.s, "::{"));
2880                 }
2881                 try!(self.commasep(Inconsistent, &idents[..], |s, w| {
2882                     match w.node {
2883                         ast::PathListItemKind::Ident { name, rename, .. } => {
2884                             try!(s.print_ident(name));
2885                             if let Some(ident) = rename {
2886                                 try!(space(&mut s.s));
2887                                 try!(s.word_space("as"));
2888                                 try!(s.print_ident(ident));
2889                             }
2890                             Ok(())
2891                         },
2892                         ast::PathListItemKind::Mod { rename, .. } => {
2893                             try!(word(&mut s.s, "self"));
2894                             if let Some(ident) = rename {
2895                                 try!(space(&mut s.s));
2896                                 try!(s.word_space("as"));
2897                                 try!(s.print_ident(ident));
2898                             }
2899                             Ok(())
2900                         }
2901                     }
2902                 }));
2903                 word(&mut self.s, "}")
2904             }
2905         }
2906     }
2907
2908     pub fn print_mutability(&mut self,
2909                             mutbl: ast::Mutability) -> io::Result<()> {
2910         match mutbl {
2911             ast::Mutability::Mutable => self.word_nbsp("mut"),
2912             ast::Mutability::Immutable => Ok(()),
2913         }
2914     }
2915
2916     pub fn print_mt(&mut self, mt: &ast::MutTy) -> io::Result<()> {
2917         try!(self.print_mutability(mt.mutbl));
2918         self.print_type(&mt.ty)
2919     }
2920
2921     pub fn print_arg(&mut self, input: &ast::Arg, is_closure: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
2922         try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
2923         match input.ty.node {
2924             ast::TyKind::Infer if is_closure => try!(self.print_pat(&input.pat)),
2925             _ => {
2926                 if let Some(eself) = input.to_self() {
2927                     try!(self.print_explicit_self(&eself));
2928                 } else {
2929                     let invalid = if let PatKind::Ident(_, ident, _) = input.pat.node {
2930                         ident.node.name == keywords::Invalid.name()
2931                     } else {
2932                         false
2933                     };
2934                     if !invalid {
2935                         try!(self.print_pat(&input.pat));
2936                         try!(word(&mut self.s, ":"));
2937                         try!(space(&mut self.s));
2938                     }
2939                     try!(self.print_type(&input.ty));
2940                 }
2941             }
2942         }
2943         self.end()
2944     }
2945
2946     pub fn print_fn_output(&mut self, decl: &ast::FnDecl) -> io::Result<()> {
2947         if let ast::FunctionRetTy::Default(..) = decl.output {
2948             return Ok(());
2949         }
2950
2951         try!(self.space_if_not_bol());
2952         try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
2953         try!(self.word_space("->"));
2954         match decl.output {
2955             ast::FunctionRetTy::None(_) =>
2956                 try!(self.word_nbsp("!")),
2957             ast::FunctionRetTy::Default(..) => unreachable!(),
2958             ast::FunctionRetTy::Ty(ref ty) =>
2959                 try!(self.print_type(&ty))
2960         }
2961         try!(self.end());
2962
2963         match decl.output {
2964             ast::FunctionRetTy::Ty(ref output) => self.maybe_print_comment(output.span.lo),
2965             _ => Ok(())
2966         }
2967     }
2968
2969     pub fn print_ty_fn(&mut self,
2970                        abi: abi::Abi,
2971                        unsafety: ast::Unsafety,
2972                        decl: &ast::FnDecl,
2973                        name: Option<ast::Ident>,
2974                        generics: &ast::Generics)
2975                        -> io::Result<()> {
2976         try!(self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT));
2977         if !generics.lifetimes.is_empty() || !generics.ty_params.is_empty() {
2978             try!(word(&mut self.s, "for"));
2979             try!(self.print_generics(generics));
2980         }
2981         let generics = ast::Generics {
2982             lifetimes: Vec::new(),
2983             ty_params: P::new(),
2984             where_clause: ast::WhereClause {
2985                 id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
2986                 predicates: Vec::new(),
2987             },
2988         };
2989         try!(self.print_fn(decl,
2990                       unsafety,
2991                       ast::Constness::NotConst,
2992                       abi,
2993                       name,
2994                       &generics,
2995                       &ast::Visibility::Inherited));
2996         self.end()
2997     }
2998
2999     pub fn maybe_print_trailing_comment(&mut self, span: syntax_pos::Span,
3000                                         next_pos: Option<BytePos>)
3001         -> io::Result<()> {
3002         let cm = match self.cm {
3003             Some(cm) => cm,
3004             _ => return Ok(())
3005         };
3006         if let Some(ref cmnt) = self.next_comment() {
3007             if (*cmnt).style != comments::Trailing { return Ok(()) }
3008             let span_line = cm.lookup_char_pos(span.hi);
3009             let comment_line = cm.lookup_char_pos((*cmnt).pos);
3010             let mut next = (*cmnt).pos + BytePos(1);
3011             if let Some(p) = next_pos {
3012                 next = p;
3013             }
3014             if span.hi < (*cmnt).pos && (*cmnt).pos < next &&
3015                span_line.line == comment_line.line {
3016                 self.print_comment(cmnt)?;
3017                 self.cur_cmnt_and_lit.cur_cmnt += 1;
3018             }
3019         }
3020         Ok(())
3021     }
3022
3023     pub fn print_remaining_comments(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
3024         // If there aren't any remaining comments, then we need to manually
3025         // make sure there is a line break at the end.
3026         if self.next_comment().is_none() {
3027             try!(hardbreak(&mut self.s));
3028         }
3029         loop {
3030             match self.next_comment() {
3031                 Some(ref cmnt) => {
3032                     try!(self.print_comment(cmnt));
3033                     self.cur_cmnt_and_lit.cur_cmnt += 1;
3034                 }
3035                 _ => break
3036             }
3037         }
3038         Ok(())
3039     }
3040
3041     pub fn print_opt_abi_and_extern_if_nondefault(&mut self,
3042                                                   opt_abi: Option<Abi>)
3043         -> io::Result<()> {
3044         match opt_abi {
3045             Some(Abi::Rust) => Ok(()),
3046             Some(abi) => {
3047                 try!(self.word_nbsp("extern"));
3048                 self.word_nbsp(&abi.to_string())
3049             }
3050             None => Ok(())
3051         }
3052     }
3053
3054     pub fn print_extern_opt_abi(&mut self,
3055                                 opt_abi: Option<Abi>) -> io::Result<()> {
3056         match opt_abi {
3057             Some(abi) => {
3058                 try!(self.word_nbsp("extern"));
3059                 self.word_nbsp(&abi.to_string())
3060             }
3061             None => Ok(())
3062         }
3063     }
3064
3065     pub fn print_fn_header_info(&mut self,
3066                                 unsafety: ast::Unsafety,
3067                                 constness: ast::Constness,
3068                                 abi: Abi,
3069                                 vis: &ast::Visibility) -> io::Result<()> {
3070         try!(word(&mut self.s, &visibility_qualified(vis, "")));
3071
3072         match constness {
3073             ast::Constness::NotConst => {}
3074             ast::Constness::Const => try!(self.word_nbsp("const"))
3075         }
3076
3077         try!(self.print_unsafety(unsafety));
3078
3079         if abi != Abi::Rust {
3080             try!(self.word_nbsp("extern"));
3081             try!(self.word_nbsp(&abi.to_string()));
3082         }
3083
3084         word(&mut self.s, "fn")
3085     }
3086
3087     pub fn print_unsafety(&mut self, s: ast::Unsafety) -> io::Result<()> {
3088         match s {
3089             ast::Unsafety::Normal => Ok(()),
3090             ast::Unsafety::Unsafe => self.word_nbsp("unsafe"),
3091         }
3092     }
3093 }
3094
3095 fn repeat(s: &str, n: usize) -> String { iter::repeat(s).take(n).collect() }
3096
3097 #[cfg(test)]
3098 mod tests {
3099     use super::*;
3100
3101     use ast;
3102     use codemap;
3103     use parse::token;
3104     use syntax_pos;
3105
3106     #[test]
3107     fn test_fun_to_string() {
3108         let abba_ident = token::str_to_ident("abba");
3109
3110         let decl = ast::FnDecl {
3111             inputs: Vec::new(),
3112             output: ast::FunctionRetTy::Default(syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP),
3113             variadic: false
3114         };
3115         let generics = ast::Generics::default();
3116         assert_eq!(fun_to_string(&decl, ast::Unsafety::Normal,
3117                                  ast::Constness::NotConst,
3118                                  abba_ident, &generics),
3119                    "fn abba()");
3120     }
3121
3122     #[test]
3123     fn test_variant_to_string() {
3124         let ident = token::str_to_ident("principal_skinner");
3125
3126         let var = codemap::respan(syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP, ast::Variant_ {
3127             name: ident,
3128             attrs: Vec::new(),
3129             // making this up as I go.... ?
3130             data: ast::VariantData::Unit(ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID),
3131             disr_expr: None,
3132         });
3133
3134         let varstr = variant_to_string(&var);
3135         assert_eq!(varstr, "principal_skinner");
3136     }
3137 }