[rust.git] / src / librustc / middle / ty.rs

// Copyright 2012-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

#![allow(non_camel_case_types)]

pub use self::terr_vstore_kind::*;
pub use self::type_err::*;
pub use self::BuiltinBound::*;
pub use self::InferTy::*;
pub use self::InferRegion::*;
pub use self::ImplOrTraitItemId::*;
pub use self::UnboxedClosureKind::*;
pub use self::TraitStore::*;
pub use self::ast_ty_to_ty_cache_entry::*;
pub use self::Variance::*;
pub use self::AutoAdjustment::*;
pub use self::Representability::*;
pub use self::UnsizeKind::*;
pub use self::AutoRef::*;
pub use self::ExprKind::*;
pub use self::DtorKind::*;
pub use self::ExplicitSelfCategory::*;
pub use self::FnOutput::*;
pub use self::Region::*;
pub use self::ImplOrTraitItemContainer::*;
pub use self::BorrowKind::*;
pub use self::ImplOrTraitItem::*;
pub use self::BoundRegion::*;
pub use self::sty::*;
pub use self::IntVarValue::*;

use back::svh::Svh;
use session::Session;
use lint;
use metadata::csearch;
use middle::const_eval;
use middle::def;
use middle::dependency_format;
use middle::lang_items::{FnTraitLangItem, FnMutTraitLangItem};
use middle::lang_items::{FnOnceTraitLangItem, TyDescStructLangItem};
use middle::mem_categorization as mc;
use middle::region;
use middle::resolve;
use middle::resolve_lifetime;
use middle::stability;
use middle::subst::{mod, Subst, Substs, VecPerParamSpace};
use middle::traits;
use middle::ty;
use middle::typeck;
use middle::ty_fold::{mod, TypeFoldable, TypeFolder, HigherRankedFoldable};
use middle;
use util::ppaux::{note_and_explain_region, bound_region_ptr_to_string};
use util::ppaux::{trait_store_to_string, ty_to_string};
use util::ppaux::{Repr, UserString};
use util::common::{indenter, memoized};
use util::nodemap::{NodeMap, NodeSet, DefIdMap, DefIdSet};
use util::nodemap::{FnvHashMap, FnvHashSet};
use std::borrow::BorrowFrom;
use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
use std::cmp;
use std::fmt::{mod, Show};
use std::hash::{Hash, sip, Writer};
use std::mem;
use std::ops;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::collections::hash_map::{Occupied, Vacant};
use arena::TypedArena;
use syntax::abi;
use syntax::ast::{CrateNum, DefId, FnStyle, Ident, ItemTrait, LOCAL_CRATE};
use syntax::ast::{MutImmutable, MutMutable, Name, NamedField, NodeId};
use syntax::ast::{Onceness, StmtExpr, StmtSemi, StructField, UnnamedField};
use syntax::ast::{Visibility};
use syntax::ast_util::{mod, is_local, lit_is_str, local_def, PostExpansionMethod};
use syntax::attr::{mod, AttrMetaMethods};
use syntax::codemap::Span;
use syntax::parse::token::{mod, InternedString};
use syntax::{ast, ast_map};
use std::collections::enum_set::{EnumSet, CLike};

pub type Disr = u64;

pub const INITIAL_DISCRIMINANT_VALUE: Disr = 0;

// Data types

#[deriving(PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct field<'tcx> {
    pub name: ast::Name,
    pub mt: mt<'tcx>
}

#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub enum ImplOrTraitItemContainer {
    TraitContainer(ast::DefId),
    ImplContainer(ast::DefId),
}

impl ImplOrTraitItemContainer {
    pub fn id(&self) -> ast::DefId {
        match *self {
            TraitContainer(id) => id,
            ImplContainer(id) => id,
        }
    }
}

#[deriving(Clone)]
pub enum ImplOrTraitItem<'tcx> {
    MethodTraitItem(Rc<Method<'tcx>>),
    TypeTraitItem(Rc<AssociatedType>),
}

impl<'tcx> ImplOrTraitItem<'tcx> {
    fn id(&self) -> ImplOrTraitItemId {
        match *self {
            MethodTraitItem(ref method) => MethodTraitItemId(method.def_id),
            TypeTraitItem(ref associated_type) => {
                TypeTraitItemId(associated_type.def_id)
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn def_id(&self) -> ast::DefId {
        match *self {
            MethodTraitItem(ref method) => method.def_id,
            TypeTraitItem(ref associated_type) => associated_type.def_id,
        }
    }

    pub fn name(&self) -> ast::Name {
        match *self {
            MethodTraitItem(ref method) => method.name,
            TypeTraitItem(ref associated_type) => associated_type.name,
        }
    }

    pub fn container(&self) -> ImplOrTraitItemContainer {
        match *self {
            MethodTraitItem(ref method) => method.container,
            TypeTraitItem(ref associated_type) => associated_type.container,
        }
    }

    pub fn as_opt_method(&self) -> Option<Rc<Method<'tcx>>> {
        match *self {
            MethodTraitItem(ref m) => Some((*m).clone()),
            TypeTraitItem(_) => None
        }
    }
}

#[deriving(Clone)]
pub enum ImplOrTraitItemId {
    MethodTraitItemId(ast::DefId),
    TypeTraitItemId(ast::DefId),
}

impl ImplOrTraitItemId {
    pub fn def_id(&self) -> ast::DefId {
        match *self {
            MethodTraitItemId(def_id) => def_id,
            TypeTraitItemId(def_id) => def_id,
        }
    }
}

#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub struct Method<'tcx> {
    pub name: ast::Name,
    pub generics: ty::Generics<'tcx>,
    pub fty: BareFnTy<'tcx>,
    pub explicit_self: ExplicitSelfCategory,
    pub vis: ast::Visibility,
    pub def_id: ast::DefId,
    pub container: ImplOrTraitItemContainer,

    // If this method is provided, we need to know where it came from
    pub provided_source: Option<ast::DefId>
}

impl<'tcx> Method<'tcx> {
    pub fn new(name: ast::Name,
               generics: ty::Generics<'tcx>,
               fty: BareFnTy<'tcx>,
               explicit_self: ExplicitSelfCategory,
               vis: ast::Visibility,
               def_id: ast::DefId,
               container: ImplOrTraitItemContainer,
               provided_source: Option<ast::DefId>)
               -> Method<'tcx> {
       Method {
            name: name,
            generics: generics,
            fty: fty,
            explicit_self: explicit_self,
            vis: vis,
            def_id: def_id,
            container: container,
            provided_source: provided_source
        }
    }

    pub fn container_id(&self) -> ast::DefId {
        match self.container {
            TraitContainer(id) => id,
            ImplContainer(id) => id,
        }
    }
}

#[deriving(Clone)]
pub struct AssociatedType {
    pub name: ast::Name,
    pub vis: ast::Visibility,
    pub def_id: ast::DefId,
    pub container: ImplOrTraitItemContainer,
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Show)]
pub struct mt<'tcx> {
    pub ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    pub mutbl: ast::Mutability,
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Encodable, Decodable, Show)]
pub enum TraitStore {
    /// Box<Trait>
    UniqTraitStore,
    /// &Trait and &mut Trait
    RegionTraitStore(Region, ast::Mutability),
}

#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub struct field_ty {
    pub name: Name,
    pub id: DefId,
    pub vis: ast::Visibility,
    pub origin: ast::DefId,  // The DefId of the struct in which the field is declared.
}

// Contains information needed to resolve types and (in the future) look up
// the types of AST nodes.
#[deriving(PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct creader_cache_key {
    pub cnum: CrateNum,
    pub pos: uint,
    pub len: uint
}

pub enum ast_ty_to_ty_cache_entry<'tcx> {
    atttce_unresolved,  /* not resolved yet */
    atttce_resolved(Ty<'tcx>)  /* resolved to a type, irrespective of region */
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Decodable, Encodable)]
pub struct ItemVariances {
    pub types: VecPerParamSpace<Variance>,
    pub regions: VecPerParamSpace<Variance>,
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Decodable, Encodable, Show)]
pub enum Variance {
    Covariant,      // T<A> <: T<B> iff A <: B -- e.g., function return type
    Invariant,      // T<A> <: T<B> iff B == A -- e.g., type of mutable cell
    Contravariant,  // T<A> <: T<B> iff B <: A -- e.g., function param type
    Bivariant,      // T<A> <: T<B>            -- e.g., unused type parameter
}

#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub enum AutoAdjustment<'tcx> {
    AdjustAddEnv(ty::TraitStore),
    AdjustDerefRef(AutoDerefRef<'tcx>)
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Show)]
pub enum UnsizeKind<'tcx> {
    // [T, ..n] -> [T], the uint field is n.
    UnsizeLength(uint),
    // An unsize coercion applied to the tail field of a struct.
    // The uint is the index of the type parameter which is unsized.
    UnsizeStruct(Box<UnsizeKind<'tcx>>, uint),
    UnsizeVtable(TyTrait<'tcx>, /* the self type of the trait */ Ty<'tcx>)
}

#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub struct AutoDerefRef<'tcx> {
    pub autoderefs: uint,
    pub autoref: Option<AutoRef<'tcx>>
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Show)]
pub enum AutoRef<'tcx> {
    /// Convert from T to &T
    /// The third field allows us to wrap other AutoRef adjustments.
    AutoPtr(Region, ast::Mutability, Option<Box<AutoRef<'tcx>>>),

    /// Convert [T, ..n] to [T] (or similar, depending on the kind)
    AutoUnsize(UnsizeKind<'tcx>),

    /// Convert Box<[T, ..n]> to Box<[T]> or something similar in a Box.
    /// With DST and Box a library type, this should be replaced by UnsizeStruct.
    AutoUnsizeUniq(UnsizeKind<'tcx>),

    /// Convert from T to *T
    /// Value to thin pointer
    /// The second field allows us to wrap other AutoRef adjustments.
    AutoUnsafe(ast::Mutability, Option<Box<AutoRef<'tcx>>>),
}

// Ugly little helper function. The first bool in the returned tuple is true if
// there is an 'unsize to trait object' adjustment at the bottom of the
// adjustment. If that is surrounded by an AutoPtr, then we also return the
// region of the AutoPtr (in the third argument). The second bool is true if the
// adjustment is unique.
fn autoref_object_region(autoref: &AutoRef) -> (bool, bool, Option<Region>) {
    fn unsize_kind_is_object(k: &UnsizeKind) -> bool {
        match k {
            &UnsizeVtable(..) => true,
            &UnsizeStruct(box ref k, _) => unsize_kind_is_object(k),
            _ => false
        }
    }

    match autoref {
        &AutoUnsize(ref k) => (unsize_kind_is_object(k), false, None),
        &AutoUnsizeUniq(ref k) => (unsize_kind_is_object(k), true, None),
        &AutoPtr(adj_r, _, Some(box ref autoref)) => {
            let (b, u, r) = autoref_object_region(autoref);
            if r.is_some() || u {
                (b, u, r)
            } else {
                (b, u, Some(adj_r))
            }
        }
        &AutoUnsafe(_, Some(box ref autoref)) => autoref_object_region(autoref),
        _ => (false, false, None)
    }
}

// If the adjustment introduces a borrowed reference to a trait object, then
// returns the region of the borrowed reference.
pub fn adjusted_object_region(adj: &AutoAdjustment) -> Option<Region> {
    match adj {
        &AdjustDerefRef(AutoDerefRef{autoref: Some(ref autoref), ..}) => {
            let (b, _, r) = autoref_object_region(autoref);
            if b {
                r
            } else {
                None
            }
        }
        _ => None
    }
}

// Returns true if there is a trait cast at the bottom of the adjustment.
pub fn adjust_is_object(adj: &AutoAdjustment) -> bool {
    match adj {
        &AdjustDerefRef(AutoDerefRef{autoref: Some(ref autoref), ..}) => {
            let (b, _, _) = autoref_object_region(autoref);
            b
        }
        _ => false
    }
}

// If possible, returns the type expected from the given adjustment. This is not
// possible if the adjustment depends on the type of the adjusted expression.
pub fn type_of_adjust<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, adj: &AutoAdjustment<'tcx>) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
    fn type_of_autoref<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, autoref: &AutoRef<'tcx>) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
        match autoref {
            &AutoUnsize(ref k) => match k {
                &UnsizeVtable(TyTrait { ref principal, bounds }, _) => {
                    Some(mk_trait(cx, (*principal).clone(), bounds))
                }
                _ => None
            },
            &AutoUnsizeUniq(ref k) => match k {
                &UnsizeVtable(TyTrait { ref principal, bounds }, _) => {
                    Some(mk_uniq(cx, mk_trait(cx, (*principal).clone(), bounds)))
                }
                _ => None
            },
            &AutoPtr(r, m, Some(box ref autoref)) => {
                match type_of_autoref(cx, autoref) {
                    Some(ty) => Some(mk_rptr(cx, r, mt {mutbl: m, ty: ty})),
                    None => None
                }
            }
            &AutoUnsafe(m, Some(box ref autoref)) => {
                match type_of_autoref(cx, autoref) {
                    Some(ty) => Some(mk_ptr(cx, mt {mutbl: m, ty: ty})),
                    None => None
                }
            }
            _ => None
        }
    }

    match adj {
        &AdjustDerefRef(AutoDerefRef{autoref: Some(ref autoref), ..}) => {
            type_of_autoref(cx, autoref)
        }
        _ => None
    }
}



/// A restriction that certain types must be the same size. The use of
/// `transmute` gives rise to these restrictions.
pub struct TransmuteRestriction<'tcx> {
    /// The span from whence the restriction comes.
    pub span: Span,
    /// The type being transmuted from.
    pub from: Ty<'tcx>,
    /// The type being transmuted to.
    pub to: Ty<'tcx>,
    /// NodeIf of the transmute intrinsic.
    pub id: ast::NodeId,
}

/// The data structure to keep track of all the information that typechecker
/// generates so that so that it can be reused and doesn't have to be redone
/// later on.
pub struct ctxt<'tcx> {
    /// The arena that types are allocated from.
    type_arena: &'tcx TypedArena<TyS<'tcx>>,

    /// Specifically use a speedy hash algorithm for this hash map, it's used
    /// quite often.
    // FIXME(eddyb) use a FnvHashSet<InternedTy<'tcx>> when equivalent keys can
    // queried from a HashSet.
    interner: RefCell<FnvHashMap<InternedTy<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>>>,
    pub sess: Session,
    pub def_map: resolve::DefMap,

    pub named_region_map: resolve_lifetime::NamedRegionMap,

    pub region_maps: middle::region::RegionMaps,

    /// Stores the types for various nodes in the AST.  Note that this table
    /// is not guaranteed to be populated until after typeck.  See
    /// typeck::check::fn_ctxt for details.
    pub node_types: RefCell<NodeMap<Ty<'tcx>>>,

    /// Stores the type parameters which were substituted to obtain the type
    /// of this node.  This only applies to nodes that refer to entities
    /// parameterized by type parameters, such as generic fns, types, or
    /// other items.
    pub item_substs: RefCell<NodeMap<ItemSubsts<'tcx>>>,

    /// Maps from a trait item to the trait item "descriptor"
    pub impl_or_trait_items: RefCell<DefIdMap<ImplOrTraitItem<'tcx>>>,

    /// Maps from a trait def-id to a list of the def-ids of its trait items
    pub trait_item_def_ids: RefCell<DefIdMap<Rc<Vec<ImplOrTraitItemId>>>>,

    /// A cache for the trait_items() routine
    pub trait_items_cache: RefCell<DefIdMap<Rc<Vec<ImplOrTraitItem<'tcx>>>>>,

    pub impl_trait_cache: RefCell<DefIdMap<Option<Rc<ty::TraitRef<'tcx>>>>>,

    pub trait_refs: RefCell<NodeMap<Rc<TraitRef<'tcx>>>>,
    pub trait_defs: RefCell<DefIdMap<Rc<TraitDef<'tcx>>>>,

    /// Maps from node-id of a trait object cast (like `foo as
    /// Box<Trait>`) to the trait reference.
    pub object_cast_map: typeck::ObjectCastMap<'tcx>,

    pub map: ast_map::Map<'tcx>,
    pub intrinsic_defs: RefCell<DefIdMap<Ty<'tcx>>>,
    pub freevars: RefCell<FreevarMap>,
    pub tcache: RefCell<DefIdMap<Polytype<'tcx>>>,
    pub rcache: RefCell<FnvHashMap<creader_cache_key, Ty<'tcx>>>,
    pub short_names_cache: RefCell<FnvHashMap<Ty<'tcx>, String>>,
    pub needs_unwind_cleanup_cache: RefCell<FnvHashMap<Ty<'tcx>, bool>>,
    pub tc_cache: RefCell<FnvHashMap<Ty<'tcx>, TypeContents>>,
    pub ast_ty_to_ty_cache: RefCell<NodeMap<ast_ty_to_ty_cache_entry<'tcx>>>,
    pub enum_var_cache: RefCell<DefIdMap<Rc<Vec<Rc<VariantInfo<'tcx>>>>>>,
    pub ty_param_defs: RefCell<NodeMap<TypeParameterDef<'tcx>>>,
    pub adjustments: RefCell<NodeMap<AutoAdjustment<'tcx>>>,
    pub normalized_cache: RefCell<FnvHashMap<Ty<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>>>,
    pub lang_items: middle::lang_items::LanguageItems,
    /// A mapping of fake provided method def_ids to the default implementation
    pub provided_method_sources: RefCell<DefIdMap<ast::DefId>>,
    pub struct_fields: RefCell<DefIdMap<Rc<Vec<field_ty>>>>,

    /// Maps from def-id of a type or region parameter to its
    /// (inferred) variance.
    pub item_variance_map: RefCell<DefIdMap<Rc<ItemVariances>>>,

    /// True if the variance has been computed yet; false otherwise.
    pub variance_computed: Cell<bool>,

    /// A mapping from the def ID of an enum or struct type to the def ID
    /// of the method that implements its destructor. If the type is not
    /// present in this map, it does not have a destructor. This map is
    /// populated during the coherence phase of typechecking.
    pub destructor_for_type: RefCell<DefIdMap<ast::DefId>>,

    /// A method will be in this list if and only if it is a destructor.
    pub destructors: RefCell<DefIdSet>,

    /// Maps a trait onto a list of impls of that trait.
    pub trait_impls: RefCell<DefIdMap<Rc<RefCell<Vec<ast::DefId>>>>>,

    /// Maps a DefId of a type to a list of its inherent impls.
    /// Contains implementations of methods that are inherent to a type.
    /// Methods in these implementations don't need to be exported.
    pub inherent_impls: RefCell<DefIdMap<Rc<Vec<ast::DefId>>>>,

    /// Maps a DefId of an impl to a list of its items.
    /// Note that this contains all of the impls that we know about,
    /// including ones in other crates. It's not clear that this is the best
    /// way to do it.
    pub impl_items: RefCell<DefIdMap<Vec<ImplOrTraitItemId>>>,

    /// Set of used unsafe nodes (functions or blocks). Unsafe nodes not
    /// present in this set can be warned about.
    pub used_unsafe: RefCell<NodeSet>,

    /// Set of nodes which mark locals as mutable which end up getting used at
    /// some point. Local variable definitions not in this set can be warned
    /// about.
    pub used_mut_nodes: RefCell<NodeSet>,

    /// The set of external nominal types whose implementations have been read.
    /// This is used for lazy resolution of methods.
    pub populated_external_types: RefCell<DefIdSet>,

    /// The set of external traits whose implementations have been read. This
    /// is used for lazy resolution of traits.
    pub populated_external_traits: RefCell<DefIdSet>,

    /// Borrows
    pub upvar_borrow_map: RefCell<UpvarBorrowMap>,

    /// These two caches are used by const_eval when decoding external statics
    /// and variants that are found.
    pub extern_const_statics: RefCell<DefIdMap<ast::NodeId>>,
    pub extern_const_variants: RefCell<DefIdMap<ast::NodeId>>,

    pub method_map: typeck::MethodMap<'tcx>,

    pub dependency_formats: RefCell<dependency_format::Dependencies>,

    /// Records the type of each unboxed closure. The def ID is the ID of the
    /// expression defining the unboxed closure.
    pub unboxed_closures: RefCell<DefIdMap<UnboxedClosure<'tcx>>>,

    pub node_lint_levels: RefCell<FnvHashMap<(ast::NodeId, lint::LintId),
                                              lint::LevelSource>>,

    /// The types that must be asserted to be the same size for `transmute`
    /// to be valid. We gather up these restrictions in the intrinsicck pass
    /// and check them in trans.
    pub transmute_restrictions: RefCell<Vec<TransmuteRestriction<'tcx>>>,

    /// Maps any item's def-id to its stability index.
    pub stability: RefCell<stability::Index>,

    /// Maps closures to their capture clauses.
    pub capture_modes: RefCell<CaptureModeMap>,

    /// Maps def IDs to true if and only if they're associated types.
    pub associated_types: RefCell<DefIdMap<bool>>,

    /// Caches the results of trait selection. This cache is used
    /// for things that do not have to do with the parameters in scope.
    pub selection_cache: traits::SelectionCache<'tcx>,

    /// Caches the representation hints for struct definitions.
    pub repr_hint_cache: RefCell<DefIdMap<Rc<Vec<attr::ReprAttr>>>>,
}

// Flags that we track on types. These flags are propagated upwards
// through the type during type construction, so that we can quickly
// check whether the type has various kinds of types in it without
// recursing over the type itself.
bitflags! {
    flags TypeFlags: u32 {
        const NO_TYPE_FLAGS       = 0b0,
        const HAS_PARAMS          = 0b1,
        const HAS_SELF            = 0b10,
        const HAS_TY_INFER        = 0b100,
        const HAS_RE_INFER        = 0b1000,
        const HAS_RE_LATE_BOUND   = 0b10000,
        const HAS_REGIONS         = 0b100000,
        const HAS_TY_ERR          = 0b1000000,
        const NEEDS_SUBST   = HAS_PARAMS.bits | HAS_SELF.bits | HAS_REGIONS.bits,
    }
}

#[deriving(Show)]
pub struct TyS<'tcx> {
    pub sty: sty<'tcx>,
    pub flags: TypeFlags,

    // the maximal depth of any bound regions appearing in this type.
    region_depth: uint,
}

impl fmt::Show for TypeFlags {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}", self.bits)
    }
}

impl<'tcx> PartialEq for TyS<'tcx> {
    fn eq(&self, other: &TyS<'tcx>) -> bool {
        (self as *const _) == (other as *const _)
    }
}
impl<'tcx> Eq for TyS<'tcx> {}

impl<'tcx, S: Writer> Hash<S> for TyS<'tcx> {
    fn hash(&self, s: &mut S) {
        (self as *const _).hash(s)
    }
}

pub type Ty<'tcx> = &'tcx TyS<'tcx>;

/// An entry in the type interner.
pub struct InternedTy<'tcx> {
    ty: Ty<'tcx>
}

// NB: An InternedTy compares and hashes as a sty.
impl<'tcx> PartialEq for InternedTy<'tcx> {
    fn eq(&self, other: &InternedTy<'tcx>) -> bool {
        self.ty.sty == other.ty.sty
    }
}
impl<'tcx> Eq for InternedTy<'tcx> {}

impl<'tcx, S: Writer> Hash<S> for InternedTy<'tcx> {
    fn hash(&self, s: &mut S) {
        self.ty.sty.hash(s)
    }
}

impl<'tcx> BorrowFrom<InternedTy<'tcx>> for sty<'tcx> {
    fn borrow_from<'a>(ty: &'a InternedTy<'tcx>) -> &'a sty<'tcx> {
        &ty.ty.sty
    }
}

pub fn type_has_params(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    ty.flags.intersects(HAS_PARAMS)
}
pub fn type_has_self(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    ty.flags.intersects(HAS_SELF)
}
pub fn type_has_ty_infer(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    ty.flags.intersects(HAS_TY_INFER)
}
pub fn type_needs_infer(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    ty.flags.intersects(HAS_TY_INFER | HAS_RE_INFER)
}

pub fn type_has_late_bound_regions(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    ty.flags.intersects(HAS_RE_LATE_BOUND)
}

pub fn type_has_escaping_regions(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    /*!
     * An "escaping region" is a bound region whose binder is not part of `t`.
     *
     * So, for example, consider a type like the following, which has two
     * binders:
     *
     *    for<'a> fn(x: for<'b> fn(&'a int, &'b int))
     *    ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ outer scope
     *                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  inner scope
     *
     * This type has *bound regions* (`'a`, `'b`), but it does not
     * have escaping regions, because the binders of both `'a` and
     * `'b` are part of the type itself. However, if we consider the
     * *inner fn type*, that type has an escaping region: `'a`.
     *
     * Note that what I'm calling an "escaping region" is often just
     * called a "free region". However, we already use the term "free
     * region". It refers to the regions that we use to represent
     * bound regions on a fn definition while we are typechecking its
     * body.
     *
     * To clarify, conceptually there is no particular difference
     * between an "escaping" region and a "free" region. However,
     * there is a big difference in practice. Basically, when
     * "entering" a binding level, one is generally required to do
     * some sort of processing to a bound region, such as replacing it
     * with a fresh/skolemized region, or making an entry in the
     * environment to represent the scope to which it is attached,
     * etc. An escaping region represents a bound region for which
     * this processing has not yet been done.
     */

    type_escapes_depth(ty, 0)
}

pub fn type_escapes_depth(ty: Ty, depth: uint) -> bool {
    ty.region_depth > depth
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Show)]
pub struct BareFnTy<'tcx> {
    pub fn_style: ast::FnStyle,
    pub abi: abi::Abi,
    pub sig: FnSig<'tcx>,
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Show)]
pub struct ClosureTy<'tcx> {
    pub fn_style: ast::FnStyle,
    pub onceness: ast::Onceness,
    pub store: TraitStore,
    pub bounds: ExistentialBounds,
    pub sig: FnSig<'tcx>,
    pub abi: abi::Abi,
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum FnOutput<'tcx> {
    FnConverging(Ty<'tcx>),
    FnDiverging
}

impl<'tcx> FnOutput<'tcx> {
    pub fn unwrap(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        match self {
            ty::FnConverging(t) => t,
            ty::FnDiverging => unreachable!()
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Signature of a function type, which I have arbitrarily
 * decided to use to refer to the input/output types.
 *
 * - `inputs` is the list of arguments and their modes.
 * - `output` is the return type.
 * - `variadic` indicates whether this is a varidic function. (only true for foreign fns)
 *
 * Note that a `FnSig` introduces a level of region binding, to
 * account for late-bound parameters that appear in the types of the
 * fn's arguments or the fn's return type.
 */
#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct FnSig<'tcx> {
    pub inputs: Vec<Ty<'tcx>>,
    pub output: FnOutput<'tcx>,
    pub variadic: bool
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Show)]
pub struct ParamTy {
    pub space: subst::ParamSpace,
    pub idx: uint,
    pub def_id: DefId
}

/**
 * A [De Bruijn index][dbi] is a standard means of representing
 * regions (and perhaps later types) in a higher-ranked setting. In
 * particular, imagine a type like this:
 *
 *     for<'a> fn(for<'b> fn(&'b int, &'a int), &'a char)
 *     ^          ^            |        |         |
 *     |          |            |        |         |
 *     |          +------------+ 1      |         |
 *     |                                |         |
 *     +--------------------------------+ 2       |
 *     |                                          |
 *     +------------------------------------------+ 1
 *
 * In this type, there are two binders (the outer fn and the inner
 * fn). We need to be able to determine, for any given region, which
 * fn type it is bound by, the inner or the outer one. There are
 * various ways you can do this, but a De Bruijn index is one of the
 * more convenient and has some nice properties. The basic idea is to
 * count the number of binders, inside out. Some examples should help
 * clarify what I mean.
 *
 * Let's start with the reference type `&'b int` that is the first
 * argument to the inner function. This region `'b` is assigned a De
 * Bruijn index of 1, meaning "the innermost binder" (in this case, a
 * fn). The region `'a` that appears in the second argument type (`&'a
 * int`) would then be assigned a De Bruijn index of 2, meaning "the
 * second-innermost binder". (These indices are written on the arrays
 * in the diagram).
 *
 * What is interesting is that De Bruijn index attached to a particular
 * variable will vary depending on where it appears. For example,
 * the final type `&'a char` also refers to the region `'a` declared on
 * the outermost fn. But this time, this reference is not nested within
 * any other binders (i.e., it is not an argument to the inner fn, but
 * rather the outer one). Therefore, in this case, it is assigned a
 * De Bruijn index of 1, because the innermost binder in that location
 * is the outer fn.
 *
 * [dbi]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bruijn_index
 */
#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Encodable, Decodable, Show)]
pub struct DebruijnIndex {
    // We maintain the invariant that this is never 0. So 1 indicates
    // the innermost binder. To ensure this, create with `DebruijnIndex::new`.
    pub depth: uint,
}

/// Representation of regions:
#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Encodable, Decodable, Show)]
pub enum Region {
    // Region bound in a type or fn declaration which will be
    // substituted 'early' -- that is, at the same time when type
    // parameters are substituted.
    ReEarlyBound(/* param id */ ast::NodeId,
                 subst::ParamSpace,
                 /*index*/ uint,
                 ast::Name),

    // Region bound in a function scope, which will be substituted when the
    // function is called.
    ReLateBound(DebruijnIndex, BoundRegion),

    /// When checking a function body, the types of all arguments and so forth
    /// that refer to bound region parameters are modified to refer to free
    /// region parameters.
    ReFree(FreeRegion),

    /// A concrete region naming some expression within the current function.
    ReScope(region::CodeExtent),

    /// Static data that has an "infinite" lifetime. Top in the region lattice.
    ReStatic,

    /// A region variable.  Should not exist after typeck.
    ReInfer(InferRegion),

    /// Empty lifetime is for data that is never accessed.
    /// Bottom in the region lattice. We treat ReEmpty somewhat
    /// specially; at least right now, we do not generate instances of
    /// it during the GLB computations, but rather
    /// generate an error instead. This is to improve error messages.
    /// The only way to get an instance of ReEmpty is to have a region
    /// variable with no constraints.
    ReEmpty,
}

/**
 * Upvars do not get their own node-id. Instead, we use the pair of
 * the original var id (that is, the root variable that is referenced
 * by the upvar) and the id of the closure expression.
 */
#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Show)]
pub struct UpvarId {
    pub var_id: ast::NodeId,
    pub closure_expr_id: ast::NodeId,
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Show, Encodable, Decodable)]
pub enum BorrowKind {
    /// Data must be immutable and is aliasable.
    ImmBorrow,

    /// Data must be immutable but not aliasable.  This kind of borrow
    /// cannot currently be expressed by the user and is used only in
    /// implicit closure bindings. It is needed when you the closure
    /// is borrowing or mutating a mutable referent, e.g.:
    ///
    ///    let x: &mut int = ...;
    ///    let y = || *x += 5;
    ///
    /// If we were to try to translate this closure into a more explicit
    /// form, we'd encounter an error with the code as written:
    ///
    ///    struct Env { x: & &mut int }
    ///    let x: &mut int = ...;
    ///    let y = (&mut Env { &x }, fn_ptr);  // Closure is pair of env and fn
    ///    fn fn_ptr(env: &mut Env) { **env.x += 5; }
    ///
    /// This is then illegal because you cannot mutate a `&mut` found
    /// in an aliasable location. To solve, you'd have to translate with
    /// an `&mut` borrow:
    ///
    ///    struct Env { x: & &mut int }
    ///    let x: &mut int = ...;
    ///    let y = (&mut Env { &mut x }, fn_ptr); // changed from &x to &mut x
    ///    fn fn_ptr(env: &mut Env) { **env.x += 5; }
    ///
    /// Now the assignment to `**env.x` is legal, but creating a
    /// mutable pointer to `x` is not because `x` is not mutable. We
    /// could fix this by declaring `x` as `let mut x`. This is ok in
    /// user code, if awkward, but extra weird for closures, since the
    /// borrow is hidden.
    ///
    /// So we introduce a "unique imm" borrow -- the referent is
    /// immutable, but not aliasable. This solves the problem. For
    /// simplicity, we don't give users the way to express this
    /// borrow, it's just used when translating closures.
    UniqueImmBorrow,

    /// Data is mutable and not aliasable.
    MutBorrow
}

/**
 * Information describing the borrowing of an upvar. This is computed
 * during `typeck`, specifically by `regionck`. The general idea is
 * that the compiler analyses treat closures like:
 *
 *     let closure: &'e fn() = || {
 *        x = 1;   // upvar x is assigned to
 *        use(y);  // upvar y is read
 *        foo(&z); // upvar z is borrowed immutably
 *     };
 *
 * as if they were "desugared" to something loosely like:
 *
 *     struct Vars<'x,'y,'z> { x: &'x mut int,
 *                             y: &'y const int,
 *                             z: &'z int }
 *     let closure: &'e fn() = {
 *         fn f(env: &Vars) {
 *             *env.x = 1;
 *             use(*env.y);
 *             foo(env.z);
 *         }
 *         let env: &'e mut Vars<'x,'y,'z> = &mut Vars { x: &'x mut x,
 *                                                       y: &'y const y,
 *                                                       z: &'z z };
 *         (env, f)
 *     };
 *
 * This is basically what happens at runtime. The closure is basically
 * an existentially quantified version of the `(env, f)` pair.
 *
 * This data structure indicates the region and mutability of a single
 * one of the `x...z` borrows.
 *
 * It may not be obvious why each borrowed variable gets its own
 * lifetime (in the desugared version of the example, these are indicated
 * by the lifetime parameters `'x`, `'y`, and `'z` in the `Vars` definition).
 * Each such lifetime must encompass the lifetime `'e` of the closure itself,
 * but need not be identical to it. The reason that this makes sense:
 *
 * - Callers are only permitted to invoke the closure, and hence to
 *   use the pointers, within the lifetime `'e`, so clearly `'e` must
 *   be a sublifetime of `'x...'z`.
 * - The closure creator knows which upvars were borrowed by the closure
 *   and thus `x...z` will be reserved for `'x...'z` respectively.
 * - Through mutation, the borrowed upvars can actually escape
 *   the closure, so sometimes it is necessary for them to be larger
 *   than the closure lifetime itself.
 */
#[deriving(PartialEq, Clone, Encodable, Decodable, Show)]
pub struct UpvarBorrow {
    pub kind: BorrowKind,
    pub region: ty::Region,
}

pub type UpvarBorrowMap = FnvHashMap<UpvarId, UpvarBorrow>;

impl Region {
    pub fn is_bound(&self) -> bool {
        match *self {
            ty::ReEarlyBound(..) => true,
            ty::ReLateBound(..) => true,
            _ => false
        }
    }

    pub fn escapes_depth(&self, depth: uint) -> bool {
        match *self {
            ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, _) => debruijn.depth > depth,
            _ => false,
        }
    }
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash, Encodable, Decodable, Show)]
/// A "free" region `fr` can be interpreted as "some region
/// at least as big as the scope `fr.scope`".
pub struct FreeRegion {
    pub scope: region::CodeExtent,
    pub bound_region: BoundRegion
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash, Encodable, Decodable, Show)]
pub enum BoundRegion {
    /// An anonymous region parameter for a given fn (&T)
    BrAnon(uint),

    /// Named region parameters for functions (a in &'a T)
    ///
    /// The def-id is needed to distinguish free regions in
    /// the event of shadowing.
    BrNamed(ast::DefId, ast::Name),

    /// Fresh bound identifiers created during GLB computations.
    BrFresh(uint),

    // Anonymous region for the implicit env pointer parameter
    // to a closure
    BrEnv
}

#[inline]
pub fn mk_prim_t<'tcx>(primitive: &'tcx TyS<'static>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    // FIXME(#17596) Ty<'tcx> is incorrectly invariant w.r.t 'tcx.
    unsafe { &*(primitive as *const _ as *const TyS<'tcx>) }
}

// Do not change these from static to const, interning types requires
// the primitives to have a significant address.
macro_rules! def_prim_tys(
    ($($name:ident -> $sty:expr;)*) => (
        $(#[inline] pub fn $name<'tcx>() -> Ty<'tcx> {
            static PRIM_TY: TyS<'static> = TyS {
                sty: $sty,
                flags: NO_TYPE_FLAGS,
                region_depth: 0,
            };
            mk_prim_t(&PRIM_TY)
        })*
    )
)

def_prim_tys!{
    mk_bool ->  ty_bool;
    mk_char ->  ty_char;
    mk_int ->   ty_int(ast::TyI);
    mk_i8 ->    ty_int(ast::TyI8);
    mk_i16 ->   ty_int(ast::TyI16);
    mk_i32 ->   ty_int(ast::TyI32);
    mk_i64 ->   ty_int(ast::TyI64);
    mk_uint ->  ty_uint(ast::TyU);
    mk_u8 ->    ty_uint(ast::TyU8);
    mk_u16 ->   ty_uint(ast::TyU16);
    mk_u32 ->   ty_uint(ast::TyU32);
    mk_u64 ->   ty_uint(ast::TyU64);
    mk_f32 ->   ty_float(ast::TyF32);
    mk_f64 ->   ty_float(ast::TyF64);
}

#[inline]
pub fn mk_err<'tcx>() -> Ty<'tcx> {
    static TY_ERR: TyS<'static> = TyS {
        sty: ty_err,
        flags: HAS_TY_ERR,
        region_depth: 0,
    };
    mk_prim_t(&TY_ERR)
}

// NB: If you change this, you'll probably want to change the corresponding
// AST structure in libsyntax/ast.rs as well.
#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Show)]
pub enum sty<'tcx> {
    ty_bool,
    ty_char,
    ty_int(ast::IntTy),
    ty_uint(ast::UintTy),
    ty_float(ast::FloatTy),
    /// Substs here, possibly against intuition, *may* contain `ty_param`s.
    /// That is, even after substitution it is possible that there are type
    /// variables. This happens when the `ty_enum` corresponds to an enum
    /// definition and not a concrete use of it. To get the correct `ty_enum`
    /// from the tcx, use the `NodeId` from the `ast::Ty` and look it up in
    /// the `ast_ty_to_ty_cache`. This is probably true for `ty_struct` as
    /// well.`
    ty_enum(DefId, Substs<'tcx>),
    ty_uniq(Ty<'tcx>),
    ty_str,
    ty_vec(Ty<'tcx>, Option<uint>), // Second field is length.
    ty_ptr(mt<'tcx>),
    ty_rptr(Region, mt<'tcx>),
    ty_bare_fn(BareFnTy<'tcx>),
    ty_closure(Box<ClosureTy<'tcx>>),
    ty_trait(Box<TyTrait<'tcx>>),
    ty_struct(DefId, Substs<'tcx>),
    ty_unboxed_closure(DefId, Region, Substs<'tcx>),
    ty_tup(Vec<Ty<'tcx>>),

    ty_param(ParamTy), // type parameter
    ty_open(Ty<'tcx>), // A deref'ed fat pointer, i.e., a dynamically sized value
                       // and its size. Only ever used in trans. It is not necessary
                       // earlier since we don't need to distinguish a DST with its
                       // size (e.g., in a deref) vs a DST with the size elsewhere (
                       // e.g., in a field).

    ty_infer(InferTy), // something used only during inference/typeck
    ty_err, // Also only used during inference/typeck, to represent
            // the type of an erroneous expression (helps cut down
            // on non-useful type error messages)
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Show)]
pub struct TyTrait<'tcx> {
    // Principal trait reference.
    pub principal: TraitRef<'tcx>, // would use Rc<TraitRef>, but it runs afoul of some static rules
    pub bounds: ExistentialBounds
}

/**
 * A complete reference to a trait. These take numerous guises in syntax,
 * but perhaps the most recognizable form is in a where clause:
 *
 *     T : Foo<U>
 *
 * This would be represented by a trait-reference where the def-id is the
 * def-id for the trait `Foo` and the substs defines `T` as parameter 0 in the
 * `SelfSpace` and `U` as parameter 0 in the `TypeSpace`.
 *
 * Trait references also appear in object types like `Foo<U>`, but in
 * that case the `Self` parameter is absent from the substitutions.
 *
 * Note that a `TraitRef` introduces a level of region binding, to
 * account for higher-ranked trait bounds like `T : for<'a> Foo<&'a
 * U>` or higher-ranked object types.
 */
#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Show)]
pub struct TraitRef<'tcx> {
    pub def_id: DefId,
    pub substs: Substs<'tcx>,
}

/**
 * Binder serves as a synthetic binder for lifetimes. It is used when
 * we wish to replace the escaping higher-ranked lifetimes in a type
 * or something else that is not itself a binder (this is because the
 * `replace_late_bound_regions` function replaces all lifetimes bound
 * by the binder supplied to it; but a type is not a binder, so you
 * must introduce an artificial one).
 */
#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Show)]
pub struct Binder<T> {
    pub value: T
}

pub fn bind<T>(value: T) -> Binder<T> {
    Binder { value: value }
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq)]
pub enum IntVarValue {
    IntType(ast::IntTy),
    UintType(ast::UintTy),
}

#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub enum terr_vstore_kind {
    terr_vec,
    terr_str,
    terr_fn,
    terr_trait
}

#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub struct expected_found<T> {
    pub expected: T,
    pub found: T
}

// Data structures used in type unification
#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub enum type_err<'tcx> {
    terr_mismatch,
    terr_fn_style_mismatch(expected_found<FnStyle>),
    terr_onceness_mismatch(expected_found<Onceness>),
    terr_abi_mismatch(expected_found<abi::Abi>),
    terr_mutability,
    terr_sigil_mismatch(expected_found<TraitStore>),
    terr_box_mutability,
    terr_ptr_mutability,
    terr_ref_mutability,
    terr_vec_mutability,
    terr_tuple_size(expected_found<uint>),
    terr_fixed_array_size(expected_found<uint>),
    terr_ty_param_size(expected_found<uint>),
    terr_arg_count,
    terr_regions_does_not_outlive(Region, Region),
    terr_regions_not_same(Region, Region),
    terr_regions_no_overlap(Region, Region),
    terr_regions_insufficiently_polymorphic(BoundRegion, Region),
    terr_regions_overly_polymorphic(BoundRegion, Region),
    terr_trait_stores_differ(terr_vstore_kind, expected_found<TraitStore>),
    terr_sorts(expected_found<Ty<'tcx>>),
    terr_integer_as_char,
    terr_int_mismatch(expected_found<IntVarValue>),
    terr_float_mismatch(expected_found<ast::FloatTy>),
    terr_traits(expected_found<ast::DefId>),
    terr_builtin_bounds(expected_found<BuiltinBounds>),
    terr_variadic_mismatch(expected_found<bool>),
    terr_cyclic_ty,
    terr_convergence_mismatch(expected_found<bool>)
}

/// Bounds suitable for a named type parameter like `A` in `fn foo<A>`
/// as well as the existential type parameter in an object type.
#[deriving(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Show)]
pub struct ParamBounds<'tcx> {
    pub region_bounds: Vec<ty::Region>,
    pub builtin_bounds: BuiltinBounds,
    pub trait_bounds: Vec<Rc<TraitRef<'tcx>>>
}

/// Bounds suitable for an existentially quantified type parameter
/// such as those that appear in object types or closure types. The
/// major difference between this case and `ParamBounds` is that
/// general purpose trait bounds are omitted and there must be
/// *exactly one* region.
#[deriving(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Show)]
pub struct ExistentialBounds {
    pub region_bound: ty::Region,
    pub builtin_bounds: BuiltinBounds
}

pub type BuiltinBounds = EnumSet<BuiltinBound>;

#[deriving(Clone, Encodable, PartialEq, Eq, Decodable, Hash, Show)]
#[repr(uint)]
pub enum BuiltinBound {
    BoundSend,
    BoundSized,
    BoundCopy,
    BoundSync,
}

pub fn empty_builtin_bounds() -> BuiltinBounds {
    EnumSet::new()
}

pub fn all_builtin_bounds() -> BuiltinBounds {
    let mut set = EnumSet::new();
    set.insert(BoundSend);
    set.insert(BoundSized);
    set.insert(BoundSync);
    set
}

pub fn region_existential_bound(r: ty::Region) -> ExistentialBounds {
    /*!
     * An existential bound that does not implement any traits.
     */

    ty::ExistentialBounds { region_bound: r,
                            builtin_bounds: empty_builtin_bounds() }
}

impl CLike for BuiltinBound {
    fn to_uint(&self) -> uint {
        *self as uint
    }
    fn from_uint(v: uint) -> BuiltinBound {
        unsafe { mem::transmute(v) }
    }
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct TyVid {
    pub index: uint
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct IntVid {
    pub index: uint
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct FloatVid {
    pub index: uint
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Encodable, Decodable, Hash)]
pub struct RegionVid {
    pub index: uint
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum InferTy {
    TyVar(TyVid),
    IntVar(IntVid),
    FloatVar(FloatVid),
    SkolemizedTy(uint),

    // FIXME -- once integral fallback is impl'd, we should remove
    // this type. It's only needed to prevent spurious errors for
    // integers whose type winds up never being constrained.
    SkolemizedIntTy(uint),
}

#[deriving(Clone, Encodable, Decodable, Eq, Hash, Show)]
pub enum InferRegion {
    ReVar(RegionVid),
    ReSkolemized(uint, BoundRegion)
}

impl cmp::PartialEq for InferRegion {
    fn eq(&self, other: &InferRegion) -> bool {
        match ((*self), *other) {
            (ReVar(rva), ReVar(rvb)) => {
                rva == rvb
            }
            (ReSkolemized(rva, _), ReSkolemized(rvb, _)) => {
                rva == rvb
            }
            _ => false
        }
    }
    fn ne(&self, other: &InferRegion) -> bool {
        !((*self) == (*other))
    }
}

impl fmt::Show for TyVid {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result{
        write!(f, "_#{}t", self.index)
    }
}

impl fmt::Show for IntVid {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "_#{}i", self.index)
    }
}

impl fmt::Show for FloatVid {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "_#{}f", self.index)
    }
}

impl fmt::Show for RegionVid {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "'_#{}r", self.index)
    }
}

impl<'tcx> fmt::Show for FnSig<'tcx> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        // grr, without tcx not much we can do.
        write!(f, "(...)")
    }
}

impl fmt::Show for InferTy {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match *self {
            TyVar(ref v) => v.fmt(f),
            IntVar(ref v) => v.fmt(f),
            FloatVar(ref v) => v.fmt(f),
            SkolemizedTy(v) => write!(f, "SkolemizedTy({})", v),
            SkolemizedIntTy(v) => write!(f, "SkolemizedIntTy({})", v),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Show for IntVarValue {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match *self {
            IntType(ref v) => v.fmt(f),
            UintType(ref v) => v.fmt(f),
        }
    }
}

#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub struct TypeParameterDef<'tcx> {
    pub name: ast::Name,
    pub def_id: ast::DefId,
    pub space: subst::ParamSpace,
    pub index: uint,
    pub associated_with: Option<ast::DefId>,
    pub bounds: ParamBounds<'tcx>,
    pub default: Option<Ty<'tcx>>,
}

#[deriving(Encodable, Decodable, Clone, Show)]
pub struct RegionParameterDef {
    pub name: ast::Name,
    pub def_id: ast::DefId,
    pub space: subst::ParamSpace,
    pub index: uint,
    pub bounds: Vec<ty::Region>,
}

/// Information about the type/lifetime parameters associated with an
/// item or method. Analogous to ast::Generics.
#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub struct Generics<'tcx> {
    pub types: VecPerParamSpace<TypeParameterDef<'tcx>>,
    pub regions: VecPerParamSpace<RegionParameterDef>,
}

impl<'tcx> Generics<'tcx> {
    pub fn empty() -> Generics<'tcx> {
        Generics { types: VecPerParamSpace::empty(),
                   regions: VecPerParamSpace::empty() }
    }

    pub fn has_type_params(&self, space: subst::ParamSpace) -> bool {
        !self.types.is_empty_in(space)
    }

    pub fn has_region_params(&self, space: subst::ParamSpace) -> bool {
        !self.regions.is_empty_in(space)
    }

    pub fn to_bounds(&self, tcx: &ty::ctxt<'tcx>, substs: &Substs<'tcx>)
                     -> GenericBounds<'tcx> {
        GenericBounds {
            types: self.types.map(|d| d.bounds.subst(tcx, substs)),
            regions: self.regions.map(|d| d.bounds.subst(tcx, substs)),
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Represents the bounds declared on a particular set of type
 * parameters.  Should eventually be generalized into a flag list of
 * where clauses.  You can obtain a `GenericBounds` list from a
 * `Generics` by using the `to_bounds` method. Note that this method
 * reflects an important semantic invariant of `GenericBounds`: while
 * the bounds in a `Generics` are expressed in terms of the bound type
 * parameters of the impl/trait/whatever, a `GenericBounds` instance
 * represented a set of bounds for some particular instantiation,
 * meaning that the generic parameters have been substituted with
 * their values.
 *
 * Example:
 *
 *     struct Foo<T,U:Bar<T>> { ... }
 *
 * Here, the `Generics` for `Foo` would contain a list of bounds like
 * `[[], [U:Bar<T>]]`.  Now if there were some particular reference
 * like `Foo<int,uint>`, then the `GenericBounds` would be `[[],
 * [uint:Bar<int>]]`.
 */
#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub struct GenericBounds<'tcx> {
    pub types: VecPerParamSpace<ParamBounds<'tcx>>,
    pub regions: VecPerParamSpace<Vec<Region>>,
}

impl<'tcx> GenericBounds<'tcx> {
    pub fn empty() -> GenericBounds<'tcx> {
        GenericBounds { types: VecPerParamSpace::empty(),
                        regions: VecPerParamSpace::empty() }
    }

    pub fn has_escaping_regions(&self) -> bool {
        self.types.any(|pb| pb.trait_bounds.iter().any(|tr| tr.has_escaping_regions())) ||
            self.regions.any(|rs| rs.iter().any(|r| r.escapes_depth(0)))
    }
}

impl<'tcx> TraitRef<'tcx> {
    pub fn new(def_id: ast::DefId, substs: Substs<'tcx>) -> TraitRef<'tcx> {
        TraitRef { def_id: def_id, substs: substs }
    }

    pub fn self_ty(&self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.substs.self_ty().unwrap()
    }

    pub fn input_types(&self) -> &[Ty<'tcx>] {
        // Select only the "input types" from a trait-reference. For
        // now this is all the types that appear in the
        // trait-reference, but it should eventually exclude
        // associated types.
        self.substs.types.as_slice()
    }

    pub fn has_escaping_regions(&self) -> bool {
        self.substs.has_regions_escaping_depth(1)
    }

    pub fn has_bound_regions(&self) -> bool {
        self.substs.has_regions_escaping_depth(0)
    }
}

/// When type checking, we use the `ParameterEnvironment` to track
/// details about the type/lifetime parameters that are in scope.
/// It primarily stores the bounds information.
///
/// Note: This information might seem to be redundant with the data in
/// `tcx.ty_param_defs`, but it is not. That table contains the
/// parameter definitions from an "outside" perspective, but this
/// struct will contain the bounds for a parameter as seen from inside
/// the function body. Currently the only real distinction is that
/// bound lifetime parameters are replaced with free ones, but in the
/// future I hope to refine the representation of types so as to make
/// more distinctions clearer.
pub struct ParameterEnvironment<'tcx> {
    /// A substitution that can be applied to move from
    /// the "outer" view of a type or method to the "inner" view.
    /// In general, this means converting from bound parameters to
    /// free parameters. Since we currently represent bound/free type
    /// parameters in the same way, this only has an effect on regions.
    pub free_substs: Substs<'tcx>,

    /// Bounds on the various type parameters
    pub bounds: VecPerParamSpace<ParamBounds<'tcx>>,

    /// Each type parameter has an implicit region bound that
    /// indicates it must outlive at least the function body (the user
    /// may specify stronger requirements). This field indicates the
    /// region of the callee.
    pub implicit_region_bound: ty::Region,

    /// Obligations that the caller must satisfy. This is basically
    /// the set of bounds on the in-scope type parameters, translated
    /// into Obligations.
    ///
    /// Note: This effectively *duplicates* the `bounds` array for
    /// now.
    pub caller_obligations: VecPerParamSpace<traits::Obligation<'tcx>>,

    /// Caches the results of trait selection. This cache is used
    /// for things that have to do with the parameters in scope.
    pub selection_cache: traits::SelectionCache<'tcx>,
}

impl<'tcx> ParameterEnvironment<'tcx> {
    pub fn for_item(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, id: NodeId) -> ParameterEnvironment<'tcx> {
        match cx.map.find(id) {
            Some(ast_map::NodeImplItem(ref impl_item)) => {
                match **impl_item {
                    ast::MethodImplItem(ref method) => {
                        let method_def_id = ast_util::local_def(id);
                        match ty::impl_or_trait_item(cx, method_def_id) {
                            MethodTraitItem(ref method_ty) => {
                                let method_generics = &method_ty.generics;
                                construct_parameter_environment(
                                    cx,
                                    method.span,
                                    method_generics,
                                    method.pe_body().id)
                            }
                            TypeTraitItem(_) => {
                                cx.sess
                                  .bug("ParameterEnvironment::from_item(): \
                                        can't create a parameter environment \
                                        for type trait items")
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    ast::TypeImplItem(_) => {
                        cx.sess.bug("ParameterEnvironment::from_item(): \
                                     can't create a parameter environment \
                                     for type impl items")
                    }
                }
            }
            Some(ast_map::NodeTraitItem(trait_method)) => {
                match *trait_method {
                    ast::RequiredMethod(ref required) => {
                        cx.sess.span_bug(required.span,
                                         "ParameterEnvironment::from_item():
                                          can't create a parameter \
                                          environment for required trait \
                                          methods")
                    }
                    ast::ProvidedMethod(ref method) => {
                        let method_def_id = ast_util::local_def(id);
                        match ty::impl_or_trait_item(cx, method_def_id) {
                            MethodTraitItem(ref method_ty) => {
                                let method_generics = &method_ty.generics;
                                construct_parameter_environment(
                                    cx,
                                    method.span,
                                    method_generics,
                                    method.pe_body().id)
                            }
                            TypeTraitItem(_) => {
                                cx.sess
                                  .bug("ParameterEnvironment::from_item(): \
                                        can't create a parameter environment \
                                        for type trait items")
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    ast::TypeTraitItem(_) => {
                        cx.sess.bug("ParameterEnvironment::from_item(): \
                                     can't create a parameter environment \
                                     for type trait items")
                    }
                }
            }
            Some(ast_map::NodeItem(item)) => {
                match item.node {
                    ast::ItemFn(_, _, _, _, ref body) => {
                        // We assume this is a function.
                        let fn_def_id = ast_util::local_def(id);
                        let fn_pty = ty::lookup_item_type(cx, fn_def_id);

                        construct_parameter_environment(cx,
                                                        item.span,
                                                        &fn_pty.generics,
                                                        body.id)
                    }
                    ast::ItemEnum(..) |
                    ast::ItemStruct(..) |
                    ast::ItemImpl(..) |
                    ast::ItemConst(..) |
                    ast::ItemStatic(..) => {
                        let def_id = ast_util::local_def(id);
                        let pty = ty::lookup_item_type(cx, def_id);
                        construct_parameter_environment(cx, item.span,
                                                        &pty.generics, id)
                    }
                    _ => {
                        cx.sess.span_bug(item.span,
                                         "ParameterEnvironment::from_item():
                                          can't create a parameter \
                                          environment for this kind of item")
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => {
                cx.sess.bug(format!("ParameterEnvironment::from_item(): \
                                     `{}` is not an item",
                                    cx.map.node_to_string(id)).as_slice())
            }
        }
    }
}

/// A polytype.
///
/// - `generics`: the set of type parameters and their bounds
/// - `ty`: the base types, which may reference the parameters defined
///   in `generics`
#[deriving(Clone, Show)]
pub struct Polytype<'tcx> {
    pub generics: Generics<'tcx>,
    pub ty: Ty<'tcx>
}

/// As `Polytype` but for a trait ref.
pub struct TraitDef<'tcx> {
    /// Generic type definitions. Note that `Self` is listed in here
    /// as having a single bound, the trait itself (e.g., in the trait
    /// `Eq`, there is a single bound `Self : Eq`). This is so that
    /// default methods get to assume that the `Self` parameters
    /// implements the trait.
    pub generics: Generics<'tcx>,

    /// The "supertrait" bounds.
    pub bounds: ParamBounds<'tcx>,
    pub trait_ref: Rc<ty::TraitRef<'tcx>>,
}

/// Records the substitutions used to translate the polytype for an
/// item into the monotype of an item reference.
#[deriving(Clone)]
pub struct ItemSubsts<'tcx> {
    pub substs: Substs<'tcx>,
}

/// Records information about each unboxed closure.
#[deriving(Clone)]
pub struct UnboxedClosure<'tcx> {
    /// The type of the unboxed closure.
    pub closure_type: ClosureTy<'tcx>,
    /// The kind of unboxed closure this is.
    pub kind: UnboxedClosureKind,
}

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Show)]
pub enum UnboxedClosureKind {
    FnUnboxedClosureKind,
    FnMutUnboxedClosureKind,
    FnOnceUnboxedClosureKind,
}

impl UnboxedClosureKind {
    pub fn trait_did(&self, cx: &ctxt) -> ast::DefId {
        let result = match *self {
            FnUnboxedClosureKind => cx.lang_items.require(FnTraitLangItem),
            FnMutUnboxedClosureKind => {
                cx.lang_items.require(FnMutTraitLangItem)
            }
            FnOnceUnboxedClosureKind => {
                cx.lang_items.require(FnOnceTraitLangItem)
            }
        };
        match result {
            Ok(trait_did) => trait_did,
            Err(err) => cx.sess.fatal(err.as_slice()),
        }
    }
}

pub fn mk_ctxt<'tcx>(s: Session,
                     type_arena: &'tcx TypedArena<TyS<'tcx>>,
                     dm: resolve::DefMap,
                     named_region_map: resolve_lifetime::NamedRegionMap,
                     map: ast_map::Map<'tcx>,
                     freevars: RefCell<FreevarMap>,
                     capture_modes: RefCell<CaptureModeMap>,
                     region_maps: middle::region::RegionMaps,
                     lang_items: middle::lang_items::LanguageItems,
                     stability: stability::Index) -> ctxt<'tcx> {
    ctxt {
        type_arena: type_arena,
        interner: RefCell::new(FnvHashMap::new()),
        named_region_map: named_region_map,
        item_variance_map: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        variance_computed: Cell::new(false),
        sess: s,
        def_map: dm,
        region_maps: region_maps,
        node_types: RefCell::new(FnvHashMap::new()),
        item_substs: RefCell::new(NodeMap::new()),
        trait_refs: RefCell::new(NodeMap::new()),
        trait_defs: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        object_cast_map: RefCell::new(NodeMap::new()),
        map: map,
        intrinsic_defs: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        freevars: freevars,
        tcache: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        rcache: RefCell::new(FnvHashMap::new()),
        short_names_cache: RefCell::new(FnvHashMap::new()),
        needs_unwind_cleanup_cache: RefCell::new(FnvHashMap::new()),
        tc_cache: RefCell::new(FnvHashMap::new()),
        ast_ty_to_ty_cache: RefCell::new(NodeMap::new()),
        enum_var_cache: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        impl_or_trait_items: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        trait_item_def_ids: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        trait_items_cache: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        impl_trait_cache: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        ty_param_defs: RefCell::new(NodeMap::new()),
        adjustments: RefCell::new(NodeMap::new()),
        normalized_cache: RefCell::new(FnvHashMap::new()),
        lang_items: lang_items,
        provided_method_sources: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        struct_fields: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        destructor_for_type: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        destructors: RefCell::new(DefIdSet::new()),
        trait_impls: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        inherent_impls: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        impl_items: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        used_unsafe: RefCell::new(NodeSet::new()),
        used_mut_nodes: RefCell::new(NodeSet::new()),
        populated_external_types: RefCell::new(DefIdSet::new()),
        populated_external_traits: RefCell::new(DefIdSet::new()),
        upvar_borrow_map: RefCell::new(FnvHashMap::new()),
        extern_const_statics: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        extern_const_variants: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        method_map: RefCell::new(FnvHashMap::new()),
        dependency_formats: RefCell::new(FnvHashMap::new()),
        unboxed_closures: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        node_lint_levels: RefCell::new(FnvHashMap::new()),
        transmute_restrictions: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
        stability: RefCell::new(stability),
        capture_modes: capture_modes,
        associated_types: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
        selection_cache: traits::SelectionCache::new(),
        repr_hint_cache: RefCell::new(DefIdMap::new()),
   }
}

// Type constructors

// Interns a type/name combination, stores the resulting box in cx.interner,
// and returns the box as cast to an unsafe ptr (see comments for Ty above).
pub fn mk_t<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, st: sty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    // Check for primitive types.
    match st {
        ty_err => return mk_err(),
        ty_bool => return mk_bool(),
        ty_int(i) => return mk_mach_int(i),
        ty_uint(u) => return mk_mach_uint(u),
        ty_float(f) => return mk_mach_float(f),
        ty_char => return mk_char(),
        _ => {}
    };

    match cx.interner.borrow().get(&st) {
        Some(ty) => return *ty,
        _ => ()
    }

    let flags = FlagComputation::for_sty(&st);

    let ty = cx.type_arena.alloc(TyS {
        sty: st,
        flags: flags.flags,
        region_depth: flags.depth,
    });

    cx.interner.borrow_mut().insert(InternedTy { ty: ty }, ty);

    ty
}

struct FlagComputation {
    flags: TypeFlags,

    // maximum depth of any bound region that we have seen thus far
    depth: uint,
}

impl FlagComputation {
    fn new() -> FlagComputation {
        FlagComputation { flags: NO_TYPE_FLAGS, depth: 0 }
    }

    fn for_sty(st: &sty) -> FlagComputation {
        let mut result = FlagComputation::new();
        result.add_sty(st);
        result
    }

    fn add_flags(&mut self, flags: TypeFlags) {
        self.flags = self.flags | flags;
    }

    fn add_depth(&mut self, depth: uint) {
        if depth > self.depth {
            self.depth = depth;
        }
    }

    fn add_bound_computation(&mut self, computation: &FlagComputation) {
        /*!
         * Adds the flags/depth from a set of types that appear within
         * the current type, but within a region binder.
         */

        self.add_flags(computation.flags);

        // The types that contributed to `computation` occured within
        // a region binder, so subtract one from the region depth
        // within when adding the depth to `self`.
        let depth = computation.depth;
        if depth > 0 {
            self.add_depth(depth - 1);
        }
    }

    fn add_sty(&mut self, st: &sty) {
        match st {
            &ty_bool |
            &ty_char |
            &ty_int(_) |
            &ty_float(_) |
            &ty_uint(_) |
            &ty_str => {
            }

            // You might think that we could just return ty_err for
            // any type containing ty_err as a component, and get
            // rid of the HAS_TY_ERR flag -- likewise for ty_bot (with
            // the exception of function types that return bot).
            // But doing so caused sporadic memory corruption, and
            // neither I (tjc) nor nmatsakis could figure out why,
            // so we're doing it this way.
            &ty_err => {
                self.add_flags(HAS_TY_ERR)
            }

            &ty_param(ref p) => {
                if p.space == subst::SelfSpace {
                    self.add_flags(HAS_SELF);
                } else {
                    self.add_flags(HAS_PARAMS);
                }
            }

            &ty_unboxed_closure(_, ref region, ref substs) => {
                self.add_region(*region);
                self.add_substs(substs);
            }

            &ty_infer(_) => {
                self.add_flags(HAS_TY_INFER)
            }

            &ty_enum(_, ref substs) | &ty_struct(_, ref substs) => {
                self.add_substs(substs);
            }

            &ty_trait(box TyTrait { ref principal, ref bounds }) => {
                let mut computation = FlagComputation::new();
                computation.add_substs(&principal.substs);
                self.add_bound_computation(&computation);

                self.add_bounds(bounds);
            }

            &ty_uniq(tt) | &ty_vec(tt, _) | &ty_open(tt) => {
                self.add_ty(tt)
            }

            &ty_ptr(ref m) => {
                self.add_ty(m.ty);
            }

            &ty_rptr(r, ref m) => {
                self.add_region(r);
                self.add_ty(m.ty);
            }

            &ty_tup(ref ts) => {
                self.add_tys(ts[]);
            }

            &ty_bare_fn(ref f) => {
                self.add_fn_sig(&f.sig);
            }

            &ty_closure(ref f) => {
                match f.store {
                    RegionTraitStore(r, _) => {
                        self.add_region(r);
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }
                self.add_fn_sig(&f.sig);
                self.add_bounds(&f.bounds);
            }
        }
    }

    fn add_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty) {
        self.add_flags(ty.flags);
        self.add_depth(ty.region_depth);
    }

    fn add_tys(&mut self, tys: &[Ty]) {
        for &ty in tys.iter() {
            self.add_ty(ty);
        }
    }

    fn add_fn_sig(&mut self, fn_sig: &FnSig) {
        let mut computation = FlagComputation::new();

        computation.add_tys(fn_sig.inputs[]);

        if let ty::FnConverging(output) = fn_sig.output {
            computation.add_ty(output);
        }

        self.add_bound_computation(&computation);
    }

    fn add_region(&mut self, r: Region) {
        self.add_flags(HAS_REGIONS);
        match r {
            ty::ReInfer(_) => { self.add_flags(HAS_RE_INFER); }
            ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, _) => {
                self.add_flags(HAS_RE_LATE_BOUND);
                self.add_depth(debruijn.depth);
            }
            _ => { }
        }
    }

    fn add_substs(&mut self, substs: &Substs) {
        self.add_tys(substs.types.as_slice());
        match substs.regions {
            subst::ErasedRegions => {}
            subst::NonerasedRegions(ref regions) => {
                for &r in regions.iter() {
                    self.add_region(r);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn add_bounds(&mut self, bounds: &ExistentialBounds) {
        self.add_region(bounds.region_bound);
    }
}

pub fn mk_mach_int<'tcx>(tm: ast::IntTy) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    match tm {
        ast::TyI    => mk_int(),
        ast::TyI8   => mk_i8(),
        ast::TyI16  => mk_i16(),
        ast::TyI32  => mk_i32(),
        ast::TyI64  => mk_i64(),
    }
}

pub fn mk_mach_uint<'tcx>(tm: ast::UintTy) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    match tm {
        ast::TyU    => mk_uint(),
        ast::TyU8   => mk_u8(),
        ast::TyU16  => mk_u16(),
        ast::TyU32  => mk_u32(),
        ast::TyU64  => mk_u64(),
    }
}

pub fn mk_mach_float<'tcx>(tm: ast::FloatTy) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    match tm {
        ast::TyF32  => mk_f32(),
        ast::TyF64  => mk_f64(),
    }
}

pub fn mk_str<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_t(cx, ty_str)
}

pub fn mk_str_slice<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, r: Region, m: ast::Mutability) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_rptr(cx, r,
            mt {
                ty: mk_t(cx, ty_str),
                mutbl: m
            })
}

pub fn mk_enum<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, did: ast::DefId, substs: Substs<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    // take a copy of substs so that we own the vectors inside
    mk_t(cx, ty_enum(did, substs))
}

pub fn mk_uniq<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> { mk_t(cx, ty_uniq(ty)) }

pub fn mk_ptr<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, tm: mt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> { mk_t(cx, ty_ptr(tm)) }

pub fn mk_rptr<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, r: Region, tm: mt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_t(cx, ty_rptr(r, tm))
}

pub fn mk_mut_rptr<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, r: Region, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_rptr(cx, r, mt {ty: ty, mutbl: ast::MutMutable})
}
pub fn mk_imm_rptr<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, r: Region, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_rptr(cx, r, mt {ty: ty, mutbl: ast::MutImmutable})
}

pub fn mk_mut_ptr<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_ptr(cx, mt {ty: ty, mutbl: ast::MutMutable})
}

pub fn mk_imm_ptr<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_ptr(cx, mt {ty: ty, mutbl: ast::MutImmutable})
}

pub fn mk_nil_ptr<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_ptr(cx, mt {ty: mk_nil(cx), mutbl: ast::MutImmutable})
}

pub fn mk_vec<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>, sz: Option<uint>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_t(cx, ty_vec(ty, sz))
}

pub fn mk_slice<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, r: Region, tm: mt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_rptr(cx, r,
            mt {
                ty: mk_vec(cx, tm.ty, None),
                mutbl: tm.mutbl
            })
}

pub fn mk_tup<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ts: Vec<Ty<'tcx>>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_t(cx, ty_tup(ts))
}

pub fn mk_nil<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_tup(cx, Vec::new())
}

pub fn mk_closure<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, fty: ClosureTy<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_t(cx, ty_closure(box fty))
}

pub fn mk_bare_fn<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, fty: BareFnTy<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_t(cx, ty_bare_fn(fty))
}

pub fn mk_ctor_fn<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                        input_tys: &[Ty<'tcx>],
                        output: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    let input_args = input_tys.iter().map(|ty| *ty).collect();
    mk_bare_fn(cx,
               BareFnTy {
                   fn_style: ast::NormalFn,
                   abi: abi::Rust,
                   sig: FnSig {
                    inputs: input_args,
                    output: ty::FnConverging(output),
                    variadic: false
                   }
                })
}


pub fn mk_trait<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                      principal: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
                      bounds: ExistentialBounds)
                      -> Ty<'tcx> {
    // take a copy of substs so that we own the vectors inside
    let inner = box TyTrait {
        principal: principal,
        bounds: bounds
    };
    mk_t(cx, ty_trait(inner))
}

pub fn mk_struct<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, struct_id: ast::DefId,
                       substs: Substs<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    // take a copy of substs so that we own the vectors inside
    mk_t(cx, ty_struct(struct_id, substs))
}

pub fn mk_unboxed_closure<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, closure_id: ast::DefId,
                                region: Region, substs: Substs<'tcx>)
                                -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_t(cx, ty_unboxed_closure(closure_id, region, substs))
}

pub fn mk_var<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, v: TyVid) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_infer(cx, TyVar(v))
}

pub fn mk_int_var<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, v: IntVid) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_infer(cx, IntVar(v))
}

pub fn mk_float_var<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, v: FloatVid) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_infer(cx, FloatVar(v))
}

pub fn mk_infer<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, it: InferTy) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_t(cx, ty_infer(it))
}

pub fn mk_param<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, space: subst::ParamSpace,
                      n: uint, k: DefId) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_t(cx, ty_param(ParamTy { space: space, idx: n, def_id: k }))
}

pub fn mk_self_type<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, did: ast::DefId) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_param(cx, subst::SelfSpace, 0, did)
}

pub fn mk_param_from_def<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, def: &TypeParameterDef) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    mk_param(cx, def.space, def.index, def.def_id)
}

pub fn mk_open<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> { mk_t(cx, ty_open(ty)) }

pub fn walk_ty<'tcx>(ty: Ty<'tcx>, f: |Ty<'tcx>|) {
    maybe_walk_ty(ty, |ty| { f(ty); true });
}

pub fn maybe_walk_ty<'tcx>(ty: Ty<'tcx>, f: |Ty<'tcx>| -> bool) {
    if !f(ty) {
        return;
    }
    match ty.sty {
        ty_bool | ty_char | ty_int(_) | ty_uint(_) | ty_float(_) |
        ty_str | ty_infer(_) | ty_param(_) | ty_err => {}
        ty_uniq(ty) | ty_vec(ty, _) | ty_open(ty) => maybe_walk_ty(ty, f),
        ty_ptr(ref tm) | ty_rptr(_, ref tm) => {
            maybe_walk_ty(tm.ty, f);
        }
        ty_trait(box TyTrait { ref principal, .. }) => {
            for subty in principal.substs.types.iter() {
                maybe_walk_ty(*subty, |x| f(x));
            }
        }
        ty_enum(_, ref substs) |
        ty_struct(_, ref substs) |
        ty_unboxed_closure(_, _, ref substs) => {
            for subty in substs.types.iter() {
                maybe_walk_ty(*subty, |x| f(x));
            }
        }
        ty_tup(ref ts) => { for tt in ts.iter() { maybe_walk_ty(*tt, |x| f(x)); } }
        ty_bare_fn(ref ft) => {
            for a in ft.sig.inputs.iter() { maybe_walk_ty(*a, |x| f(x)); }
            if let ty::FnConverging(output) = ft.sig.output {
                maybe_walk_ty(output, f);
            }
        }
        ty_closure(ref ft) => {
            for a in ft.sig.inputs.iter() { maybe_walk_ty(*a, |x| f(x)); }
            if let ty::FnConverging(output) = ft.sig.output {
                maybe_walk_ty(output, f);
            }
        }
    }
}

// Folds types from the bottom up.
pub fn fold_ty<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, t0: Ty<'tcx>,
                     fldop: |Ty<'tcx>| -> Ty<'tcx>)
                     -> Ty<'tcx> {
    let mut f = ty_fold::BottomUpFolder {tcx: cx, fldop: fldop};
    f.fold_ty(t0)
}

impl ParamTy {
    pub fn new(space: subst::ParamSpace,
               index: uint,
               def_id: ast::DefId)
               -> ParamTy {
        ParamTy { space: space, idx: index, def_id: def_id }
    }

    pub fn for_self(trait_def_id: ast::DefId) -> ParamTy {
        ParamTy::new(subst::SelfSpace, 0, trait_def_id)
    }

    pub fn for_def(def: &TypeParameterDef) -> ParamTy {
        ParamTy::new(def.space, def.index, def.def_id)
    }

    pub fn to_ty<'tcx>(self, tcx: &ty::ctxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        ty::mk_param(tcx, self.space, self.idx, self.def_id)
    }

    pub fn is_self(&self) -> bool {
        self.space == subst::SelfSpace && self.idx == 0
    }
}

impl<'tcx> ItemSubsts<'tcx> {
    pub fn empty() -> ItemSubsts<'tcx> {
        ItemSubsts { substs: Substs::empty() }
    }

    pub fn is_noop(&self) -> bool {
        self.substs.is_noop()
    }
}

impl<'tcx> ParamBounds<'tcx> {
    pub fn empty() -> ParamBounds<'tcx> {
        ParamBounds {
            builtin_bounds: empty_builtin_bounds(),
            trait_bounds: Vec::new(),
            region_bounds: Vec::new(),
        }
    }
}

// Type utilities

pub fn type_is_nil(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_tup(ref tys) => tys.is_empty(),
        _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_error(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    ty.flags.intersects(HAS_TY_ERR)
}

pub fn type_needs_subst(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    ty.flags.intersects(NEEDS_SUBST)
}

pub fn trait_ref_contains_error(tref: &ty::TraitRef) -> bool {
    tref.substs.types.any(|&ty| type_is_error(ty))
}

pub fn type_is_ty_var(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_infer(TyVar(_)) => true,
        _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_bool(ty: Ty) -> bool { ty.sty == ty_bool }

pub fn type_is_self(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_param(ref p) => p.space == subst::SelfSpace,
        _ => false
    }
}

fn type_is_slice(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_ptr(mt) | ty_rptr(_, mt) => match mt.ty.sty {
            ty_vec(_, None) | ty_str => true,
            _ => false,
        },
        _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_vec(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_vec(..) => true,
        ty_ptr(mt{ty, ..}) | ty_rptr(_, mt{ty, ..}) |
        ty_uniq(ty) => match ty.sty {
            ty_vec(_, None) => true,
            _ => false
        },
        _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_structural(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
      ty_struct(..) | ty_tup(_) | ty_enum(..) | ty_closure(_) |
      ty_vec(_, Some(_)) | ty_unboxed_closure(..) => true,
      _ => type_is_slice(ty) | type_is_trait(ty)
    }
}

pub fn type_is_simd(cx: &ctxt, ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_struct(did, _) => lookup_simd(cx, did),
        _ => false
    }
}

pub fn sequence_element_type<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_vec(ty, _) => ty,
        ty_str => mk_mach_uint(ast::TyU8),
        ty_open(ty) => sequence_element_type(cx, ty),
        _ => cx.sess.bug(format!("sequence_element_type called on non-sequence value: {}",
                                 ty_to_string(cx, ty)).as_slice()),
    }
}

pub fn simd_type<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_struct(did, ref substs) => {
            let fields = lookup_struct_fields(cx, did);
            lookup_field_type(cx, did, fields[0].id, substs)
        }
        _ => panic!("simd_type called on invalid type")
    }
}

pub fn simd_size(cx: &ctxt, ty: Ty) -> uint {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_struct(did, _) => {
            let fields = lookup_struct_fields(cx, did);
            fields.len()
        }
        _ => panic!("simd_size called on invalid type")
    }
}

pub fn type_is_region_ptr(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_rptr(..) => true,
        _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_unsafe_ptr(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
      ty_ptr(_) => return true,
      _ => return false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_unique(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_uniq(_) => match ty.sty {
            ty_trait(..) => false,
            _ => true
        },
        _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_fat_ptr<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_ptr(mt{ty, ..}) | ty_rptr(_, mt{ty, ..})
        | ty_uniq(ty) if !type_is_sized(cx, ty) => true,
        _ => false,
    }
}

/*
 A scalar type is one that denotes an atomic datum, with no sub-components.
 (A ty_ptr is scalar because it represents a non-managed pointer, so its
 contents are abstract to rustc.)
*/
pub fn type_is_scalar(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
      ty_bool | ty_char | ty_int(_) | ty_float(_) | ty_uint(_) |
      ty_infer(IntVar(_)) | ty_infer(FloatVar(_)) |
      ty_bare_fn(..) | ty_ptr(_) => true,
      ty_tup(ref tys) if tys.is_empty() => true,
      _ => false
    }
}

/// Returns true if this type is a floating point type and false otherwise.
pub fn type_is_floating_point(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_float(_) => true,
        _ => false,
    }
}

pub fn type_needs_drop<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
    type_contents(cx, ty).needs_drop(cx)
}

// Some things don't need cleanups during unwinding because the
// task can free them all at once later. Currently only things
// that only contain scalars and shared boxes can avoid unwind
// cleanups.
pub fn type_needs_unwind_cleanup<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
    return memoized(&cx.needs_unwind_cleanup_cache, ty, |ty| {
        type_needs_unwind_cleanup_(cx, ty, &mut FnvHashSet::new())
    });

    fn type_needs_unwind_cleanup_<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                                        tycache: &mut FnvHashSet<Ty<'tcx>>) -> bool {
        // Prevent infinite recursion
        if !tycache.insert(ty) {
            return false;
        }

        let mut needs_unwind_cleanup = false;
        maybe_walk_ty(ty, |ty| {
            needs_unwind_cleanup |= match ty.sty {
                ty_bool | ty_int(_) | ty_uint(_) |
                ty_float(_) | ty_tup(_) | ty_ptr(_) => false,

                ty_enum(did, ref substs) =>
                    enum_variants(cx, did).iter().any(|v|
                        v.args.iter().any(|aty| {
                            let t = aty.subst(cx, substs);
                            type_needs_unwind_cleanup_(cx, t, tycache)
                        })
                    ),

                _ => true
            };
            !needs_unwind_cleanup
        });
        needs_unwind_cleanup
    }
}

/**
 * Type contents is how the type checker reasons about kinds.
 * They track what kinds of things are found within a type.  You can
 * think of them as kind of an "anti-kind".  They track the kinds of values
 * and thinks that are contained in types.  Having a larger contents for
 * a type tends to rule that type *out* from various kinds.  For example,
 * a type that contains a reference is not sendable.
 *
 * The reason we compute type contents and not kinds is that it is
 * easier for me (nmatsakis) to think about what is contained within
 * a type than to think about what is *not* contained within a type.
 */
#[deriving(Clone)]
pub struct TypeContents {
    pub bits: u64
}

macro_rules! def_type_content_sets(
    (mod $mname:ident { $($name:ident = $bits:expr),+ }) => {
        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
        mod $mname {
            use middle::ty::TypeContents;
            $(
                #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
                pub const $name: TypeContents = TypeContents { bits: $bits };
             )+
        }
    }
)

def_type_content_sets!(
    mod TC {
        None                                = 0b0000_0000__0000_0000__0000,

        // Things that are interior to the value (first nibble):
        InteriorUnsized                     = 0b0000_0000__0000_0000__0001,
        InteriorUnsafe                      = 0b0000_0000__0000_0000__0010,
        // InteriorAll                         = 0b00000000__00000000__1111,

        // Things that are owned by the value (second and third nibbles):
        OwnsOwned                           = 0b0000_0000__0000_0001__0000,
        OwnsDtor                            = 0b0000_0000__0000_0010__0000,
        OwnsManaged /* see [1] below */     = 0b0000_0000__0000_0100__0000,
        OwnsAffine                          = 0b0000_0000__0000_1000__0000,
        OwnsAll                             = 0b0000_0000__1111_1111__0000,

        // Things that are reachable by the value in any way (fourth nibble):
        ReachesBorrowed                     = 0b0000_0010__0000_0000__0000,
        // ReachesManaged /* see [1] below */  = 0b0000_0100__0000_0000__0000,
        ReachesMutable                      = 0b0000_1000__0000_0000__0000,
        ReachesFfiUnsafe                    = 0b0010_0000__0000_0000__0000,
        ReachesAll                          = 0b0011_1111__0000_0000__0000,

        // Things that cause values to *move* rather than *copy*. This
        // is almost the same as the `Copy` trait, but for managed
        // data -- atm, we consider managed data to copy, not move,
        // but it does not impl Copy as a pure memcpy is not good
        // enough. Yuck.
        Moves                               = 0b0000_0000__0000_1011__0000,

        // Things that mean drop glue is necessary
        NeedsDrop                           = 0b0000_0000__0000_0111__0000,

        // Things that prevent values from being considered sized
        Nonsized                            = 0b0000_0000__0000_0000__0001,

        // Things that make values considered not POD (would be same
        // as `Moves`, but for the fact that managed data `@` is
        // not considered POD)
        Noncopy                              = 0b0000_0000__0000_1111__0000,

        // Bits to set when a managed value is encountered
        //
        // [1] Do not set the bits TC::OwnsManaged or
        //     TC::ReachesManaged directly, instead reference
        //     TC::Managed to set them both at once.
        Managed                             = 0b0000_0100__0000_0100__0000,

        // All bits
        All                                 = 0b1111_1111__1111_1111__1111
    }
)

impl TypeContents {
    pub fn when(&self, cond: bool) -> TypeContents {
        if cond {*self} else {TC::None}
    }

    pub fn intersects(&self, tc: TypeContents) -> bool {
        (self.bits & tc.bits) != 0
    }

    pub fn owns_managed(&self) -> bool {
        self.intersects(TC::OwnsManaged)
    }

    pub fn owns_owned(&self) -> bool {
        self.intersects(TC::OwnsOwned)
    }

    pub fn is_sized(&self, _: &ctxt) -> bool {
        !self.intersects(TC::Nonsized)
    }

    pub fn interior_unsafe(&self) -> bool {
        self.intersects(TC::InteriorUnsafe)
    }

    pub fn interior_unsized(&self) -> bool {
        self.intersects(TC::InteriorUnsized)
    }

    pub fn moves_by_default(&self, _: &ctxt) -> bool {
        self.intersects(TC::Moves)
    }

    pub fn needs_drop(&self, _: &ctxt) -> bool {
        self.intersects(TC::NeedsDrop)
    }

    pub fn owned_pointer(&self) -> TypeContents {
        /*!
         * Includes only those bits that still apply
         * when indirected through a `Box` pointer
         */
        TC::OwnsOwned | (
            *self & (TC::OwnsAll | TC::ReachesAll))
    }

    pub fn reference(&self, bits: TypeContents) -> TypeContents {
        /*!
         * Includes only those bits that still apply
         * when indirected through a reference (`&`)
         */
        bits | (
            *self & TC::ReachesAll)
    }

    pub fn managed_pointer(&self) -> TypeContents {
        /*!
         * Includes only those bits that still apply
         * when indirected through a managed pointer (`@`)
         */
        TC::Managed | (
            *self & TC::ReachesAll)
    }

    pub fn unsafe_pointer(&self) -> TypeContents {
        /*!
         * Includes only those bits that still apply
         * when indirected through an unsafe pointer (`*`)
         */
        *self & TC::ReachesAll
    }

    pub fn union<T>(v: &[T], f: |&T| -> TypeContents) -> TypeContents {
        v.iter().fold(TC::None, |tc, ty| tc | f(ty))
    }

    pub fn has_dtor(&self) -> bool {
        self.intersects(TC::OwnsDtor)
    }
}

impl ops::BitOr<TypeContents,TypeContents> for TypeContents {
    fn bitor(&self, other: &TypeContents) -> TypeContents {
        TypeContents {bits: self.bits | other.bits}
    }
}

impl ops::BitAnd<TypeContents,TypeContents> for TypeContents {
    fn bitand(&self, other: &TypeContents) -> TypeContents {
        TypeContents {bits: self.bits & other.bits}
    }
}

impl ops::Sub<TypeContents,TypeContents> for TypeContents {
    fn sub(&self, other: &TypeContents) -> TypeContents {
        TypeContents {bits: self.bits & !other.bits}
    }
}

impl fmt::Show for TypeContents {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "TypeContents({:b})", self.bits)
    }
}

pub fn type_interior_is_unsafe<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
    type_contents(cx, ty).interior_unsafe()
}

pub fn type_contents<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> TypeContents {
    return memoized(&cx.tc_cache, ty, |ty| {
        tc_ty(cx, ty, &mut FnvHashMap::new())
    });

    fn tc_ty<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                   ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                   cache: &mut FnvHashMap<Ty<'tcx>, TypeContents>) -> TypeContents
    {
        // Subtle: Note that we are *not* using cx.tc_cache here but rather a
        // private cache for this walk.  This is needed in the case of cyclic
        // types like:
        //
        //     struct List { next: Box<Option<List>>, ... }
        //
        // When computing the type contents of such a type, we wind up deeply
        // recursing as we go.  So when we encounter the recursive reference
        // to List, we temporarily use TC::None as its contents.  Later we'll
        // patch up the cache with the correct value, once we've computed it
        // (this is basically a co-inductive process, if that helps).  So in
        // the end we'll compute TC::OwnsOwned, in this case.
        //
        // The problem is, as we are doing the computation, we will also
        // compute an *intermediate* contents for, e.g., Option<List> of
        // TC::None.  This is ok during the computation of List itself, but if
        // we stored this intermediate value into cx.tc_cache, then later
        // requests for the contents of Option<List> would also yield TC::None
        // which is incorrect.  This value was computed based on the crutch
        // value for the type contents of list.  The correct value is
        // TC::OwnsOwned.  This manifested as issue #4821.
        match cache.get(&ty) {
            Some(tc) => { return *tc; }
            None => {}
        }
        match cx.tc_cache.borrow().get(&ty) {    // Must check both caches!
            Some(tc) => { return *tc; }
            None => {}
        }
        cache.insert(ty, TC::None);

        let result = match ty.sty {
            // uint and int are ffi-unsafe
            ty_uint(ast::TyU) | ty_int(ast::TyI) => {
                TC::ReachesFfiUnsafe
            }

            // Scalar and unique types are sendable, and durable
            ty_infer(ty::SkolemizedIntTy(_)) |
            ty_bool | ty_int(_) | ty_uint(_) | ty_float(_) |
            ty_bare_fn(_) | ty::ty_char => {
                TC::None
            }

            ty_closure(ref c) => {
                closure_contents(cx, &**c) | TC::ReachesFfiUnsafe
            }

            ty_uniq(typ) => {
                TC::ReachesFfiUnsafe | match typ.sty {
                    ty_str => TC::OwnsOwned,
                    _ => tc_ty(cx, typ, cache).owned_pointer(),
                }
            }

            ty_trait(box TyTrait { bounds, .. }) => {
                object_contents(cx, bounds) | TC::ReachesFfiUnsafe | TC::Nonsized
            }

            ty_ptr(ref mt) => {
                tc_ty(cx, mt.ty, cache).unsafe_pointer()
            }

            ty_rptr(r, ref mt) => {
                TC::ReachesFfiUnsafe | match mt.ty.sty {
                    ty_str => borrowed_contents(r, ast::MutImmutable),
                    ty_vec(..) => tc_ty(cx, mt.ty, cache).reference(borrowed_contents(r, mt.mutbl)),
                    _ => tc_ty(cx, mt.ty, cache).reference(borrowed_contents(r, mt.mutbl)),
                }
            }

            ty_vec(ty, Some(_)) => {
                tc_ty(cx, ty, cache)
            }

            ty_vec(ty, None) => {
                tc_ty(cx, ty, cache) | TC::Nonsized
            }
            ty_str => TC::Nonsized,

            ty_struct(did, ref substs) => {
                let flds = struct_fields(cx, did, substs);
                let mut res =
                    TypeContents::union(flds.as_slice(),
                                        |f| tc_mt(cx, f.mt, cache));

                if !lookup_repr_hints(cx, did).contains(&attr::ReprExtern) {
                    res = res | TC::ReachesFfiUnsafe;
                }

                if ty::has_dtor(cx, did) {
                    res = res | TC::OwnsDtor;
                }
                apply_lang_items(cx, did, res)
            }

            ty_unboxed_closure(did, r, ref substs) => {
                // FIXME(#14449): `borrowed_contents` below assumes `&mut`
                // unboxed closure.
                let upvars = unboxed_closure_upvars(cx, did, substs);
                TypeContents::union(upvars.as_slice(),
                                    |f| tc_ty(cx, f.ty, cache)) |
                    borrowed_contents(r, MutMutable)
            }

            ty_tup(ref tys) => {
                TypeContents::union(tys.as_slice(),
                                    |ty| tc_ty(cx, *ty, cache))
            }

            ty_enum(did, ref substs) => {
                let variants = substd_enum_variants(cx, did, substs);
                let mut res =
                    TypeContents::union(variants.as_slice(), |variant| {
                        TypeContents::union(variant.args.as_slice(),
                                            |arg_ty| {
                            tc_ty(cx, *arg_ty, cache)
                        })
                    });

                if ty::has_dtor(cx, did) {
                    res = res | TC::OwnsDtor;
                }

                if variants.len() != 0 {
                    let repr_hints = lookup_repr_hints(cx, did);
                    if repr_hints.len() > 1 {
                        // this is an error later on, but this type isn't safe
                        res = res | TC::ReachesFfiUnsafe;
                    }

                    match repr_hints.as_slice().get(0) {
                        Some(h) => if !h.is_ffi_safe() {
                            res = res | TC::ReachesFfiUnsafe;
                        },
                        // ReprAny
                        None => {
                            res = res | TC::ReachesFfiUnsafe;

                            // We allow ReprAny enums if they are eligible for
                            // the nullable pointer optimization and the
                            // contained type is an `extern fn`

                            if variants.len() == 2 {
                                let mut data_idx = 0;

                                if variants[0].args.len() == 0 {
                                    data_idx = 1;
                                }

                                if variants[data_idx].args.len() == 1 {
                                    match variants[data_idx].args[0].sty {
                                        ty_bare_fn(..) => { res = res - TC::ReachesFfiUnsafe; }
                                        _ => { }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }


                apply_lang_items(cx, did, res)
            }

            ty_param(p) => {
                // We only ever ask for the kind of types that are defined in
                // the current crate; therefore, the only type parameters that
                // could be in scope are those defined in the current crate.
                // If this assertion fails, it is likely because of a
                // failure of the cross-crate inlining code to translate a
                // def-id.
                assert_eq!(p.def_id.krate, ast::LOCAL_CRATE);

                let ty_param_defs = cx.ty_param_defs.borrow();
                let tp_def = &(*ty_param_defs)[p.def_id.node];
                kind_bounds_to_contents(
                    cx,
                    tp_def.bounds.builtin_bounds,
                    tp_def.bounds.trait_bounds.as_slice())
            }

            ty_infer(_) => {
                // This occurs during coherence, but shouldn't occur at other
                // times.
                TC::All
            }

            ty_open(ty) => {
                let result = tc_ty(cx, ty, cache);
                assert!(!result.is_sized(cx))
                result.unsafe_pointer() | TC::Nonsized
            }

            ty_err => {
                cx.sess.bug("asked to compute contents of error type");
            }
        };

        cache.insert(ty, result);
        result
    }

    fn tc_mt<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                   mt: mt<'tcx>,
                   cache: &mut FnvHashMap<Ty<'tcx>, TypeContents>) -> TypeContents
    {
        let mc = TC::ReachesMutable.when(mt.mutbl == MutMutable);
        mc | tc_ty(cx, mt.ty, cache)
    }

    fn apply_lang_items(cx: &ctxt,
                        did: ast::DefId,
                        tc: TypeContents)
                        -> TypeContents
    {
        if Some(did) == cx.lang_items.managed_bound() {
            tc | TC::Managed
        } else if Some(did) == cx.lang_items.no_copy_bound() {
            tc | TC::OwnsAffine
        } else if Some(did) == cx.lang_items.unsafe_type() {
            tc | TC::InteriorUnsafe
        } else {
            tc
        }
    }

    fn borrowed_contents(region: ty::Region,
                         mutbl: ast::Mutability)
                         -> TypeContents {
        /*!
         * Type contents due to containing a reference
         * with the region `region` and borrow kind `bk`
         */

        let b = match mutbl {
            ast::MutMutable => TC::ReachesMutable | TC::OwnsAffine,
            ast::MutImmutable => TC::None,
        };
        b | (TC::ReachesBorrowed).when(region != ty::ReStatic)
    }

    fn closure_contents(cx: &ctxt, cty: &ClosureTy) -> TypeContents {
        // Closure contents are just like trait contents, but with potentially
        // even more stuff.
        let st = object_contents(cx, cty.bounds);

        let st = match cty.store {
            UniqTraitStore => {
                st.owned_pointer()
            }
            RegionTraitStore(r, mutbl) => {
                st.reference(borrowed_contents(r, mutbl))
            }
        };

        // This also prohibits "@once fn" from being copied, which allows it to
        // be called. Neither way really makes much sense.
        let ot = match cty.onceness {
            ast::Once => TC::OwnsAffine,
            ast::Many => TC::None,
        };

        st | ot
    }

    fn object_contents(cx: &ctxt,
                       bounds: ExistentialBounds)
                       -> TypeContents {
        // These are the type contents of the (opaque) interior
        kind_bounds_to_contents(cx, bounds.builtin_bounds, &[])
    }

    fn kind_bounds_to_contents<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                                     bounds: BuiltinBounds,
                                     traits: &[Rc<TraitRef<'tcx>>])
                                     -> TypeContents {
        let _i = indenter();
        let mut tc = TC::All;
        each_inherited_builtin_bound(cx, bounds, traits, |bound| {
            tc = tc - match bound {
                BoundSync | BoundSend => TC::None,
                BoundSized => TC::Nonsized,
                BoundCopy => TC::Noncopy,
            };
        });
        return tc;

        // Iterates over all builtin bounds on the type parameter def, including
        // those inherited from traits with builtin-kind-supertraits.
        fn each_inherited_builtin_bound<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                                              bounds: BuiltinBounds,
                                              traits: &[Rc<TraitRef<'tcx>>],
                                              f: |BuiltinBound|) {
            for bound in bounds.iter() {
                f(bound);
            }

            each_bound_trait_and_supertraits(cx, traits, |trait_ref| {
                let trait_def = lookup_trait_def(cx, trait_ref.def_id);
                for bound in trait_def.bounds.builtin_bounds.iter() {
                    f(bound);
                }
                true
            });
        }
    }
}

pub fn type_moves_by_default<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
    type_contents(cx, ty).moves_by_default(cx)
}

pub fn is_ffi_safe<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
    !type_contents(cx, ty).intersects(TC::ReachesFfiUnsafe)
}

// True if instantiating an instance of `r_ty` requires an instance of `r_ty`.
pub fn is_instantiable<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, r_ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
    fn type_requires<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, seen: &mut Vec<DefId>,
                           r_ty: Ty<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
        debug!("type_requires({}, {})?",
               ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, r_ty),
               ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, ty));

        let r = r_ty == ty || subtypes_require(cx, seen, r_ty, ty);

        debug!("type_requires({}, {})? {}",
               ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, r_ty),
               ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, ty),
               r);
        return r;
    }

    fn subtypes_require<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, seen: &mut Vec<DefId>,
                              r_ty: Ty<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
        debug!("subtypes_require({}, {})?",
               ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, r_ty),
               ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, ty));

        let r = match ty.sty {
            // fixed length vectors need special treatment compared to
            // normal vectors, since they don't necessarily have the
            // possibility to have length zero.
            ty_vec(_, Some(0)) => false, // don't need no contents
            ty_vec(ty, Some(_)) => type_requires(cx, seen, r_ty, ty),

            ty_bool |
            ty_char |
            ty_int(_) |
            ty_uint(_) |
            ty_float(_) |
            ty_str |
            ty_bare_fn(_) |
            ty_closure(_) |
            ty_infer(_) |
            ty_err |
            ty_param(_) |
            ty_vec(_, None) => {
                false
            }
            ty_uniq(typ) | ty_open(typ) => {
                type_requires(cx, seen, r_ty, typ)
            }
            ty_rptr(_, ref mt) => {
                type_requires(cx, seen, r_ty, mt.ty)
            }

            ty_ptr(..) => {
                false           // unsafe ptrs can always be NULL
            }

            ty_trait(..) => {
                false
            }

            ty_struct(ref did, _) if seen.contains(did) => {
                false
            }

            ty_struct(did, ref substs) => {
                seen.push(did);
                let fields = struct_fields(cx, did, substs);
                let r = fields.iter().any(|f| type_requires(cx, seen, r_ty, f.mt.ty));
                seen.pop().unwrap();
                r
            }

            ty_unboxed_closure(did, _, ref substs) => {
                let upvars = unboxed_closure_upvars(cx, did, substs);
                upvars.iter().any(|f| type_requires(cx, seen, r_ty, f.ty))
            }

            ty_tup(ref ts) => {
                ts.iter().any(|ty| type_requires(cx, seen, r_ty, *ty))
            }

            ty_enum(ref did, _) if seen.contains(did) => {
                false
            }

            ty_enum(did, ref substs) => {
                seen.push(did);
                let vs = enum_variants(cx, did);
                let r = !vs.is_empty() && vs.iter().all(|variant| {
                    variant.args.iter().any(|aty| {
                        let sty = aty.subst(cx, substs);
                        type_requires(cx, seen, r_ty, sty)
                    })
                });
                seen.pop().unwrap();
                r
            }
        };

        debug!("subtypes_require({}, {})? {}",
               ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, r_ty),
               ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, ty),
               r);

        return r;
    }

    let mut seen = Vec::new();
    !subtypes_require(cx, &mut seen, r_ty, r_ty)
}

/// Describes whether a type is representable. For types that are not
/// representable, 'SelfRecursive' and 'ContainsRecursive' are used to
/// distinguish between types that are recursive with themselves and types that
/// contain a different recursive type. These cases can therefore be treated
/// differently when reporting errors.
///
/// The ordering of the cases is significant. They are sorted so that cmp::max
/// will keep the "more erroneous" of two values.
#[deriving(PartialOrd, Ord, Eq, PartialEq, Show)]
pub enum Representability {
    Representable,
    ContainsRecursive,
    SelfRecursive,
}

/// Check whether a type is representable. This means it cannot contain unboxed
/// structural recursion. This check is needed for structs and enums.
pub fn is_type_representable<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, sp: Span, ty: Ty<'tcx>)
                                   -> Representability {

    // Iterate until something non-representable is found
    fn find_nonrepresentable<'tcx, It: Iterator<Ty<'tcx>>>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, sp: Span,
                                                           seen: &mut Vec<Ty<'tcx>>,
                                                           iter: It)
                                                           -> Representability {
        iter.fold(Representable,
                  |r, ty| cmp::max(r, is_type_structurally_recursive(cx, sp, seen, ty)))
    }

    fn are_inner_types_recursive<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, sp: Span,
                                       seen: &mut Vec<Ty<'tcx>>, ty: Ty<'tcx>)
                                       -> Representability {
        match ty.sty {
            ty_tup(ref ts) => {
                find_nonrepresentable(cx, sp, seen, ts.iter().map(|ty| *ty))
            }
            // Fixed-length vectors.
            // FIXME(#11924) Behavior undecided for zero-length vectors.
            ty_vec(ty, Some(_)) => {
                is_type_structurally_recursive(cx, sp, seen, ty)
            }
            ty_struct(did, ref substs) => {
                let fields = struct_fields(cx, did, substs);
                find_nonrepresentable(cx, sp, seen, fields.iter().map(|f| f.mt.ty))
            }
            ty_enum(did, ref substs) => {
                let vs = enum_variants(cx, did);
                let iter = vs.iter()
                    .flat_map(|variant| { variant.args.iter() })
                    .map(|aty| { aty.subst_spanned(cx, substs, Some(sp)) });

                find_nonrepresentable(cx, sp, seen, iter)
            }
            ty_unboxed_closure(did, _, ref substs) => {
                let upvars = unboxed_closure_upvars(cx, did, substs);
                find_nonrepresentable(cx, sp, seen, upvars.iter().map(|f| f.ty))
            }
            _ => Representable,
        }
    }

    fn same_struct_or_enum_def_id(ty: Ty, did: DefId) -> bool {
        match ty.sty {
            ty_struct(ty_did, _) | ty_enum(ty_did, _) => {
                 ty_did == did
            }
            _ => false
        }
    }

    fn same_type<'tcx>(a: Ty<'tcx>, b: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
        match (&a.sty, &b.sty) {
            (&ty_struct(did_a, ref substs_a), &ty_struct(did_b, ref substs_b)) |
            (&ty_enum(did_a, ref substs_a), &ty_enum(did_b, ref substs_b)) => {
                if did_a != did_b {
                    return false;
                }

                let types_a = substs_a.types.get_slice(subst::TypeSpace);
                let types_b = substs_b.types.get_slice(subst::TypeSpace);

                let pairs = types_a.iter().zip(types_b.iter());

                pairs.all(|(&a, &b)| same_type(a, b))
            }
            _ => {
                a == b
            }
        }
    }

    // Does the type `ty` directly (without indirection through a pointer)
    // contain any types on stack `seen`?
    fn is_type_structurally_recursive<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, sp: Span,
                                            seen: &mut Vec<Ty<'tcx>>,
                                            ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Representability {
        debug!("is_type_structurally_recursive: {}",
               ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, ty));

        match ty.sty {
            ty_struct(did, _) | ty_enum(did, _) => {
                {
                    // Iterate through stack of previously seen types.
                    let mut iter = seen.iter();

                    // The first item in `seen` is the type we are actually curious about.
                    // We want to return SelfRecursive if this type contains itself.
                    // It is important that we DON'T take generic parameters into account
                    // for this check, so that Bar<T> in this example counts as SelfRecursive:
                    //
                    // struct Foo;
                    // struct Bar<T> { x: Bar<Foo> }

                    match iter.next() {
                        Some(&seen_type) => {
                            if same_struct_or_enum_def_id(seen_type, did) {
                                debug!("SelfRecursive: {} contains {}",
                                       ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, seen_type),
                                       ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, ty));
                                return SelfRecursive;
                            }
                        }
                        None => {}
                    }

                    // We also need to know whether the first item contains other types that
                    // are structurally recursive. If we don't catch this case, we will recurse
                    // infinitely for some inputs.
                    //
                    // It is important that we DO take generic parameters into account here,
                    // so that code like this is considered SelfRecursive, not ContainsRecursive:
                    //
                    // struct Foo { Option<Option<Foo>> }

                    for &seen_type in iter {
                        if same_type(ty, seen_type) {
                            debug!("ContainsRecursive: {} contains {}",
                                   ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, seen_type),
                                   ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, ty));
                            return ContainsRecursive;
                        }
                    }
                }

                // For structs and enums, track all previously seen types by pushing them
                // onto the 'seen' stack.
                seen.push(ty);
                let out = are_inner_types_recursive(cx, sp, seen, ty);
                seen.pop();
                out
            }
            _ => {
                // No need to push in other cases.
                are_inner_types_recursive(cx, sp, seen, ty)
            }
        }
    }

    debug!("is_type_representable: {}",
           ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, ty));

    // To avoid a stack overflow when checking an enum variant or struct that
    // contains a different, structurally recursive type, maintain a stack
    // of seen types and check recursion for each of them (issues #3008, #3779).
    let mut seen: Vec<Ty> = Vec::new();
    let r = is_type_structurally_recursive(cx, sp, &mut seen, ty);
    debug!("is_type_representable: {} is {}",
           ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, ty), r);
    r
}

pub fn type_is_trait(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    type_trait_info(ty).is_some()
}

pub fn type_trait_info<'tcx>(ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Option<&'tcx TyTrait<'tcx>> {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_uniq(ty) | ty_rptr(_, mt { ty, ..}) | ty_ptr(mt { ty, ..}) => match ty.sty {
            ty_trait(ref t) => Some(&**t),
            _ => None
        },
        ty_trait(ref t) => Some(&**t),
        _ => None
    }
}

pub fn type_is_integral(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
      ty_infer(IntVar(_)) | ty_int(_) | ty_uint(_) => true,
      _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_skolemized(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
      ty_infer(SkolemizedTy(_)) => true,
      ty_infer(SkolemizedIntTy(_)) => true,
      _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_uint(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
      ty_infer(IntVar(_)) | ty_uint(ast::TyU) => true,
      _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_char(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_char => true,
        _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_bare_fn(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_bare_fn(..) => true,
        _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_fp(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
      ty_infer(FloatVar(_)) | ty_float(_) => true,
      _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_numeric(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    return type_is_integral(ty) || type_is_fp(ty);
}

pub fn type_is_signed(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
      ty_int(_) => true,
      _ => false
    }
}

pub fn type_is_machine(ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_int(ast::TyI) | ty_uint(ast::TyU) => false,
        ty_int(..) | ty_uint(..) | ty_float(..) => true,
        _ => false
    }
}

// Is the type's representation size known at compile time?
pub fn type_is_sized<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
    type_contents(cx, ty).is_sized(cx)
}

pub fn lltype_is_sized<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_open(_) => true,
        _ => type_contents(cx, ty).is_sized(cx)
    }
}

// Return the smallest part of `ty` which is unsized. Fails if `ty` is sized.
// 'Smallest' here means component of the static representation of the type; not
// the size of an object at runtime.
pub fn unsized_part_of_type<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_str | ty_trait(..) | ty_vec(..) => ty,
        ty_struct(def_id, ref substs) => {
            let unsized_fields: Vec<_> = struct_fields(cx, def_id, substs).iter()
                .map(|f| f.mt.ty).filter(|ty| !type_is_sized(cx, *ty)).collect();
            // Exactly one of the fields must be unsized.
            assert!(unsized_fields.len() == 1)

            unsized_part_of_type(cx, unsized_fields[0])
        }
        _ => {
            assert!(type_is_sized(cx, ty),
                    "unsized_part_of_type failed even though ty is unsized");
            panic!("called unsized_part_of_type with sized ty");
        }
    }
}

// Whether a type is enum like, that is an enum type with only nullary
// constructors
pub fn type_is_c_like_enum(cx: &ctxt, ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_enum(did, _) => {
            let variants = enum_variants(cx, did);
            if variants.len() == 0 {
                false
            } else {
                variants.iter().all(|v| v.args.len() == 0)
            }
        }
        _ => false
    }
}

// Returns the type and mutability of *ty.
//
// The parameter `explicit` indicates if this is an *explicit* dereference.
// Some types---notably unsafe ptrs---can only be dereferenced explicitly.
pub fn deref<'tcx>(ty: Ty<'tcx>, explicit: bool) -> Option<mt<'tcx>> {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_uniq(ty) => {
            Some(mt {
                ty: ty,
                mutbl: ast::MutImmutable,
            })
        },
        ty_rptr(_, mt) => Some(mt),
        ty_ptr(mt) if explicit => Some(mt),
        _ => None
    }
}

pub fn close_type<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_open(ty) => mk_rptr(cx, ReStatic, mt {ty: ty, mutbl:ast::MutImmutable}),
        _ => cx.sess.bug(format!("Trying to close a non-open type {}",
                                 ty_to_string(cx, ty)).as_slice())
    }
}

pub fn type_content<'tcx>(ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_uniq(ty) => ty,
        ty_rptr(_, mt) |ty_ptr(mt) => mt.ty,
        _ => ty
    }
}

// Extract the unsized type in an open type (or just return ty if it is not open).
pub fn unopen_type<'tcx>(ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_open(ty) => ty,
        _ => ty
    }
}

// Returns the type of ty[i]
pub fn index<'tcx>(ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_vec(ty, _) => Some(ty),
        _ => None
    }
}

// Returns the type of elements contained within an 'array-like' type.
// This is exactly the same as the above, except it supports strings,
// which can't actually be indexed.
pub fn array_element_ty<'tcx>(ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_vec(ty, _) => Some(ty),
        ty_str => Some(mk_u8()),
        _ => None
    }
}

/// Returns the type of element at index `i` in tuple or tuple-like type `t`.
/// For an enum `t`, `variant` is None only if `t` is a univariant enum.
pub fn positional_element_ty<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                                   ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                                   i: uint,
                                   variant: Option<ast::DefId>) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {

    match (&ty.sty, variant) {
        (&ty_tup(ref v), None) => v.as_slice().get(i).map(|&t| t),


        (&ty_struct(def_id, ref substs), None) => lookup_struct_fields(cx, def_id)
            .as_slice().get(i)
            .map(|&t|lookup_item_type(cx, t.id).ty.subst(cx, substs)),

        (&ty_enum(def_id, ref substs), Some(variant_def_id)) => {
            let variant_info = enum_variant_with_id(cx, def_id, variant_def_id);
            variant_info.args.as_slice().get(i).map(|t|t.subst(cx, substs))
        }

        (&ty_enum(def_id, ref substs), None) => {
            assert!(enum_is_univariant(cx, def_id));
            let enum_variants = enum_variants(cx, def_id);
            let variant_info = &(*enum_variants)[0];
            variant_info.args.as_slice().get(i).map(|t|t.subst(cx, substs))
        }

        _ => None
    }
}

/// Returns the type of element at field `n` in struct or struct-like type `t`.
/// For an enum `t`, `variant` must be some def id.
pub fn named_element_ty<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                              ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                              n: ast::Name,
                              variant: Option<ast::DefId>) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {

    match (&ty.sty, variant) {
        (&ty_struct(def_id, ref substs), None) => {
            let r = lookup_struct_fields(cx, def_id);
            r.iter().find(|f| f.name == n)
                .map(|&f| lookup_field_type(cx, def_id, f.id, substs))
        }
        (&ty_enum(def_id, ref substs), Some(variant_def_id)) => {
            let variant_info = enum_variant_with_id(cx, def_id, variant_def_id);
            variant_info.arg_names.as_ref()
                .expect("must have struct enum variant if accessing a named fields")
                .iter().zip(variant_info.args.iter())
                .find(|&(ident, _)| ident.name == n)
                .map(|(_ident, arg_t)| arg_t.subst(cx, substs))
        }
        _ => None
    }
}

pub fn node_id_to_trait_ref<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, id: ast::NodeId)
                                  -> Rc<ty::TraitRef<'tcx>> {
    match cx.trait_refs.borrow().get(&id) {
        Some(ty) => ty.clone(),
        None => cx.sess.bug(
            format!("node_id_to_trait_ref: no trait ref for node `{}`",
                    cx.map.node_to_string(id)).as_slice())
    }
}

pub fn try_node_id_to_type<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, id: ast::NodeId) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
    cx.node_types.borrow().get(&id).cloned()
}

pub fn node_id_to_type<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, id: ast::NodeId) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    match try_node_id_to_type(cx, id) {
       Some(ty) => ty,
       None => cx.sess.bug(
           format!("node_id_to_type: no type for node `{}`",
                   cx.map.node_to_string(id)).as_slice())
    }
}

pub fn node_id_to_type_opt<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, id: ast::NodeId) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
    match cx.node_types.borrow().get(&id) {
       Some(&ty) => Some(ty),
       None => None
    }
}

pub fn node_id_item_substs<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, id: ast::NodeId) -> ItemSubsts<'tcx> {
    match cx.item_substs.borrow().get(&id) {
      None => ItemSubsts::empty(),
      Some(ts) => ts.clone(),
    }
}

pub fn fn_is_variadic(fty: Ty) -> bool {
    match fty.sty {
        ty_bare_fn(ref f) => f.sig.variadic,
        ty_closure(ref f) => f.sig.variadic,
        ref s => {
            panic!("fn_is_variadic() called on non-fn type: {}", s)
        }
    }
}

pub fn ty_fn_sig<'tcx>(fty: Ty<'tcx>) -> &'tcx FnSig<'tcx> {
    match fty.sty {
        ty_bare_fn(ref f) => &f.sig,
        ty_closure(ref f) => &f.sig,
        ref s => {
            panic!("ty_fn_sig() called on non-fn type: {}", s)
        }
    }
}

/// Returns the ABI of the given function.
pub fn ty_fn_abi(fty: Ty) -> abi::Abi {
    match fty.sty {
        ty_bare_fn(ref f) => f.abi,
        ty_closure(ref f) => f.abi,
        _ => panic!("ty_fn_abi() called on non-fn type"),
    }
}

// Type accessors for substructures of types
pub fn ty_fn_args<'tcx>(fty: Ty<'tcx>) -> &'tcx [Ty<'tcx>] {
    ty_fn_sig(fty).inputs.as_slice()
}

pub fn ty_closure_store(fty: Ty) -> TraitStore {
    match fty.sty {
        ty_closure(ref f) => f.store,
        ty_unboxed_closure(..) => {
            // Close enough for the purposes of all the callers of this
            // function (which is soon to be deprecated anyhow).
            UniqTraitStore
        }
        ref s => {
            panic!("ty_closure_store() called on non-closure type: {}", s)
        }
    }
}

pub fn ty_fn_ret<'tcx>(fty: Ty<'tcx>) -> FnOutput<'tcx> {
    match fty.sty {
        ty_bare_fn(ref f) => f.sig.output,
        ty_closure(ref f) => f.sig.output,
        ref s => {
            panic!("ty_fn_ret() called on non-fn type: {}", s)
        }
    }
}

pub fn is_fn_ty(fty: Ty) -> bool {
    match fty.sty {
        ty_bare_fn(_) => true,
        ty_closure(_) => true,
        _ => false
    }
}

pub fn ty_region(tcx: &ctxt,
                 span: Span,
                 ty: Ty) -> Region {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_rptr(r, _) => r,
        ref s => {
            tcx.sess.span_bug(
                span,
                format!("ty_region() invoked on an inappropriate ty: {}",
                        s).as_slice());
        }
    }
}

pub fn free_region_from_def(free_id: ast::NodeId, def: &RegionParameterDef)
    -> ty::Region
{
    ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion { scope: region::CodeExtent::from_node_id(free_id),
                                bound_region: ty::BrNamed(def.def_id,
                                                          def.name) })
}

// Returns the type of a pattern as a monotype. Like @expr_ty, this function
// doesn't provide type parameter substitutions.
pub fn pat_ty<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, pat: &ast::Pat) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    return node_id_to_type(cx, pat.id);
}


// Returns the type of an expression as a monotype.
//
// NB (1): This is the PRE-ADJUSTMENT TYPE for the expression.  That is, in
// some cases, we insert `AutoAdjustment` annotations such as auto-deref or
// auto-ref.  The type returned by this function does not consider such
// adjustments.  See `expr_ty_adjusted()` instead.
//
// NB (2): This type doesn't provide type parameter substitutions; e.g. if you
// ask for the type of "id" in "id(3)", it will return "fn(&int) -> int"
// instead of "fn(ty) -> T with T = int".
pub fn expr_ty<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, expr: &ast::Expr) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    return node_id_to_type(cx, expr.id);
}

pub fn expr_ty_opt<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, expr: &ast::Expr) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
    return node_id_to_type_opt(cx, expr.id);
}

pub fn expr_ty_adjusted<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, expr: &ast::Expr) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    /*!
     *
     * Returns the type of `expr`, considering any `AutoAdjustment`
     * entry recorded for that expression.
     *
     * It would almost certainly be better to store the adjusted ty in with
     * the `AutoAdjustment`, but I opted not to do this because it would
     * require serializing and deserializing the type and, although that's not
     * hard to do, I just hate that code so much I didn't want to touch it
     * unless it was to fix it properly, which seemed a distraction from the
     * task at hand! -nmatsakis
     */

    adjust_ty(cx, expr.span, expr.id, expr_ty(cx, expr),
              cx.adjustments.borrow().get(&expr.id),
              |method_call| cx.method_map.borrow().get(&method_call).map(|method| method.ty))
}

pub fn expr_span(cx: &ctxt, id: NodeId) -> Span {
    match cx.map.find(id) {
        Some(ast_map::NodeExpr(e)) => {
            e.span
        }
        Some(f) => {
            cx.sess.bug(format!("Node id {} is not an expr: {}",
                                id,
                                f).as_slice());
        }
        None => {
            cx.sess.bug(format!("Node id {} is not present \
                                in the node map", id).as_slice());
        }
    }
}

pub fn local_var_name_str(cx: &ctxt, id: NodeId) -> InternedString {
    match cx.map.find(id) {
        Some(ast_map::NodeLocal(pat)) => {
            match pat.node {
                ast::PatIdent(_, ref path1, _) => {
                    token::get_ident(path1.node)
                }
                _ => {
                    cx.sess.bug(
                        format!("Variable id {} maps to {}, not local",
                                id,
                                pat).as_slice());
                }
            }
        }
        r => {
            cx.sess.bug(format!("Variable id {} maps to {}, not local",
                                id,
                                r).as_slice());
        }
    }
}

pub fn adjust_ty<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                       span: Span,
                       expr_id: ast::NodeId,
                       unadjusted_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                       adjustment: Option<&AutoAdjustment<'tcx>>,
                       method_type: |typeck::MethodCall| -> Option<Ty<'tcx>>)
                       -> Ty<'tcx> {
    /*! See `expr_ty_adjusted` */

    match unadjusted_ty.sty {
        ty_err => return unadjusted_ty,
        _ => {}
    }

    return match adjustment {
        Some(adjustment) => {
            match *adjustment {
                AdjustAddEnv(store) => {
                    match unadjusted_ty.sty {
                        ty::ty_bare_fn(ref b) => {
                            let bounds = ty::ExistentialBounds {
                                region_bound: ReStatic,
                                builtin_bounds: all_builtin_bounds(),
                            };

                            ty::mk_closure(
                                cx,
                                ty::ClosureTy {fn_style: b.fn_style,
                                               onceness: ast::Many,
                                               store: store,
                                               bounds: bounds,
                                               sig: b.sig.clone(),
                                               abi: b.abi})
                        }
                        ref b => {
                            cx.sess.bug(
                                format!("add_env adjustment on non-bare-fn: \
                                         {}",
                                        b).as_slice());
                        }
                    }
                }

                AdjustDerefRef(ref adj) => {
                    let mut adjusted_ty = unadjusted_ty;

                    if !ty::type_is_error(adjusted_ty) {
                        for i in range(0, adj.autoderefs) {
                            let method_call = typeck::MethodCall::autoderef(expr_id, i);
                            match method_type(method_call) {
                                Some(method_ty) => {
                                    if let ty::FnConverging(result_type) = ty_fn_ret(method_ty) {
                                        adjusted_ty = result_type;
                                    }
                                }
                                None => {}
                            }
                            match deref(adjusted_ty, true) {
                                Some(mt) => { adjusted_ty = mt.ty; }
                                None => {
                                    cx.sess.span_bug(
                                        span,
                                        format!("the {}th autoderef failed: \
                                                {}",
                                                i,
                                                ty_to_string(cx, adjusted_ty))
                                                          .as_slice());
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    adjust_ty_for_autoref(cx, span, adjusted_ty, adj.autoref.as_ref())
                }
            }
        }
        None => unadjusted_ty
    };
}

pub fn adjust_ty_for_autoref<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                                   span: Span,
                                   ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                                   autoref: Option<&AutoRef<'tcx>>)
                                   -> Ty<'tcx>
{
    match autoref {
        None => ty,

        Some(&AutoPtr(r, m, ref a)) => {
            let adjusted_ty = match a {
                &Some(box ref a) => adjust_ty_for_autoref(cx, span, ty, Some(a)),
                &None => ty
            };
            mk_rptr(cx, r, mt {
                ty: adjusted_ty,
                mutbl: m
            })
        }

        Some(&AutoUnsafe(m, ref a)) => {
            let adjusted_ty = match a {
                &Some(box ref a) => adjust_ty_for_autoref(cx, span, ty, Some(a)),
                &None => ty
            };
            mk_ptr(cx, mt {ty: adjusted_ty, mutbl: m})
        }

        Some(&AutoUnsize(ref k)) => unsize_ty(cx, ty, k, span),

        Some(&AutoUnsizeUniq(ref k)) => ty::mk_uniq(cx, unsize_ty(cx, ty, k, span)),
    }
}

// Take a sized type and a sizing adjustment and produce an unsized version of
// the type.
pub fn unsize_ty<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                       ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                       kind: &UnsizeKind<'tcx>,
                       span: Span)
                       -> Ty<'tcx> {
    match kind {
        &UnsizeLength(len) => match ty.sty {
            ty_vec(ty, Some(n)) => {
                assert!(len == n);
                mk_vec(cx, ty, None)
            }
            _ => cx.sess.span_bug(span,
                                  format!("UnsizeLength with bad sty: {}",
                                          ty_to_string(cx, ty)).as_slice())
        },
        &UnsizeStruct(box ref k, tp_index) => match ty.sty {
            ty_struct(did, ref substs) => {
                let ty_substs = substs.types.get_slice(subst::TypeSpace);
                let new_ty = unsize_ty(cx, ty_substs[tp_index], k, span);
                let mut unsized_substs = substs.clone();
                unsized_substs.types.get_mut_slice(subst::TypeSpace)[tp_index] = new_ty;
                mk_struct(cx, did, unsized_substs)
            }
            _ => cx.sess.span_bug(span,
                                  format!("UnsizeStruct with bad sty: {}",
                                          ty_to_string(cx, ty)).as_slice())
        },
        &UnsizeVtable(TyTrait { ref principal, bounds }, _) => {
            mk_trait(cx, (*principal).clone(), bounds)
        }
    }
}

pub fn resolve_expr(tcx: &ctxt, expr: &ast::Expr) -> def::Def {
    match tcx.def_map.borrow().get(&expr.id) {
        Some(&def) => def,
        None => {
            tcx.sess.span_bug(expr.span, format!(
                "no def-map entry for expr {}", expr.id).as_slice());
        }
    }
}

pub fn expr_is_lval(tcx: &ctxt, e: &ast::Expr) -> bool {
    match expr_kind(tcx, e) {
        LvalueExpr => true,
        RvalueDpsExpr | RvalueDatumExpr | RvalueStmtExpr => false
    }
}

/// We categorize expressions into three kinds.  The distinction between
/// lvalue/rvalue is fundamental to the language.  The distinction between the
/// two kinds of rvalues is an artifact of trans which reflects how we will
/// generate code for that kind of expression.  See trans/expr.rs for more
/// information.
pub enum ExprKind {
    LvalueExpr,
    RvalueDpsExpr,
    RvalueDatumExpr,
    RvalueStmtExpr
}

pub fn expr_kind(tcx: &ctxt, expr: &ast::Expr) -> ExprKind {
    if tcx.method_map.borrow().contains_key(&typeck::MethodCall::expr(expr.id)) {
        // Overloaded operations are generally calls, and hence they are
        // generated via DPS, but there are a few exceptions:
        return match expr.node {
            // `a += b` has a unit result.
            ast::ExprAssignOp(..) => RvalueStmtExpr,

            // the deref method invoked for `*a` always yields an `&T`
            ast::ExprUnary(ast::UnDeref, _) => LvalueExpr,

            // the index method invoked for `a[i]` always yields an `&T`
            ast::ExprIndex(..) => LvalueExpr,

            // the slice method invoked for `a[..]` always yields an `&T`
            ast::ExprSlice(..) => LvalueExpr,

            // `for` loops are statements
            ast::ExprForLoop(..) => RvalueStmtExpr,

            // in the general case, result could be any type, use DPS
            _ => RvalueDpsExpr
        };
    }

    match expr.node {
        ast::ExprPath(..) => {
            match resolve_expr(tcx, expr) {
                def::DefVariant(tid, vid, _) => {
                    let variant_info = enum_variant_with_id(tcx, tid, vid);
                    if variant_info.args.len() > 0u {
                        // N-ary variant.
                        RvalueDatumExpr
                    } else {
                        // Nullary variant.
                        RvalueDpsExpr
                    }
                }

                def::DefStruct(_) => {
                    match expr_ty(tcx, expr).sty {
                        ty_bare_fn(..) => RvalueDatumExpr,
                        _ => RvalueDpsExpr
                    }
                }

                // Special case: A unit like struct's constructor must be called without () at the
                // end (like `UnitStruct`) which means this is an ExprPath to a DefFn. But in case
                // of unit structs this is should not be interpreted as function pointer but as
                // call to the constructor.
                def::DefFn(_, true) => RvalueDpsExpr,

                // Fn pointers are just scalar values.
                def::DefFn(..) | def::DefStaticMethod(..) | def::DefMethod(..) => RvalueDatumExpr,

                // Note: there is actually a good case to be made that
                // DefArg's, particularly those of immediate type, ought to
                // considered rvalues.
                def::DefStatic(..) |
                def::DefUpvar(..) |
                def::DefLocal(..) => LvalueExpr,

                def::DefConst(..) => RvalueDatumExpr,

                def => {
                    tcx.sess.span_bug(
                        expr.span,
                        format!("uncategorized def for expr {}: {}",
                                expr.id,
                                def).as_slice());
                }
            }
        }

        ast::ExprUnary(ast::UnDeref, _) |
        ast::ExprField(..) |
        ast::ExprTupField(..) |
        ast::ExprIndex(..) |
        ast::ExprSlice(..) => {
            LvalueExpr
        }

        ast::ExprCall(..) |
        ast::ExprMethodCall(..) |
        ast::ExprStruct(..) |
        ast::ExprTup(..) |
        ast::ExprIf(..) |
        ast::ExprMatch(..) |
        ast::ExprClosure(..) |
        ast::ExprProc(..) |
        ast::ExprBlock(..) |
        ast::ExprRepeat(..) |
        ast::ExprVec(..) => {
            RvalueDpsExpr
        }

        ast::ExprIfLet(..) => {
            tcx.sess.span_bug(expr.span, "non-desugared ExprIfLet");
        }
        ast::ExprWhileLet(..) => {
            tcx.sess.span_bug(expr.span, "non-desugared ExprWhileLet");
        }

        ast::ExprLit(ref lit) if lit_is_str(&**lit) => {
            RvalueDpsExpr
        }

        ast::ExprCast(..) => {
            match tcx.node_types.borrow().get(&expr.id) {
                Some(&ty) => {
                    if type_is_trait(ty) {
                        RvalueDpsExpr
                    } else {
                        RvalueDatumExpr
                    }
                }
                None => {
                    // Technically, it should not happen that the expr is not
                    // present within the table.  However, it DOES happen
                    // during type check, because the final types from the
                    // expressions are not yet recorded in the tcx.  At that
                    // time, though, we are only interested in knowing lvalue
                    // vs rvalue.  It would be better to base this decision on
                    // the AST type in cast node---but (at the time of this
                    // writing) it's not easy to distinguish casts to traits
                    // from other casts based on the AST.  This should be
                    // easier in the future, when casts to traits
                    // would like @Foo, Box<Foo>, or &Foo.
                    RvalueDatumExpr
                }
            }
        }

        ast::ExprBreak(..) |
        ast::ExprAgain(..) |
        ast::ExprRet(..) |
        ast::ExprWhile(..) |
        ast::ExprLoop(..) |
        ast::ExprAssign(..) |
        ast::ExprInlineAsm(..) |
        ast::ExprAssignOp(..) |
        ast::ExprForLoop(..) => {
            RvalueStmtExpr
        }

        ast::ExprLit(_) | // Note: LitStr is carved out above
        ast::ExprUnary(..) |
        ast::ExprAddrOf(..) |
        ast::ExprBinary(..) => {
            RvalueDatumExpr
        }

        ast::ExprBox(ref place, _) => {
            // Special case `Box<T>` for now:
            let definition = match tcx.def_map.borrow().get(&place.id) {
                Some(&def) => def,
                None => panic!("no def for place"),
            };
            let def_id = definition.def_id();
            if tcx.lang_items.exchange_heap() == Some(def_id) {
                RvalueDatumExpr
            } else {
                RvalueDpsExpr
            }
        }

        ast::ExprParen(ref e) => expr_kind(tcx, &**e),

        ast::ExprMac(..) => {
            tcx.sess.span_bug(
                expr.span,
                "macro expression remains after expansion");
        }
    }
}

pub fn stmt_node_id(s: &ast::Stmt) -> ast::NodeId {
    match s.node {
      ast::StmtDecl(_, id) | StmtExpr(_, id) | StmtSemi(_, id) => {
        return id;
      }
      ast::StmtMac(..) => panic!("unexpanded macro in trans")
    }
}

pub fn field_idx_strict(tcx: &ctxt, name: ast::Name, fields: &[field])
                     -> uint {
    let mut i = 0u;
    for f in fields.iter() { if f.name == name { return i; } i += 1u; }
    tcx.sess.bug(format!(
        "no field named `{}` found in the list of fields `{}`",
        token::get_name(name),
        fields.iter()
              .map(|f| token::get_name(f.name).get().to_string())
              .collect::<Vec<String>>()).as_slice());
}

pub fn impl_or_trait_item_idx(id: ast::Name, trait_items: &[ImplOrTraitItem])
                              -> Option<uint> {
    trait_items.iter().position(|m| m.name() == id)
}

pub fn ty_sort_string<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> String {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_bool | ty_char | ty_int(_) |
        ty_uint(_) | ty_float(_) | ty_str => {
            ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, ty)
        }
        ty_tup(ref tys) if tys.is_empty() => ::util::ppaux::ty_to_string(cx, ty),

        ty_enum(id, _) => format!("enum {}", item_path_str(cx, id)),
        ty_uniq(_) => "box".to_string(),
        ty_vec(_, Some(n)) => format!("array of {} elements", n),
        ty_vec(_, None) => "slice".to_string(),
        ty_ptr(_) => "*-ptr".to_string(),
        ty_rptr(_, _) => "&-ptr".to_string(),
        ty_bare_fn(_) => "extern fn".to_string(),
        ty_closure(_) => "fn".to_string(),
        ty_trait(ref inner) => {
            format!("trait {}", item_path_str(cx, inner.principal.def_id))
        }
        ty_struct(id, _) => {
            format!("struct {}", item_path_str(cx, id))
        }
        ty_unboxed_closure(..) => "closure".to_string(),
        ty_tup(_) => "tuple".to_string(),
        ty_infer(TyVar(_)) => "inferred type".to_string(),
        ty_infer(IntVar(_)) => "integral variable".to_string(),
        ty_infer(FloatVar(_)) => "floating-point variable".to_string(),
        ty_infer(SkolemizedTy(_)) => "skolemized type".to_string(),
        ty_infer(SkolemizedIntTy(_)) => "skolemized integral type".to_string(),
        ty_param(ref p) => {
            if p.space == subst::SelfSpace {
                "Self".to_string()
            } else {
                "type parameter".to_string()
            }
        }
        ty_err => "type error".to_string(),
        ty_open(_) => "opened DST".to_string(),
    }
}

pub fn type_err_to_str<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, err: &type_err<'tcx>) -> String {
    /*!
     *
     * Explains the source of a type err in a short,
     * human readable way.  This is meant to be placed in
     * parentheses after some larger message.  You should
     * also invoke `note_and_explain_type_err()` afterwards
     * to present additional details, particularly when
     * it comes to lifetime-related errors. */

    fn tstore_to_closure(s: &TraitStore) -> String {
        match s {
            &UniqTraitStore => "proc".to_string(),
            &RegionTraitStore(..) => "closure".to_string()
        }
    }

    match *err {
        terr_cyclic_ty => "cyclic type of infinite size".to_string(),
        terr_mismatch => "types differ".to_string(),
        terr_fn_style_mismatch(values) => {
            format!("expected {} fn, found {} fn",
                    values.expected.to_string(),
                    values.found.to_string())
        }
        terr_abi_mismatch(values) => {
            format!("expected {} fn, found {} fn",
                    values.expected.to_string(),
                    values.found.to_string())
        }
        terr_onceness_mismatch(values) => {
            format!("expected {} fn, found {} fn",
                    values.expected.to_string(),
                    values.found.to_string())
        }
        terr_sigil_mismatch(values) => {
            format!("expected {}, found {}",
                    tstore_to_closure(&values.expected),
                    tstore_to_closure(&values.found))
        }
        terr_mutability => "values differ in mutability".to_string(),
        terr_box_mutability => {
            "boxed values differ in mutability".to_string()
        }
        terr_vec_mutability => "vectors differ in mutability".to_string(),
        terr_ptr_mutability => "pointers differ in mutability".to_string(),
        terr_ref_mutability => "references differ in mutability".to_string(),
        terr_ty_param_size(values) => {
            format!("expected a type with {} type params, \
                     found one with {} type params",
                    values.expected,
                    values.found)
        }
        terr_fixed_array_size(values) => {
            format!("expected an array with a fixed size of {} elements, \
                     found one with {} elements",
                    values.expected,
                    values.found)
        }
        terr_tuple_size(values) => {
            format!("expected a tuple with {} elements, \
                     found one with {} elements",
                    values.expected,
                    values.found)
        }
        terr_arg_count => {
            "incorrect number of function parameters".to_string()
        }
        terr_regions_does_not_outlive(..) => {
            "lifetime mismatch".to_string()
        }
        terr_regions_not_same(..) => {
            "lifetimes are not the same".to_string()
        }
        terr_regions_no_overlap(..) => {
            "lifetimes do not intersect".to_string()
        }
        terr_regions_insufficiently_polymorphic(br, _) => {
            format!("expected bound lifetime parameter {}, \
                     found concrete lifetime",
                    bound_region_ptr_to_string(cx, br))
        }
        terr_regions_overly_polymorphic(br, _) => {
            format!("expected concrete lifetime, \
                     found bound lifetime parameter {}",
                    bound_region_ptr_to_string(cx, br))
        }
        terr_trait_stores_differ(_, ref values) => {
            format!("trait storage differs: expected `{}`, found `{}`",
                    trait_store_to_string(cx, (*values).expected),
                    trait_store_to_string(cx, (*values).found))
        }
        terr_sorts(values) => {
            // A naive approach to making sure that we're not reporting silly errors such as:
            // (expected closure, found closure).
            let expected_str = ty_sort_string(cx, values.expected);
            let found_str = ty_sort_string(cx, values.found);
            if expected_str == found_str {
                format!("expected {}, found a different {}", expected_str, found_str)
            } else {
                format!("expected {}, found {}", expected_str, found_str)
            }
        }
        terr_traits(values) => {
            format!("expected trait `{}`, found trait `{}`",
                    item_path_str(cx, values.expected),
                    item_path_str(cx, values.found))
        }
        terr_builtin_bounds(values) => {
            if values.expected.is_empty() {
                format!("expected no bounds, found `{}`",
                        values.found.user_string(cx))
            } else if values.found.is_empty() {
                format!("expected bounds `{}`, found no bounds",
                        values.expected.user_string(cx))
            } else {
                format!("expected bounds `{}`, found bounds `{}`",
                        values.expected.user_string(cx),
                        values.found.user_string(cx))
            }
        }
        terr_integer_as_char => {
            "expected an integral type, found `char`".to_string()
        }
        terr_int_mismatch(ref values) => {
            format!("expected `{}`, found `{}`",
                    values.expected.to_string(),
                    values.found.to_string())
        }
        terr_float_mismatch(ref values) => {
            format!("expected `{}`, found `{}`",
                    values.expected.to_string(),
                    values.found.to_string())
        }
        terr_variadic_mismatch(ref values) => {
            format!("expected {} fn, found {} function",
                    if values.expected { "variadic" } else { "non-variadic" },
                    if values.found { "variadic" } else { "non-variadic" })
        }
        terr_convergence_mismatch(ref values) => {
            format!("expected {} fn, found {} function",
                    if values.expected { "converging" } else { "diverging" },
                    if values.found { "converging" } else { "diverging" })
        }
    }
}

pub fn note_and_explain_type_err(cx: &ctxt, err: &type_err) {
    match *err {
        terr_regions_does_not_outlive(subregion, superregion) => {
            note_and_explain_region(cx, "", subregion, "...");
            note_and_explain_region(cx, "...does not necessarily outlive ",
                                    superregion, "");
        }
        terr_regions_not_same(region1, region2) => {
            note_and_explain_region(cx, "", region1, "...");
            note_and_explain_region(cx, "...is not the same lifetime as ",
                                    region2, "");
        }
        terr_regions_no_overlap(region1, region2) => {
            note_and_explain_region(cx, "", region1, "...");
            note_and_explain_region(cx, "...does not overlap ",
                                    region2, "");
        }
        terr_regions_insufficiently_polymorphic(_, conc_region) => {
            note_and_explain_region(cx,
                                    "concrete lifetime that was found is ",
                                    conc_region, "");
        }
        terr_regions_overly_polymorphic(_, conc_region) => {
            note_and_explain_region(cx,
                                    "expected concrete lifetime is ",
                                    conc_region, "");
        }
        _ => {}
    }
}

pub fn provided_source(cx: &ctxt, id: ast::DefId) -> Option<ast::DefId> {
    cx.provided_method_sources.borrow().get(&id).map(|x| *x)
}

pub fn provided_trait_methods<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, id: ast::DefId)
                                    -> Vec<Rc<Method<'tcx>>> {
    if is_local(id) {
        match cx.map.find(id.node) {
            Some(ast_map::NodeItem(item)) => {
                match item.node {
                    ItemTrait(_, _, _, ref ms) => {
                        let (_, p) =
                            ast_util::split_trait_methods(ms.as_slice());
                        p.iter()
                         .map(|m| {
                            match impl_or_trait_item(
                                    cx,
                                    ast_util::local_def(m.id)) {
                                MethodTraitItem(m) => m,
                                TypeTraitItem(_) => {
                                    cx.sess.bug("provided_trait_methods(): \
                                                 split_trait_methods() put \
                                                 associated types in the \
                                                 provided method bucket?!")
                                }
                            }
                         }).collect()
                    }
                    _ => {
                        cx.sess.bug(format!("provided_trait_methods: `{}` is \
                                             not a trait",
                                            id).as_slice())
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => {
                cx.sess.bug(format!("provided_trait_methods: `{}` is not a \
                                     trait",
                                    id).as_slice())
            }
        }
    } else {
        csearch::get_provided_trait_methods(cx, id)
    }
}

fn lookup_locally_or_in_crate_store<V:Clone>(
                                    descr: &str,
                                    def_id: ast::DefId,
                                    map: &mut DefIdMap<V>,
                                    load_external: || -> V) -> V {
    /*!
     * Helper for looking things up in the various maps
     * that are populated during typeck::collect (e.g.,
     * `cx.impl_or_trait_items`, `cx.tcache`, etc).  All of these share
     * the pattern that if the id is local, it should have
     * been loaded into the map by the `typeck::collect` phase.
     * If the def-id is external, then we have to go consult
     * the crate loading code (and cache the result for the future).
     */

    match map.get(&def_id).cloned() {
        Some(v) => { return v; }
        None => { }
    }

    if def_id.krate == ast::LOCAL_CRATE {
        panic!("No def'n found for {} in tcx.{}", def_id, descr);
    }
    let v = load_external();
    map.insert(def_id, v.clone());
    v
}

pub fn trait_item<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, trait_did: ast::DefId, idx: uint)
                        -> ImplOrTraitItem<'tcx> {
    let method_def_id = (*ty::trait_item_def_ids(cx, trait_did))[idx].def_id();
    impl_or_trait_item(cx, method_def_id)
}

pub fn trait_items<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, trait_did: ast::DefId)
                         -> Rc<Vec<ImplOrTraitItem<'tcx>>> {
    let mut trait_items = cx.trait_items_cache.borrow_mut();
    match trait_items.get(&trait_did).cloned() {
        Some(trait_items) => trait_items,
        None => {
            let def_ids = ty::trait_item_def_ids(cx, trait_did);
            let items: Rc<Vec<ImplOrTraitItem>> =
                Rc::new(def_ids.iter()
                               .map(|d| impl_or_trait_item(cx, d.def_id()))
                               .collect());
            trait_items.insert(trait_did, items.clone());
            items
        }
    }
}

pub fn impl_or_trait_item<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, id: ast::DefId)
                                -> ImplOrTraitItem<'tcx> {
    lookup_locally_or_in_crate_store("impl_or_trait_items",
                                     id,
                                     &mut *cx.impl_or_trait_items
                                             .borrow_mut(),
                                     || {
        csearch::get_impl_or_trait_item(cx, id)
    })
}

/// Returns true if the given ID refers to an associated type and false if it
/// refers to anything else.
pub fn is_associated_type(cx: &ctxt, id: ast::DefId) -> bool {
    memoized(&cx.associated_types, id, |id: ast::DefId| {
        if id.krate == ast::LOCAL_CRATE {
            match cx.impl_or_trait_items.borrow().get(&id) {
                Some(ref item) => {
                    match **item {
                        TypeTraitItem(_) => true,
                        MethodTraitItem(_) => false,
                    }
                }
                None => false,
            }
        } else {
            csearch::is_associated_type(&cx.sess.cstore, id)
        }
    })
}

/// Returns the parameter index that the given associated type corresponds to.
pub fn associated_type_parameter_index(cx: &ctxt,
                                       trait_def: &TraitDef,
                                       associated_type_id: ast::DefId)
                                       -> uint {
    for type_parameter_def in trait_def.generics.types.iter() {
        if type_parameter_def.def_id == associated_type_id {
            return type_parameter_def.index
        }
    }
    cx.sess.bug("couldn't find associated type parameter index")
}

#[deriving(PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct AssociatedTypeInfo {
    pub def_id: ast::DefId,
    pub index: uint,
    pub name: ast::Name,
}

impl PartialOrd for AssociatedTypeInfo {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &AssociatedTypeInfo) -> Option<Ordering> {
        Some(self.index.cmp(&other.index))
    }
}

impl Ord for AssociatedTypeInfo {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &AssociatedTypeInfo) -> Ordering {
        self.index.cmp(&other.index)
    }
}

pub fn trait_item_def_ids(cx: &ctxt, id: ast::DefId)
                          -> Rc<Vec<ImplOrTraitItemId>> {
    lookup_locally_or_in_crate_store("trait_item_def_ids",
                                     id,
                                     &mut *cx.trait_item_def_ids.borrow_mut(),
                                     || {
        Rc::new(csearch::get_trait_item_def_ids(&cx.sess.cstore, id))
    })
}

pub fn impl_trait_ref<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, id: ast::DefId)
                            -> Option<Rc<TraitRef<'tcx>>> {
    memoized(&cx.impl_trait_cache, id, |id: ast::DefId| {
        if id.krate == ast::LOCAL_CRATE {
            debug!("(impl_trait_ref) searching for trait impl {}", id);
            match cx.map.find(id.node) {
                Some(ast_map::NodeItem(item)) => {
                    match item.node {
                        ast::ItemImpl(_, ref opt_trait, _, _) => {
                            match opt_trait {
                                &Some(ref t) => {
                                    Some(ty::node_id_to_trait_ref(cx, t.ref_id))
                                }
                                &None => None
                            }
                        }
                        _ => None
                    }
                }
                _ => None
            }
        } else {
            csearch::get_impl_trait(cx, id)
        }
    })
}

pub fn trait_ref_to_def_id(tcx: &ctxt, tr: &ast::TraitRef) -> ast::DefId {
    let def = *tcx.def_map.borrow()
                     .get(&tr.ref_id)
                     .expect("no def-map entry for trait");
    def.def_id()
}

pub fn try_add_builtin_trait(
    tcx: &ctxt,
    trait_def_id: ast::DefId,
    builtin_bounds: &mut EnumSet<BuiltinBound>)
    -> bool
{
    //! Checks whether `trait_ref` refers to one of the builtin
    //! traits, like `Send`, and adds the corresponding
    //! bound to the set `builtin_bounds` if so. Returns true if `trait_ref`
    //! is a builtin trait.

    match tcx.lang_items.to_builtin_kind(trait_def_id) {
        Some(bound) => { builtin_bounds.insert(bound); true }
        None => false
    }
}

pub fn ty_to_def_id(ty: Ty) -> Option<ast::DefId> {
    match ty.sty {
        ty_trait(ref tt) =>
            Some(tt.principal.def_id),
        ty_struct(id, _) |
        ty_enum(id, _) |
        ty_unboxed_closure(id, _, _) =>
            Some(id),
        _ =>
            None
    }
}

// Enum information
#[deriving(Clone)]
pub struct VariantInfo<'tcx> {
    pub args: Vec<Ty<'tcx>>,
    pub arg_names: Option<Vec<ast::Ident>>,
    pub ctor_ty: Option<Ty<'tcx>>,
    pub name: ast::Name,
    pub id: ast::DefId,
    pub disr_val: Disr,
    pub vis: Visibility
}

impl<'tcx> VariantInfo<'tcx> {

    /// Creates a new VariantInfo from the corresponding ast representation.
    ///
    /// Does not do any caching of the value in the type context.
    pub fn from_ast_variant(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                            ast_variant: &ast::Variant,
                            discriminant: Disr) -> VariantInfo<'tcx> {
        let ctor_ty = node_id_to_type(cx, ast_variant.node.id);

        match ast_variant.node.kind {
            ast::TupleVariantKind(ref args) => {
                let arg_tys = if args.len() > 0 {
                    ty_fn_args(ctor_ty).iter().map(|a| *a).collect()
                } else {
                    Vec::new()
                };

                return VariantInfo {
                    args: arg_tys,
                    arg_names: None,
                    ctor_ty: Some(ctor_ty),
                    name: ast_variant.node.name.name,
                    id: ast_util::local_def(ast_variant.node.id),
                    disr_val: discriminant,
                    vis: ast_variant.node.vis
                };
            },
            ast::StructVariantKind(ref struct_def) => {

                let fields: &[StructField] = struct_def.fields.as_slice();

                assert!(fields.len() > 0);

                let arg_tys = struct_def.fields.iter()
                    .map(|field| node_id_to_type(cx, field.node.id)).collect();
                let arg_names = fields.iter().map(|field| {
                    match field.node.kind {
                        NamedField(ident, _) => ident,
                        UnnamedField(..) => cx.sess.bug(
                            "enum_variants: all fields in struct must have a name")
                    }
                }).collect();

                return VariantInfo {
                    args: arg_tys,
                    arg_names: Some(arg_names),
                    ctor_ty: None,
                    name: ast_variant.node.name.name,
                    id: ast_util::local_def(ast_variant.node.id),
                    disr_val: discriminant,
                    vis: ast_variant.node.vis
                };
            }
        }
    }
}

pub fn substd_enum_variants<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                                  id: ast::DefId,
                                  substs: &Substs<'tcx>)
                                  -> Vec<Rc<VariantInfo<'tcx>>> {
    enum_variants(cx, id).iter().map(|variant_info| {
        let substd_args = variant_info.args.iter()
            .map(|aty| aty.subst(cx, substs)).collect::<Vec<_>>();

        let substd_ctor_ty = variant_info.ctor_ty.subst(cx, substs);

        Rc::new(VariantInfo {
            args: substd_args,
            ctor_ty: substd_ctor_ty,
            ..(**variant_info).clone()
        })
    }).collect()
}

pub fn item_path_str(cx: &ctxt, id: ast::DefId) -> String {
    with_path(cx, id, |path| ast_map::path_to_string(path)).to_string()
}

pub enum DtorKind {
    NoDtor,
    TraitDtor(DefId, bool)
}

impl DtorKind {
    pub fn is_present(&self) -> bool {
        match *self {
            TraitDtor(..) => true,
            _ => false
        }
    }

    pub fn has_drop_flag(&self) -> bool {
        match self {
            &NoDtor => false,
            &TraitDtor(_, flag) => flag
        }
    }
}

/* If struct_id names a struct with a dtor, return Some(the dtor's id).
   Otherwise return none. */
pub fn ty_dtor(cx: &ctxt, struct_id: DefId) -> DtorKind {
    match cx.destructor_for_type.borrow().get(&struct_id) {
        Some(&method_def_id) => {
            let flag = !has_attr(cx, struct_id, "unsafe_no_drop_flag");

            TraitDtor(method_def_id, flag)
        }
        None => NoDtor,
    }
}

pub fn has_dtor(cx: &ctxt, struct_id: DefId) -> bool {
    cx.destructor_for_type.borrow().contains_key(&struct_id)
}

pub fn with_path<T>(cx: &ctxt, id: ast::DefId, f: |ast_map::PathElems| -> T) -> T {
    if id.krate == ast::LOCAL_CRATE {
        cx.map.with_path(id.node, f)
    } else {
        f(ast_map::Values(csearch::get_item_path(cx, id).iter()).chain(None))
    }
}

pub fn enum_is_univariant(cx: &ctxt, id: ast::DefId) -> bool {
    enum_variants(cx, id).len() == 1
}

pub fn type_is_empty(cx: &ctxt, ty: Ty) -> bool {
    match ty.sty {
       ty_enum(did, _) => (*enum_variants(cx, did)).is_empty(),
       _ => false
     }
}

pub fn enum_variants<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, id: ast::DefId)
                           -> Rc<Vec<Rc<VariantInfo<'tcx>>>> {
    memoized(&cx.enum_var_cache, id, |id: ast::DefId| {
        if ast::LOCAL_CRATE != id.krate {
            Rc::new(csearch::get_enum_variants(cx, id))
        } else {
            /*
              Although both this code and check_enum_variants in typeck/check
              call eval_const_expr, it should never get called twice for the same
              expr, since check_enum_variants also updates the enum_var_cache
             */
            match cx.map.get(id.node) {
                ast_map::NodeItem(ref item) => {
                    match item.node {
                        ast::ItemEnum(ref enum_definition, _) => {
                            let mut last_discriminant: Option<Disr> = None;
                            Rc::new(enum_definition.variants.iter().map(|variant| {

                                let mut discriminant = match last_discriminant {
                                    Some(val) => val + 1,
                                    None => INITIAL_DISCRIMINANT_VALUE
                                };

                                match variant.node.disr_expr {
                                    Some(ref e) =>
                                        match const_eval::eval_const_expr_partial(cx, &**e) {
                                            Ok(const_eval::const_int(val)) => {
                                                discriminant = val as Disr
                                            }
                                            Ok(const_eval::const_uint(val)) => {
                                                discriminant = val as Disr
                                            }
                                            Ok(_) => {
                                                cx.sess
                                                  .span_err(e.span,
                                                            "expected signed integer constant");
                                            }
                                            Err(ref err) => {
                                                cx.sess
                                                  .span_err(e.span,
                                                            format!("expected constant: {}",
                                                                    *err).as_slice());
                                            }
                                        },
                                    None => {}
                                };

                                last_discriminant = Some(discriminant);
                                Rc::new(VariantInfo::from_ast_variant(cx, &**variant,
                                                                      discriminant))
                            }).collect())
                        }
                        _ => {
                            cx.sess.bug("enum_variants: id not bound to an enum")
                        }
                    }
                }
                _ => cx.sess.bug("enum_variants: id not bound to an enum")
            }
        }
    })
}

// Returns information about the enum variant with the given ID:
pub fn enum_variant_with_id<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                                  enum_id: ast::DefId,
                                  variant_id: ast::DefId)
                                  -> Rc<VariantInfo<'tcx>> {
    enum_variants(cx, enum_id).iter()
                              .find(|variant| variant.id == variant_id)
                              .expect("enum_variant_with_id(): no variant exists with that ID")
                              .clone()
}


// If the given item is in an external crate, looks up its type and adds it to
// the type cache. Returns the type parameters and type.
pub fn lookup_item_type<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                              did: ast::DefId)
                              -> Polytype<'tcx> {
    lookup_locally_or_in_crate_store(
        "tcache", did, &mut *cx.tcache.borrow_mut(),
        || csearch::get_type(cx, did))
}

/// Given the did of a trait, returns its canonical trait ref.
pub fn lookup_trait_def<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, did: ast::DefId)
                              -> Rc<ty::TraitDef<'tcx>> {
    memoized(&cx.trait_defs, did, |did: DefId| {
        assert!(did.krate != ast::LOCAL_CRATE);
        Rc::new(csearch::get_trait_def(cx, did))
    })
}

/// Given a reference to a trait, returns the bounds declared on the
/// trait, with appropriate substitutions applied.
pub fn bounds_for_trait_ref<'tcx>(tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                                  trait_ref: &TraitRef<'tcx>)
                                  -> ty::ParamBounds<'tcx>
{
    let trait_def = lookup_trait_def(tcx, trait_ref.def_id);

    debug!("bounds_for_trait_ref(trait_def={}, trait_ref={})",
           trait_def.repr(tcx), trait_ref.repr(tcx));

    // The interaction between HRTB and supertraits is not entirely
    // obvious. Let me walk you (and myself) through an example.
    //
    // Let's start with an easy case. Consider two traits:
    //
    //     trait Foo<'a> : Bar<'a,'a> { }
    //     trait Bar<'b,'c> { }
    //
    // Now, if we have a trait reference `for<'x> T : Foo<'x>`, then
    // we can deduce that `for<'x> T : Bar<'x,'x>`. Basically, if we
    // knew that `Foo<'x>` (for any 'x) then we also know that
    // `Bar<'x,'x>` (for any 'x). This more-or-less falls out from
    // normal substitution.
    //
    // In terms of why this is sound, the idea is that whenever there
    // is an impl of `T:Foo<'a>`, it must show that `T:Bar<'a,'a>`
    // holds.  So if there is an impl of `T:Foo<'a>` that applies to
    // all `'a`, then we must know that `T:Bar<'a,'a>` holds for all
    // `'a`.
    //
    // Another example to be careful of is this:
    //
    //     trait Foo1<'a> : for<'b> Bar1<'a,'b> { }
    //     trait Bar1<'b,'c> { }
    //
    // Here, if we have `for<'x> T : Foo1<'x>`, then what do we know?
    // The answer is that we know `for<'x,'b> T : Bar1<'x,'b>`. The
    // reason is similar to the previous example: any impl of
    // `T:Foo1<'x>` must show that `for<'b> T : Bar1<'x, 'b>`.  So
    // basically we would want to collapse the bound lifetimes from
    // the input (`trait_ref`) and the supertraits.
    //
    // To achieve this in practice is fairly straightforward. Let's
    // consider the more complicated scenario:
    //
    // - We start out with `for<'x> T : Foo1<'x>`. In this case, `'x`
    //   has a De Bruijn index of 1. We want to produce `for<'x,'b> T : Bar1<'x,'b>`,
    //   where both `'x` and `'b` would have a DB index of 1.
    //   The substitution from the input trait-ref is therefore going to be
    //   `'a => 'x` (where `'x` has a DB index of 1).
    // - The super-trait-ref is `for<'b> Bar1<'a,'b>`, where `'a` is an
    //   early-bound parameter and `'b' is a late-bound parameter with a
    //   DB index of 1.
    // - If we replace `'a` with `'x` from the input, it too will have
    //   a DB index of 1, and thus we'll have `for<'x,'b> Bar1<'x,'b>`
    //   just as we wanted.
    //
    // There is only one catch. If we just apply the substitution `'a
    // => 'x` to `for<'b> Bar1<'a,'b>`, the substitution code will
    // adjust the DB index because we substituting into a binder (it
    // tries to be so smart...) resulting in `for<'x> for<'b>
    // Bar1<'x,'b>` (we have no syntax for this, so use your
    // imagination). Basically the 'x will have DB index of 2 and 'b
    // will have DB index of 1. Not quite what we want. So we apply
    // the substitution to the *contents* of the trait reference,
    // rather than the trait reference itself (put another way, the
    // substitution code expects equal binding levels in the values
    // from the substitution and the value being substituted into, and
    // this trick achieves that).

    // Carefully avoid the binder introduced by each trait-ref by
    // substituting over the substs, not the trait-refs themselves,
    // thus achieving the "collapse" described in the big comment
    // above.
    let trait_bounds: Vec<_> =
        trait_def.bounds.trait_bounds
        .iter()
        .map(|bound_trait_ref| {
            ty::TraitRef::new(bound_trait_ref.def_id,
                              bound_trait_ref.substs.subst(tcx, &trait_ref.substs))
        })
        .map(|bound_trait_ref| Rc::new(bound_trait_ref))
        .collect();

    debug!("bounds_for_trait_ref: trait_bounds={}",
           trait_bounds.repr(tcx));

    // The region bounds and builtin bounds do not currently introduce
    // binders so we can just substitute in a straightforward way here.
    let region_bounds =
        trait_def.bounds.region_bounds.subst(tcx, &trait_ref.substs);
    let builtin_bounds =
        trait_def.bounds.builtin_bounds.subst(tcx, &trait_ref.substs);

    ty::ParamBounds {
        trait_bounds: trait_bounds,
        region_bounds: region_bounds,
        builtin_bounds: builtin_bounds,
    }
}

/// Iterate over attributes of a definition.
// (This should really be an iterator, but that would require csearch and
// decoder to use iterators instead of higher-order functions.)
pub fn each_attr(tcx: &ctxt, did: DefId, f: |&ast::Attribute| -> bool) -> bool {
    if is_local(did) {
        let item = tcx.map.expect_item(did.node);
        item.attrs.iter().all(|attr| f(attr))
    } else {
        info!("getting foreign attrs");
        let mut cont = true;
        csearch::get_item_attrs(&tcx.sess.cstore, did, |attrs| {
            if cont {
                cont = attrs.iter().all(|attr| f(attr));
            }
        });
        info!("done");
        cont
    }
}

/// Determine whether an item is annotated with an attribute
pub fn has_attr(tcx: &ctxt, did: DefId, attr: &str) -> bool {
    let mut found = false;
    each_attr(tcx, did, |item| {
        if item.check_name(attr) {
            found = true;
            false
        } else {
            true
        }
    });
    found
}

/// Determine whether an item is annotated with `#[repr(packed)]`
pub fn lookup_packed(tcx: &ctxt, did: DefId) -> bool {
    lookup_repr_hints(tcx, did).contains(&attr::ReprPacked)
}

/// Determine whether an item is annotated with `#[simd]`
pub fn lookup_simd(tcx: &ctxt, did: DefId) -> bool {
    has_attr(tcx, did, "simd")
}

/// Obtain the representation annotation for a struct definition.
pub fn lookup_repr_hints(tcx: &ctxt, did: DefId) -> Rc<Vec<attr::ReprAttr>> {
    memoized(&tcx.repr_hint_cache, did, |did: DefId| {
        Rc::new(if did.krate == LOCAL_CRATE {
            let mut acc = Vec::new();
            ty::each_attr(tcx, did, |meta| {
                acc.extend(attr::find_repr_attrs(tcx.sess.diagnostic(),
                                                 meta).into_iter());
                true
            });
            acc
        } else {
            csearch::get_repr_attrs(&tcx.sess.cstore, did)
        })
    })
}

// Look up a field ID, whether or not it's local
// Takes a list of type substs in case the struct is generic
pub fn lookup_field_type<'tcx>(tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                               struct_id: DefId,
                               id: DefId,
                               substs: &Substs<'tcx>)
                               -> Ty<'tcx> {
    let ty = if id.krate == ast::LOCAL_CRATE {
        node_id_to_type(tcx, id.node)
    } else {
        let mut tcache = tcx.tcache.borrow_mut();
        let pty = match tcache.entry(id) {
            Occupied(entry) => entry.into_mut(),
            Vacant(entry) => entry.set(csearch::get_field_type(tcx, struct_id, id)),
        };
        pty.ty
    };
    ty.subst(tcx, substs)
}

// Look up the list of field names and IDs for a given struct.
// Panics if the id is not bound to a struct.
pub fn lookup_struct_fields(cx: &ctxt, did: ast::DefId) -> Vec<field_ty> {
    if did.krate == ast::LOCAL_CRATE {
        let struct_fields = cx.struct_fields.borrow();
        match struct_fields.get(&did) {
            Some(fields) => (**fields).clone(),
            _ => {
                cx.sess.bug(
                    format!("ID not mapped to struct fields: {}",
                            cx.map.node_to_string(did.node)).as_slice());
            }
        }
    } else {
        csearch::get_struct_fields(&cx.sess.cstore, did)
    }
}

pub fn is_tuple_struct(cx: &ctxt, did: ast::DefId) -> bool {
    let fields = lookup_struct_fields(cx, did);
    !fields.is_empty() && fields.iter().all(|f| f.name == token::special_names::unnamed_field)
}

// Returns a list of fields corresponding to the struct's items. trans uses
// this. Takes a list of substs with which to instantiate field types.
pub fn struct_fields<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, did: ast::DefId, substs: &Substs<'tcx>)
                           -> Vec<field<'tcx>> {
    lookup_struct_fields(cx, did).iter().map(|f| {
       field {
            name: f.name,
            mt: mt {
                ty: lookup_field_type(cx, did, f.id, substs),
                mutbl: MutImmutable
            }
        }
    }).collect()
}

// Returns a list of fields corresponding to the tuple's items. trans uses
// this.
pub fn tup_fields<'tcx>(v: &[Ty<'tcx>]) -> Vec<field<'tcx>> {
    v.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, &f)| {
       field {
            name: token::intern(i.to_string().as_slice()),
            mt: mt {
                ty: f,
                mutbl: MutImmutable
            }
        }
    }).collect()
}

pub struct UnboxedClosureUpvar<'tcx> {
    pub def: def::Def,
    pub span: Span,
    pub ty: Ty<'tcx>,
}

// Returns a list of `UnboxedClosureUpvar`s for each upvar.
pub fn unboxed_closure_upvars<'tcx>(tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>, closure_id: ast::DefId, substs: &Substs<'tcx>)
                                    -> Vec<UnboxedClosureUpvar<'tcx>> {
    // Presently an unboxed closure type cannot "escape" out of a
    // function, so we will only encounter ones that originated in the
    // local crate or were inlined into it along with some function.
    // This may change if abstract return types of some sort are
    // implemented.
    assert!(closure_id.krate == ast::LOCAL_CRATE);
    let capture_mode = tcx.capture_modes.borrow()[closure_id.node].clone();
    match tcx.freevars.borrow().get(&closure_id.node) {
        None => vec![],
        Some(ref freevars) => {
            freevars.iter().map(|freevar| {
                let freevar_def_id = freevar.def.def_id();
                let freevar_ty = node_id_to_type(tcx, freevar_def_id.node);
                let mut freevar_ty = freevar_ty.subst(tcx, substs);
                if capture_mode == ast::CaptureByRef {
                    let borrow = tcx.upvar_borrow_map.borrow()[ty::UpvarId {
                        var_id: freevar_def_id.node,
                        closure_expr_id: closure_id.node
                    }].clone();
                    freevar_ty = mk_rptr(tcx, borrow.region, ty::mt {
                        ty: freevar_ty,
                        mutbl: borrow.kind.to_mutbl_lossy()
                    });
                }
                UnboxedClosureUpvar {
                    def: freevar.def,
                    span: freevar.span,
                    ty: freevar_ty
                }
            }).collect()
        }
    }
}

pub fn is_binopable<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>, op: ast::BinOp) -> bool {
    #![allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
    static tycat_other: int = 0;
    static tycat_bool: int = 1;
    static tycat_char: int = 2;
    static tycat_int: int = 3;
    static tycat_float: int = 4;
    static tycat_raw_ptr: int = 6;

    static opcat_add: int = 0;
    static opcat_sub: int = 1;
    static opcat_mult: int = 2;
    static opcat_shift: int = 3;
    static opcat_rel: int = 4;
    static opcat_eq: int = 5;
    static opcat_bit: int = 6;
    static opcat_logic: int = 7;
    static opcat_mod: int = 8;

    fn opcat(op: ast::BinOp) -> int {
        match op {
          ast::BiAdd => opcat_add,
          ast::BiSub => opcat_sub,
          ast::BiMul => opcat_mult,
          ast::BiDiv => opcat_mult,
          ast::BiRem => opcat_mod,
          ast::BiAnd => opcat_logic,
          ast::BiOr => opcat_logic,
          ast::BiBitXor => opcat_bit,
          ast::BiBitAnd => opcat_bit,
          ast::BiBitOr => opcat_bit,
          ast::BiShl => opcat_shift,
          ast::BiShr => opcat_shift,
          ast::BiEq => opcat_eq,
          ast::BiNe => opcat_eq,
          ast::BiLt => opcat_rel,
          ast::BiLe => opcat_rel,
          ast::BiGe => opcat_rel,
          ast::BiGt => opcat_rel
        }
    }

    fn tycat<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> int {
        if type_is_simd(cx, ty) {
            return tycat(cx, simd_type(cx, ty))
        }
        match ty.sty {
          ty_char => tycat_char,
          ty_bool => tycat_bool,
          ty_int(_) | ty_uint(_) | ty_infer(IntVar(_)) => tycat_int,
          ty_float(_) | ty_infer(FloatVar(_)) => tycat_float,
          ty_ptr(_) => tycat_raw_ptr,
          _ => tycat_other
        }
    }

    static t: bool = true;
    static f: bool = false;

    let tbl = [
    //           +, -, *, shift, rel, ==, bit, logic, mod
    /*other*/   [f, f, f, f,     f,   f,  f,   f,     f],
    /*bool*/    [f, f, f, f,     t,   t,  t,   t,     f],
    /*char*/    [f, f, f, f,     t,   t,  f,   f,     f],
    /*int*/     [t, t, t, t,     t,   t,  t,   f,     t],
    /*float*/   [t, t, t, f,     t,   t,  f,   f,     f],
    /*bot*/     [t, t, t, t,     t,   t,  t,   t,     t],
    /*raw ptr*/ [f, f, f, f,     t,   t,  f,   f,     f]];

    return tbl[tycat(cx, ty) as uint ][opcat(op) as uint];
}

/// Returns an equivalent type with all the typedefs and self regions removed.
pub fn normalize_ty<'tcx>(cx: &ctxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    let u = TypeNormalizer(cx).fold_ty(ty);
    return u;

    struct TypeNormalizer<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(&'a ctxt<'tcx>);

    impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for TypeNormalizer<'a, 'tcx> {
        fn tcx(&self) -> &ctxt<'tcx> { let TypeNormalizer(c) = *self; c }

        fn fold_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
            match self.tcx().normalized_cache.borrow().get(&ty).cloned() {
                None => {}
                Some(u) => return u
            }

            let t_norm = ty_fold::super_fold_ty(self, ty);
            self.tcx().normalized_cache.borrow_mut().insert(ty, t_norm);
            return t_norm;
        }

        fn fold_region(&mut self, _: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
            ty::ReStatic
        }

        fn fold_substs(&mut self,
                       substs: &subst::Substs<'tcx>)
                       -> subst::Substs<'tcx> {
            subst::Substs { regions: subst::ErasedRegions,
                            types: substs.types.fold_with(self) }
        }

        fn fold_fn_sig(&mut self,
                       sig: &ty::FnSig<'tcx>)
                       -> ty::FnSig<'tcx> {
            // The binder-id is only relevant to bound regions, which
            // are erased at trans time.
            ty::FnSig {
                inputs: sig.inputs.fold_with(self),
                output: sig.output.fold_with(self),
                variadic: sig.variadic,
            }
        }
    }
}

// Returns the repeat count for a repeating vector expression.
pub fn eval_repeat_count(tcx: &ctxt, count_expr: &ast::Expr) -> uint {
    match const_eval::eval_const_expr_partial(tcx, count_expr) {
        Ok(val) => {
            let found = match val {
                const_eval::const_uint(count) => return count as uint,
                const_eval::const_int(count) if count >= 0 => return count as uint,
                const_eval::const_int(_) =>
                    "negative integer",
                const_eval::const_float(_) =>
                    "float",
                const_eval::const_str(_) =>
                    "string",
                const_eval::const_bool(_) =>
                    "boolean",
                const_eval::const_binary(_) =>
                    "binary array"
            };
            tcx.sess.span_err(count_expr.span, format!(
                "expected positive integer for repeat count, found {}",
                found).as_slice());
        }
        Err(_) => {
            let found = match count_expr.node {
                ast::ExprPath(ast::Path {
                    global: false,
                    ref segments,
                    ..
                }) if segments.len() == 1 =>
                    "variable",
                _ =>
                    "non-constant expression"
            };
            tcx.sess.span_err(count_expr.span, format!(
                "expected constant integer for repeat count, found {}",
                found).as_slice());
        }
    }
    0
}

// Iterate over a type parameter's bounded traits and any supertraits
// of those traits, ignoring kinds.
// Here, the supertraits are the transitive closure of the supertrait
// relation on the supertraits from each bounded trait's constraint
// list.
pub fn each_bound_trait_and_supertraits<'tcx>(tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                                              bounds: &[Rc<TraitRef<'tcx>>],
                                              f: |Rc<TraitRef<'tcx>>| -> bool)
                                              -> bool
{
    for bound_trait_ref in traits::transitive_bounds(tcx, bounds) {
        if !f(bound_trait_ref) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

pub fn required_region_bounds<'tcx>(tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
                                    region_bounds: &[ty::Region],
                                    builtin_bounds: BuiltinBounds,
                                    trait_bounds: &[Rc<TraitRef<'tcx>>])
                                    -> Vec<ty::Region>
{
    /*!
     * Given a type which must meet the builtin bounds and trait
     * bounds, returns a set of lifetimes which the type must outlive.
     *
     * Requires that trait definitions have been processed.
     */

    let mut all_bounds = Vec::new();

    debug!("required_region_bounds(builtin_bounds={}, trait_bounds={})",
           builtin_bounds.repr(tcx),
           trait_bounds.repr(tcx));

    all_bounds.push_all(region_bounds);

    push_region_bounds(&[],
                       builtin_bounds,
                       &mut all_bounds);

    debug!("from builtin bounds: all_bounds={}", all_bounds.repr(tcx));

    each_bound_trait_and_supertraits(
        tcx,
        trait_bounds,
        |trait_ref| {
            let bounds = ty::bounds_for_trait_ref(tcx, &*trait_ref);
            push_region_bounds(bounds.region_bounds.as_slice(),
                               bounds.builtin_bounds,
                               &mut all_bounds);
            debug!("from {}: bounds={} all_bounds={}",
                   trait_ref.repr(tcx),
                   bounds.repr(tcx),
                   all_bounds.repr(tcx));
            true
        });

    return all_bounds;

    fn push_region_bounds(region_bounds: &[ty::Region],
                          builtin_bounds: ty::BuiltinBounds,
                          all_bounds: &mut Vec<ty::Region>) {
        all_bounds.push_all(region_bounds.as_slice());

        if builtin_bounds.contains(&ty::BoundSend) {
            all_bounds.push(ty::ReStatic);
        }
    }
}

pub fn get_tydesc_ty<'tcx>(tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>) -> Result<Ty<'tcx>, String> {
    tcx.lang_items.require(TyDescStructLangItem).map(|tydesc_lang_item| {
        tcx.intrinsic_defs.borrow().get(&tydesc_lang_item).cloned()
            .expect("Failed to resolve TyDesc")
    })
}

pub fn item_variances(tcx: &ctxt, item_id: ast::DefId) -> Rc<ItemVariances> {
    lookup_locally_or_in_crate_store(
        "item_variance_map", item_id, &mut *tcx.item_variance_map.borrow_mut(),
        || Rc::new(csearch::get_item_variances(&tcx.sess.cstore, item_id)))
}

/// Records a trait-to-implementation mapping.
pub fn record_trait_implementation(tcx: &ctxt,
                                   trait_def_id: DefId,
                                   impl_def_id: DefId) {
    match tcx.trait_impls.borrow().get(&trait_def_id) {
        Some(impls_for_trait) => {
            impls_for_trait.borrow_mut().push(impl_def_id);
            return;
        }
        None => {}
    }
    tcx.trait_impls.borrow_mut().insert(trait_def_id, Rc::new(RefCell::new(vec!(impl_def_id))));
}

/// Populates the type context with all the implementations for the given type
/// if necessary.
pub fn populate_implementations_for_type_if_necessary(tcx: &ctxt,
                                                      type_id: ast::DefId) {
    if type_id.krate == LOCAL_CRATE {
        return
    }
    if tcx.populated_external_types.borrow().contains(&type_id) {
        return
    }

    let mut inherent_impls = Vec::new();
    csearch::each_implementation_for_type(&tcx.sess.cstore, type_id,
            |impl_def_id| {
        let impl_items = csearch::get_impl_items(&tcx.sess.cstore,
                                                 impl_def_id);

        // Record the trait->implementation mappings, if applicable.
        let associated_traits = csearch::get_impl_trait(tcx, impl_def_id);
        for trait_ref in associated_traits.iter() {
            record_trait_implementation(tcx, trait_ref.def_id, impl_def_id);
        }

        // For any methods that use a default implementation, add them to
        // the map. This is a bit unfortunate.
        for impl_item_def_id in impl_items.iter() {
            let method_def_id = impl_item_def_id.def_id();
            match impl_or_trait_item(tcx, method_def_id) {
                MethodTraitItem(method) => {
                    for &source in method.provided_source.iter() {
                        tcx.provided_method_sources
                           .borrow_mut()
                           .insert(method_def_id, source);
                    }
                }
                TypeTraitItem(_) => {}
            }
        }

        // Store the implementation info.
        tcx.impl_items.borrow_mut().insert(impl_def_id, impl_items);

        // If this is an inherent implementation, record it.
        if associated_traits.is_none() {
            inherent_impls.push(impl_def_id);
        }
    });

    tcx.inherent_impls.borrow_mut().insert(type_id, Rc::new(inherent_impls));
    tcx.populated_external_types.borrow_mut().insert(type_id);
}

/// Populates the type context with all the implementations for the given
/// trait if necessary.
pub fn populate_implementations_for_trait_if_necessary(
        tcx: &ctxt,
        trait_id: ast::DefId) {
    if trait_id.krate == LOCAL_CRATE {
        return
    }
    if tcx.populated_external_traits.borrow().contains(&trait_id) {
        return
    }

    csearch::each_implementation_for_trait(&tcx.sess.cstore, trait_id,
            |implementation_def_id| {
        let impl_items = csearch::get_impl_items(&tcx.sess.cstore, implementation_def_id);

        // Record the trait->implementation mapping.
        record_trait_implementation(tcx, trait_id, implementation_def_id);

        // For any methods that use a default implementation, add them to
        // the map. This is a bit unfortunate.
        for impl_item_def_id in impl_items.iter() {
            let method_def_id = impl_item_def_id.def_id();
            match impl_or_trait_item(tcx, method_def_id) {
                MethodTraitItem(method) => {
                    for &source in method.provided_source.iter() {
                        tcx.provided_method_sources
                           .borrow_mut()
                           .insert(method_def_id, source);
                    }
                }
                TypeTraitItem(_) => {}
            }
        }

        // Store the implementation info.
        tcx.impl_items.borrow_mut().insert(implementation_def_id, impl_items);
    });

    tcx.populated_external_traits.borrow_mut().insert(trait_id);
}

/// Given the def_id of an impl, return the def_id of the trait it implements.
/// If it implements no trait, return `None`.
pub fn trait_id_of_impl(tcx: &ctxt,
                        def_id: ast::DefId) -> Option<ast::DefId> {
    let node = match tcx.map.find(def_id.node) {
        Some(node) => node,
        None => return None
    };
    match node {
        ast_map::NodeItem(item) => {
            match item.node {
                ast::ItemImpl(_, Some(ref trait_ref), _, _) => {
                    Some(node_id_to_trait_ref(tcx, trait_ref.ref_id).def_id)
                }
                _ => None
            }
        }
        _ => None
    }
}

/// If the given def ID describes a method belonging to an impl, return the
/// ID of the impl that the method belongs to. Otherwise, return `None`.
pub fn impl_of_method(tcx: &ctxt, def_id: ast::DefId)
                       -> Option<ast::DefId> {
    if def_id.krate != LOCAL_CRATE {
        return match csearch::get_impl_or_trait_item(tcx,
                                                     def_id).container() {
            TraitContainer(_) => None,
            ImplContainer(def_id) => Some(def_id),
        };
    }
    match tcx.impl_or_trait_items.borrow().get(&def_id).cloned() {
        Some(trait_item) => {
            match trait_item.container() {
                TraitContainer(_) => None,
                ImplContainer(def_id) => Some(def_id),
            }
        }
        None => None
    }
}

/// If the given def ID describes an item belonging to a trait (either a
/// default method or an implementation of a trait method), return the ID of
/// the trait that the method belongs to. Otherwise, return `None`.
pub fn trait_of_item(tcx: &ctxt, def_id: ast::DefId) -> Option<ast::DefId> {
    if def_id.krate != LOCAL_CRATE {
        return csearch::get_trait_of_item(&tcx.sess.cstore, def_id, tcx);
    }
    match tcx.impl_or_trait_items.borrow().get(&def_id).cloned() {
        Some(impl_or_trait_item) => {
            match impl_or_trait_item.container() {
                TraitContainer(def_id) => Some(def_id),
                ImplContainer(def_id) => trait_id_of_impl(tcx, def_id),
            }
        }
        None => None
    }
}

/// If the given def ID describes an item belonging to a trait, (either a
/// default method or an implementation of a trait method), return the ID of
/// the method inside trait definition (this means that if the given def ID
/// is already that of the original trait method, then the return value is
/// the same).
/// Otherwise, return `None`.
pub fn trait_item_of_item(tcx: &ctxt, def_id: ast::DefId)
                          -> Option<ImplOrTraitItemId> {
    let impl_item = match tcx.impl_or_trait_items.borrow().get(&def_id) {
        Some(m) => m.clone(),
        None => return None,
    };
    let name = impl_item.name();
    match trait_of_item(tcx, def_id) {
        Some(trait_did) => {
            let trait_items = ty::trait_items(tcx, trait_did);
            trait_items.iter()
                .position(|m| m.name() == name)
                .map(|idx| ty::trait_item(tcx, trait_did, idx).id())
        }
        None => None
    }
}

/// Creates a hash of the type `Ty` which will be the same no matter what crate
/// context it's calculated within. This is used by the `type_id` intrinsic.
pub fn hash_crate_independent(tcx: &ctxt, ty: Ty, svh: &Svh) -> u64 {
    let mut state = sip::SipState::new();
    macro_rules! byte( ($b:expr) => { ($b as u8).hash(&mut state) } );
    macro_rules! hash( ($e:expr) => { $e.hash(&mut state) } );

    let region = |_state: &mut sip::SipState, r: Region| {
        match r {
            ReStatic => {}

            ReEmpty |
            ReEarlyBound(..) |
            ReLateBound(..) |
            ReFree(..) |
            ReScope(..) |
            ReInfer(..) => {
                tcx.sess.bug("non-static region found when hashing a type")
            }
        }
    };
    let did = |state: &mut sip::SipState, did: DefId| {
        let h = if ast_util::is_local(did) {
            svh.clone()
        } else {
            tcx.sess.cstore.get_crate_hash(did.krate)
        };
        h.as_str().hash(state);
        did.node.hash(state);
    };
    let mt = |state: &mut sip::SipState, mt: mt| {
        mt.mutbl.hash(state);
    };
    ty::walk_ty(ty, |ty| {
        match ty.sty {
            ty_bool => byte!(2),
            ty_char => byte!(3),
            ty_int(i) => {
                byte!(4);
                hash!(i);
            }
            ty_uint(u) => {
                byte!(5);
                hash!(u);
            }
            ty_float(f) => {
                byte!(6);
                hash!(f);
            }
            ty_str => {
                byte!(7);
            }
            ty_enum(d, _) => {
                byte!(8);
                did(&mut state, d);
            }
            ty_uniq(_) => {
                byte!(9);
            }
            ty_vec(_, Some(n)) => {
                byte!(10);
                n.hash(&mut state);
            }
            ty_vec(_, None) => {
                byte!(11);
            }
            ty_ptr(m) => {
                byte!(12);
                mt(&mut state, m);
            }
            ty_rptr(r, m) => {
                byte!(13);
                region(&mut state, r);
                mt(&mut state, m);
            }
            ty_bare_fn(ref b) => {
                byte!(14);
                hash!(b.fn_style);
                hash!(b.abi);
            }
            ty_closure(ref c) => {
                byte!(15);
                hash!(c.fn_style);
                hash!(c.onceness);
                hash!(c.bounds);
                match c.store {
                    UniqTraitStore => byte!(0),
                    RegionTraitStore(r, m) => {
                        byte!(1)
                        region(&mut state, r);
                        assert_eq!(m, ast::MutMutable);
                    }
                }
            }
            ty_trait(box TyTrait { ref principal, bounds }) => {
                byte!(17);
                did(&mut state, principal.def_id);
                hash!(bounds);
            }
            ty_struct(d, _) => {
                byte!(18);
                did(&mut state, d);
            }
            ty_tup(ref inner) => {
                byte!(19);
                hash!(inner.len());
            }
            ty_param(p) => {
                byte!(20);
                hash!(p.idx);
                did(&mut state, p.def_id);
            }
            ty_open(_) => byte!(22),
            ty_infer(_) => unreachable!(),
            ty_err => byte!(23),
            ty_unboxed_closure(d, r, _) => {
                byte!(24);
                did(&mut state, d);
                region(&mut state, r);
            }
        }
    });

    state.result()
}

impl Variance {
    pub fn to_string(self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Covariant => "+",
            Contravariant => "-",
            Invariant => "o",
            Bivariant => "*",
        }
    }
}

pub fn empty_parameter_environment<'tcx>() -> ParameterEnvironment<'tcx> {
    /*!
     * Construct a parameter environment suitable for static contexts
     * or other contexts where there are no free type/lifetime
     * parameters in scope.
     */

    ty::ParameterEnvironment { free_substs: Substs::empty(),
                               bounds: VecPerParamSpace::empty(),
                               caller_obligations: VecPerParamSpace::empty(),
                               implicit_region_bound: ty::ReEmpty,
                               selection_cache: traits::SelectionCache::new(), }
}

pub fn construct_parameter_environment<'tcx>(
    tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>,
    span: Span,
    generics: &ty::Generics<'tcx>,
    free_id: ast::NodeId)
    -> ParameterEnvironment<'tcx>
{
    /*! See `ParameterEnvironment` struct def'n for details */

    //
    // Construct the free substs.
    //

    // map T => T
    let mut types = VecPerParamSpace::empty();
    for &space in subst::ParamSpace::all().iter() {
        push_types_from_defs(tcx, &mut types, space,
                             generics.types.get_slice(space));
    }

    // map bound 'a => free 'a
    let mut regions = VecPerParamSpace::empty();
    for &space in subst::ParamSpace::all().iter() {
        push_region_params(&mut regions, space, free_id,
                           generics.regions.get_slice(space));
    }

    let free_substs = Substs {
        types: types,
        regions: subst::NonerasedRegions(regions)
    };

    let free_id_scope = region::CodeExtent::from_node_id(free_id);

    //
    // Compute the bounds on Self and the type parameters.
    //

    let bounds = generics.to_bounds(tcx, &free_substs);
    let bounds = liberate_late_bound_regions(tcx, free_id_scope, &bind(bounds)).value;
    let obligations = traits::obligations_for_generics(tcx,
                                                       traits::ObligationCause::misc(span),
                                                       &bounds,
                                                       &free_substs.types);
    let type_bounds = bounds.types.subst(tcx, &free_substs);

    //
    // Compute region bounds. For now, these relations are stored in a
    // global table on the tcx, so just enter them there. I'm not
    // crazy about this scheme, but it's convenient, at least.
    //

    for &space in subst::ParamSpace::all().iter() {
        record_region_bounds(tcx, space, &free_substs, bounds.regions.get_slice(space));
    }


    debug!("construct_parameter_environment: free_id={} free_subst={} \
           obligations={} type_bounds={}",
           free_id,
           free_substs.repr(tcx),
           obligations.repr(tcx),
           type_bounds.repr(tcx));

    return ty::ParameterEnvironment {
        free_substs: free_substs,
        bounds: bounds.types,
        implicit_region_bound: ty::ReScope(free_id_scope),
        caller_obligations: obligations,
        selection_cache: traits::SelectionCache::new(),
    };

    fn push_region_params(regions: &mut VecPerParamSpace<ty::Region>,
                          space: subst::ParamSpace,
                          free_id: ast::NodeId,
                          region_params: &[RegionParameterDef])
    {
        for r in region_params.iter() {
            regions.push(space, ty::free_region_from_def(free_id, r));
        }
    }

    fn push_types_from_defs<'tcx>(tcx: &ty::ctxt<'tcx>,
                                  types: &mut subst::VecPerParamSpace<Ty<'tcx>>,
                                  space: subst::ParamSpace,
                                  defs: &[TypeParameterDef<'tcx>]) {
        for (i, def) in defs.iter().enumerate() {
            debug!("construct_parameter_environment(): push_types_from_defs: \
                    space={} def={} index={}",
                   space,
                   def.repr(tcx),
                   i);
            let ty = ty::mk_param(tcx, space, i, def.def_id);
            types.push(space, ty);
        }
    }

    fn record_region_bounds<'tcx>(tcx: &ty::ctxt<'tcx>,
                                  space: subst::ParamSpace,
                                  free_substs: &Substs<'tcx>,
                                  bound_sets: &[Vec<ty::Region>]) {
        for (subst_region, bound_set) in
            free_substs.regions().get_slice(space).iter().zip(
                bound_sets.iter())
        {
            // For each region parameter 'subst...
            for bound_region in bound_set.iter() {
                // Which is declared with a bound like 'subst:'bound...
                match (subst_region, bound_region) {
                    (&ty::ReFree(subst_fr), &ty::ReFree(bound_fr)) => {
                        // Record that 'subst outlives 'bound. Or, put
                        // another way, 'bound <= 'subst.
                        tcx.region_maps.relate_free_regions(bound_fr, subst_fr);
                    },
                    _ => {
                        // All named regions are instantiated with free regions.
                        tcx.sess.bug(
                            format!("record_region_bounds: \
                                     non free region: {} / {}",
                                    subst_region.repr(tcx),
                                    bound_region.repr(tcx)).as_slice());
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

impl BorrowKind {
    pub fn from_mutbl(m: ast::Mutability) -> BorrowKind {
        match m {
            ast::MutMutable => MutBorrow,
            ast::MutImmutable => ImmBorrow,
        }
    }

    pub fn to_mutbl_lossy(self) -> ast::Mutability {
        /*!
         * Returns a mutability `m` such that an `&m T` pointer could
         * be used to obtain this borrow kind. Because borrow kinds
         * are richer than mutabilities, we sometimes have to pick a
         * mutability that is stronger than necessary so that it at
         * least *would permit* the borrow in question.
         */

        match self {
            MutBorrow => ast::MutMutable,
            ImmBorrow => ast::MutImmutable,

            // We have no type corresponding to a unique imm borrow, so
            // use `&mut`. It gives all the capabilities of an `&uniq`
            // and hence is a safe "over approximation".
            UniqueImmBorrow => ast::MutMutable,
        }
    }

    pub fn to_user_str(&self) -> &'static str {
        match *self {
            MutBorrow => "mutable",
            ImmBorrow => "immutable",
            UniqueImmBorrow => "uniquely immutable",
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> mc::Typer<'tcx> for ty::ctxt<'tcx> {
    fn tcx<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a ty::ctxt<'tcx> {
        self
    }

    fn node_ty(&self, id: ast::NodeId) -> mc::McResult<Ty<'tcx>> {
        Ok(ty::node_id_to_type(self, id))
    }

    fn node_method_ty(&self, method_call: typeck::MethodCall) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
        self.method_map.borrow().get(&method_call).map(|method| method.ty)
    }

    fn adjustments<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a RefCell<NodeMap<ty::AutoAdjustment<'tcx>>> {
        &self.adjustments
    }

    fn is_method_call(&self, id: ast::NodeId) -> bool {
        self.method_map.borrow().contains_key(&typeck::MethodCall::expr(id))
    }

    fn temporary_scope(&self, rvalue_id: ast::NodeId) -> Option<region::CodeExtent> {
        self.region_maps.temporary_scope(rvalue_id)
    }

    fn upvar_borrow(&self, upvar_id: ty::UpvarId) -> ty::UpvarBorrow {
        self.upvar_borrow_map.borrow()[upvar_id].clone()
    }

    fn capture_mode(&self, closure_expr_id: ast::NodeId)
                    -> ast::CaptureClause {
        self.capture_modes.borrow()[closure_expr_id].clone()
    }

    fn unboxed_closures<'a>(&'a self)
                        -> &'a RefCell<DefIdMap<UnboxedClosure<'tcx>>> {
        &self.unboxed_closures
    }
}

/// The category of explicit self.
#[deriving(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Show)]
pub enum ExplicitSelfCategory {
    StaticExplicitSelfCategory,
    ByValueExplicitSelfCategory,
    ByReferenceExplicitSelfCategory(Region, ast::Mutability),
    ByBoxExplicitSelfCategory,
}

/// Pushes all the lifetimes in the given type onto the given list. A
/// "lifetime in a type" is a lifetime specified by a reference or a lifetime
/// in a list of type substitutions. This does *not* traverse into nominal
/// types, nor does it resolve fictitious types.
pub fn accumulate_lifetimes_in_type(accumulator: &mut Vec<ty::Region>,
                                    ty: Ty) {
    walk_ty(ty, |ty| {
        match ty.sty {
            ty_rptr(region, _) => {
                accumulator.push(region)
            }
            ty_trait(ref t) => {
                accumulator.push_all(t.principal.substs.regions().as_slice());
            }
            ty_enum(_, ref substs) |
            ty_struct(_, ref substs) => {
                accum_substs(accumulator, substs);
            }
            ty_closure(ref closure_ty) => {
                match closure_ty.store {
                    RegionTraitStore(region, _) => accumulator.push(region),
                    UniqTraitStore => {}
                }
            }
            ty_unboxed_closure(_, ref region, ref substs) => {
                accumulator.push(*region);
                accum_substs(accumulator, substs);
            }
            ty_bool |
            ty_char |
            ty_int(_) |
            ty_uint(_) |
            ty_float(_) |
            ty_uniq(_) |
            ty_str |
            ty_vec(_, _) |
            ty_ptr(_) |
            ty_bare_fn(_) |
            ty_tup(_) |
            ty_param(_) |
            ty_infer(_) |
            ty_open(_) |
            ty_err => {
            }
        }
    });

    fn accum_substs(accumulator: &mut Vec<Region>, substs: &Substs) {
        match substs.regions {
            subst::ErasedRegions => {}
            subst::NonerasedRegions(ref regions) => {
                for region in regions.iter() {
                    accumulator.push(*region)
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/// A free variable referred to in a function.
#[deriving(Encodable, Decodable)]
pub struct Freevar {
    /// The variable being accessed free.
    pub def: def::Def,

    // First span where it is accessed (there can be multiple).
    pub span: Span
}

pub type FreevarMap = NodeMap<Vec<Freevar>>;

pub type CaptureModeMap = NodeMap<ast::CaptureClause>;

pub fn with_freevars<T>(tcx: &ty::ctxt, fid: ast::NodeId, f: |&[Freevar]| -> T) -> T {
    match tcx.freevars.borrow().get(&fid) {
        None => f(&[]),
        Some(d) => f(d.as_slice())
    }
}

impl<'tcx> AutoAdjustment<'tcx> {
    pub fn is_identity(&self) -> bool {
        match *self {
            AdjustAddEnv(..) => false,
            AdjustDerefRef(ref r) => r.is_identity(),
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> AutoDerefRef<'tcx> {
    pub fn is_identity(&self) -> bool {
        self.autoderefs == 0 && self.autoref.is_none()
    }
}

pub fn liberate_late_bound_regions<'tcx, HR>(
    tcx: &ty::ctxt<'tcx>,
    scope: region::CodeExtent,
    value: &HR)
    -> HR
    where HR : HigherRankedFoldable<'tcx>
{
    /*!
     * Replace any late-bound regions bound in `value` with free variants
     * attached to scope-id `scope_id`.
     */

    replace_late_bound_regions(
        tcx, value,
        |br, _| ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion{scope: scope, bound_region: br})).0
}

pub fn erase_late_bound_regions<'tcx, HR>(
    tcx: &ty::ctxt<'tcx>,
    value: &HR)
    -> HR
    where HR : HigherRankedFoldable<'tcx>
{
    /*!
     * Replace any late-bound regions bound in `value` with `'static`.
     * Useful in trans but also method lookup and a few other places
     * where precise region relationships are not required.
     */

    replace_late_bound_regions(tcx, value, |_, _| ty::ReStatic).0
}

pub fn replace_late_bound_regions<'tcx, HR>(
    tcx: &ty::ctxt<'tcx>,
    value: &HR,
    mapf: |BoundRegion, DebruijnIndex| -> ty::Region)
    -> (HR, FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion,ty::Region>)
    where HR : HigherRankedFoldable<'tcx>
{
    /*!
     * Replaces the late-bound-regions in `value` that are bound by `value`.
     */

    debug!("replace_late_bound_regions({})", value.repr(tcx));

    let mut map = FnvHashMap::new();
    let value = {
        let mut f = ty_fold::RegionFolder::new(tcx, |region, current_depth| {
            debug!("region={}", region.repr(tcx));
            match region {
                ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, br) if debruijn.depth == current_depth => {
                    * match map.entry(br) {
                        Vacant(entry) => entry.set(mapf(br, debruijn)),
                        Occupied(entry) => entry.into_mut(),
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    region
                }
            }
        });

        // Note: use `fold_contents` not `fold_with`. If we used
        // `fold_with`, it would consider the late-bound regions bound
        // by `value` to be bound, but we want to consider them as
        // `free`.
        value.fold_contents(&mut f)
    };
    debug!("resulting map: {} value: {}", map, value.repr(tcx));
    (value, map)
}

impl DebruijnIndex {
    pub fn new(depth: uint) -> DebruijnIndex {
        assert!(depth > 0);
        DebruijnIndex { depth: depth }
    }

    pub fn shifted(&self, amount: uint) -> DebruijnIndex {
        DebruijnIndex { depth: self.depth + amount }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> Repr<'tcx> for AutoAdjustment<'tcx> {
    fn repr(&self, tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>) -> String {
        match *self {
            AdjustAddEnv(ref trait_store) => {
                format!("AdjustAddEnv({})", trait_store)
            }
            AdjustDerefRef(ref data) => {
                data.repr(tcx)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> Repr<'tcx> for UnsizeKind<'tcx> {
    fn repr(&self, tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>) -> String {
        match *self {
            UnsizeLength(n) => format!("UnsizeLength({})", n),
            UnsizeStruct(ref k, n) => format!("UnsizeStruct({},{})", k.repr(tcx), n),
            UnsizeVtable(ref a, ref b) => format!("UnsizeVtable({},{})", a.repr(tcx), b.repr(tcx)),
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> Repr<'tcx> for AutoDerefRef<'tcx> {
    fn repr(&self, tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>) -> String {
        format!("AutoDerefRef({}, {})", self.autoderefs, self.autoref.repr(tcx))
    }
}

impl<'tcx> Repr<'tcx> for AutoRef<'tcx> {
    fn repr(&self, tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>) -> String {
        match *self {
            AutoPtr(a, b, ref c) => {
                format!("AutoPtr({},{},{})", a.repr(tcx), b, c.repr(tcx))
            }
            AutoUnsize(ref a) => {
                format!("AutoUnsize({})", a.repr(tcx))
            }
            AutoUnsizeUniq(ref a) => {
                format!("AutoUnsizeUniq({})", a.repr(tcx))
            }
            AutoUnsafe(ref a, ref b) => {
                format!("AutoUnsafe({},{})", a, b.repr(tcx))
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> Repr<'tcx> for TyTrait<'tcx> {
    fn repr(&self, tcx: &ctxt<'tcx>) -> String {
        format!("TyTrait({},{})",
                self.principal.repr(tcx),
                self.bounds.repr(tcx))
    }
}