[rust.git] / src / librustc / diagnostics.rs

// Copyright 2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

#![allow(non_snake_case)]

// Error messages for EXXXX errors.
// Each message should start and end with a new line, and be wrapped to 80 characters.
// In vim you can `:set tw=80` and use `gq` to wrap paragraphs. Use `:set tw=0` to disable.
register_long_diagnostics! {

E0001: r##"
This error suggests that the expression arm corresponding to the noted pattern
will never be reached as for all possible values of the expression being
matched, one of the preceding patterns will match.

This means that perhaps some of the preceding patterns are too general, this one
is too specific or the ordering is incorrect.

For example, the following `match` block has too many arms:

```compile_fail
match foo {
    Some(bar) => {/* ... */}
    None => {/* ... */}
    _ => {/* ... */} // All possible cases have already been handled
}
```

`match` blocks have their patterns matched in order, so, for example, putting
a wildcard arm above a more specific arm will make the latter arm irrelevant.

Ensure the ordering of the match arm is correct and remove any superfluous
arms.
"##,

E0002: r##"
This error indicates that an empty match expression is invalid because the type
it is matching on is non-empty (there exist values of this type). In safe code
it is impossible to create an instance of an empty type, so empty match
expressions are almost never desired. This error is typically fixed by adding
one or more cases to the match expression.

An example of an empty type is `enum Empty { }`. So, the following will work:

```
enum Empty {}

fn foo(x: Empty) {
    match x {
        // empty
    }
}
```

However, this won't:

```compile_fail
enum Empty {}

fn foo(x: Option<String>) {
    match x {
        // empty
    }
}
```
"##,

E0003: r##"
Not-a-Number (NaN) values cannot be compared for equality and hence can never
match the input to a match expression. So, the following will not compile:

```compile_fail
const NAN: f32 = 0.0 / 0.0;

let number = 0.1f32;

match number {
    NAN => { /* ... */ },
    _ => {}
}
```

To match against NaN values, you should instead use the `is_nan()` method in a
guard, like so:

```
let number = 0.1f32;

match number {
    x if x.is_nan() => { /* ... */ }
    _ => {}
}
```
"##,

E0004: r##"
This error indicates that the compiler cannot guarantee a matching pattern for
one or more possible inputs to a match expression. Guaranteed matches are
required in order to assign values to match expressions, or alternatively,
determine the flow of execution.

If you encounter this error you must alter your patterns so that every possible
value of the input type is matched. For types with a small number of variants
(like enums) you should probably cover all cases explicitly. Alternatively, the
underscore `_` wildcard pattern can be added after all other patterns to match
"anything else".
"##,

E0005: r##"
Patterns used to bind names must be irrefutable, that is, they must guarantee
that a name will be extracted in all cases. If you encounter this error you
probably need to use a `match` or `if let` to deal with the possibility of
failure.
"##,

E0007: r##"
This error indicates that the bindings in a match arm would require a value to
be moved into more than one location, thus violating unique ownership. Code like
the following is invalid as it requires the entire `Option<String>` to be moved
into a variable called `op_string` while simultaneously requiring the inner
String to be moved into a variable called `s`.

```compile_fail
let x = Some("s".to_string());

match x {
    op_string @ Some(s) => {},
    None => {},
}
```

See also the error E0303.
"##,

E0008: r##"
Names bound in match arms retain their type in pattern guards. As such, if a
name is bound by move in a pattern, it should also be moved to wherever it is
referenced in the pattern guard code. Doing so however would prevent the name
from being available in the body of the match arm. Consider the following:

```compile_fail
match Some("hi".to_string()) {
    Some(s) if s.len() == 0 => {}, // use s.
    _ => {},
}
```

The variable `s` has type `String`, and its use in the guard is as a variable of
type `String`. The guard code effectively executes in a separate scope to the
body of the arm, so the value would be moved into this anonymous scope and
therefore become unavailable in the body of the arm. Although this example seems
innocuous, the problem is most clear when considering functions that take their
argument by value.

```compile_fail
match Some("hi".to_string()) {
    Some(s) if { drop(s); false } => (),
    Some(s) => {}, // use s.
    _ => {},
}
```

The value would be dropped in the guard then become unavailable not only in the
body of that arm but also in all subsequent arms! The solution is to bind by
reference when using guards or refactor the entire expression, perhaps by
putting the condition inside the body of the arm.
"##,

E0009: r##"
In a pattern, all values that don't implement the `Copy` trait have to be bound
the same way. The goal here is to avoid binding simultaneously by-move and
by-ref.

This limitation may be removed in a future version of Rust.

Wrong example:

```compile_fail
struct X { x: (), }

let x = Some((X { x: () }, X { x: () }));
match x {
    Some((y, ref z)) => {},
    None => panic!()
}
```

You have two solutions:

Solution #1: Bind the pattern's values the same way.

```
struct X { x: (), }

let x = Some((X { x: () }, X { x: () }));
match x {
    Some((ref y, ref z)) => {},
    // or Some((y, z)) => {}
    None => panic!()
}
```

Solution #2: Implement the `Copy` trait for the `X` structure.

However, please keep in mind that the first solution should be preferred.

```
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct X { x: (), }

let x = Some((X { x: () }, X { x: () }));
match x {
    Some((y, ref z)) => {},
    None => panic!()
}
```
"##,

E0020: r##"
This error indicates that an attempt was made to divide by zero (or take the
remainder of a zero divisor) in a static or constant expression. Erroneous
code example:

```compile_fail
const X: i32 = 42 / 0;
// error: attempted to divide by zero in a constant expression
```
"##,

E0038: r##"
Trait objects like `Box<Trait>` can only be constructed when certain
requirements are satisfied by the trait in question.

Trait objects are a form of dynamic dispatch and use a dynamically sized type
for the inner type. So, for a given trait `Trait`, when `Trait` is treated as a
type, as in `Box<Trait>`, the inner type is 'unsized'. In such cases the boxed
pointer is a 'fat pointer' that contains an extra pointer to a table of methods
(among other things) for dynamic dispatch. This design mandates some
restrictions on the types of traits that are allowed to be used in trait
objects, which are collectively termed as 'object safety' rules.

Attempting to create a trait object for a non object-safe trait will trigger
this error.

There are various rules:

### The trait cannot require `Self: Sized`

When `Trait` is treated as a type, the type does not implement the special
`Sized` trait, because the type does not have a known size at compile time and
can only be accessed behind a pointer. Thus, if we have a trait like the
following:

```
trait Foo where Self: Sized {

}
```

we cannot create an object of type `Box<Foo>` or `&Foo` since in this case
`Self` would not be `Sized`.

Generally, `Self : Sized` is used to indicate that the trait should not be used
as a trait object. If the trait comes from your own crate, consider removing
this restriction.

### Method references the `Self` type in its arguments or return type

This happens when a trait has a method like the following:

```compile_fail
trait Trait {
    fn foo(&self) -> Self;
}

impl Trait for String {
    fn foo(&self) -> Self {
        "hi".to_owned()
    }
}

impl Trait for u8 {
    fn foo(&self) -> Self {
        1
    }
}
```

(Note that `&self` and `&mut self` are okay, it's additional `Self` types which
cause this problem)

In such a case, the compiler cannot predict the return type of `foo()` in a
situation like the following:

```compile_fail
trait Trait {
    fn foo(&self) -> Self;
}

fn call_foo(x: Box<Trait>) {
    let y = x.foo(); // What type is y?
    // ...
}
```

If only some methods aren't object-safe, you can add a `where Self: Sized` bound
on them to mark them as explicitly unavailable to trait objects. The
functionality will still be available to all other implementers, including
`Box<Trait>` which is itself sized (assuming you `impl Trait for Box<Trait>`).

```
trait Trait {
    fn foo(&self) -> Self where Self: Sized;
    // more functions
}
```

Now, `foo()` can no longer be called on a trait object, but you will now be
allowed to make a trait object, and that will be able to call any object-safe
methods". With such a bound, one can still call `foo()` on types implementing
that trait that aren't behind trait objects.

### Method has generic type parameters

As mentioned before, trait objects contain pointers to method tables. So, if we
have:

```
trait Trait {
    fn foo(&self);
}

impl Trait for String {
    fn foo(&self) {
        // implementation 1
    }
}

impl Trait for u8 {
    fn foo(&self) {
        // implementation 2
    }
}
// ...
```

At compile time each implementation of `Trait` will produce a table containing
the various methods (and other items) related to the implementation.

This works fine, but when the method gains generic parameters, we can have a
problem.

Usually, generic parameters get _monomorphized_. For example, if I have

```
fn foo<T>(x: T) {
    // ...
}
```

The machine code for `foo::<u8>()`, `foo::<bool>()`, `foo::<String>()`, or any
other type substitution is different. Hence the compiler generates the
implementation on-demand. If you call `foo()` with a `bool` parameter, the
compiler will only generate code for `foo::<bool>()`. When we have additional
type parameters, the number of monomorphized implementations the compiler
generates does not grow drastically, since the compiler will only generate an
implementation if the function is called with unparametrized substitutions
(i.e., substitutions where none of the substituted types are themselves
parametrized).

However, with trait objects we have to make a table containing _every_ object
that implements the trait. Now, if it has type parameters, we need to add
implementations for every type that implements the trait, and there could
theoretically be an infinite number of types.

For example, with:

```
trait Trait {
    fn foo<T>(&self, on: T);
    // more methods
}

impl Trait for String {
    fn foo<T>(&self, on: T) {
        // implementation 1
    }
}

impl Trait for u8 {
    fn foo<T>(&self, on: T) {
        // implementation 2
    }
}

// 8 more implementations
```

Now, if we have the following code:

```ignore
fn call_foo(thing: Box<Trait>) {
    thing.foo(true); // this could be any one of the 8 types above
    thing.foo(1);
    thing.foo("hello");
}
```

We don't just need to create a table of all implementations of all methods of
`Trait`, we need to create such a table, for each different type fed to
`foo()`. In this case this turns out to be (10 types implementing `Trait`)*(3
types being fed to `foo()`) = 30 implementations!

With real world traits these numbers can grow drastically.

To fix this, it is suggested to use a `where Self: Sized` bound similar to the
fix for the sub-error above if you do not intend to call the method with type
parameters:

```
trait Trait {
    fn foo<T>(&self, on: T) where Self: Sized;
    // more methods
}
```

If this is not an option, consider replacing the type parameter with another
trait object (e.g. if `T: OtherTrait`, use `on: Box<OtherTrait>`). If the number
of types you intend to feed to this method is limited, consider manually listing
out the methods of different types.

### Method has no receiver

Methods that do not take a `self` parameter can't be called since there won't be
a way to get a pointer to the method table for them.

```
trait Foo {
    fn foo() -> u8;
}
```

This could be called as `<Foo as Foo>::foo()`, which would not be able to pick
an implementation.

Adding a `Self: Sized` bound to these methods will generally make this compile.

```
trait Foo {
    fn foo() -> u8 where Self: Sized;
}
```

### The trait cannot use `Self` as a type parameter in the supertrait listing

This is similar to the second sub-error, but subtler. It happens in situations
like the following:

```compile_fail
trait Super<A> {}

trait Trait: Super<Self> {
}

struct Foo;

impl Super<Foo> for Foo{}

impl Trait for Foo {}
```

Here, the supertrait might have methods as follows:

```
trait Super<A> {
    fn get_a(&self) -> A; // note that this is object safe!
}
```

If the trait `Foo` was deriving from something like `Super<String>` or
`Super<T>` (where `Foo` itself is `Foo<T>`), this is okay, because given a type
`get_a()` will definitely return an object of that type.

However, if it derives from `Super<Self>`, even though `Super` is object safe,
the method `get_a()` would return an object of unknown type when called on the
function. `Self` type parameters let us make object safe traits no longer safe,
so they are forbidden when specifying supertraits.

There's no easy fix for this, generally code will need to be refactored so that
you no longer need to derive from `Super<Self>`.
"##,

E0072: r##"
When defining a recursive struct or enum, any use of the type being defined
from inside the definition must occur behind a pointer (like `Box` or `&`).
This is because structs and enums must have a well-defined size, and without
the pointer the size of the type would need to be unbounded.

Consider the following erroneous definition of a type for a list of bytes:

```compile_fail
// error, invalid recursive struct type
struct ListNode {
    head: u8,
    tail: Option<ListNode>,
}
```

This type cannot have a well-defined size, because it needs to be arbitrarily
large (since we would be able to nest `ListNode`s to any depth). Specifically,

```plain
size of `ListNode` = 1 byte for `head`
                   + 1 byte for the discriminant of the `Option`
                   + size of `ListNode`
```

One way to fix this is by wrapping `ListNode` in a `Box`, like so:

```
struct ListNode {
    head: u8,
    tail: Option<Box<ListNode>>,
}
```

This works because `Box` is a pointer, so its size is well-known.
"##,

E0109: r##"
You tried to give a type parameter to a type which doesn't need it. Erroneous
code example:

```compile_fail
type X = u32<i32>; // error: type parameters are not allowed on this type
```

Please check that you used the correct type and recheck its definition. Perhaps
it doesn't need the type parameter.

Example:

```
type X = u32; // this compiles
```

Note that type parameters for enum-variant constructors go after the variant,
not after the enum (Option::None::<u32>, not Option::<u32>::None).
"##,

E0110: r##"
You tried to give a lifetime parameter to a type which doesn't need it.
Erroneous code example:

```compile_fail
type X = u32<'static>; // error: lifetime parameters are not allowed on
                       //        this type
```

Please check that the correct type was used and recheck its definition; perhaps
it doesn't need the lifetime parameter. Example:

```
type X = u32; // ok!
```
"##,

E0133: r##"
Using unsafe functionality, is potentially dangerous and disallowed
by safety checks. Examples:

- Dereferencing raw pointers
- Calling functions via FFI
- Calling functions marked unsafe

These safety checks can be relaxed for a section of the code
by wrapping the unsafe instructions with an `unsafe` block. For instance:

```
unsafe fn f() { return; }

fn main() {
    unsafe { f(); }
}
```

See also https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/unsafe.html
"##,

// This shouldn't really ever trigger since the repeated value error comes first
E0136: r##"
A binary can only have one entry point, and by default that entry point is the
function `main()`. If there are multiple such functions, please rename one.
"##,

E0137: r##"
This error indicates that the compiler found multiple functions with the
`#[main]` attribute. This is an error because there must be a unique entry
point into a Rust program.
"##,

E0138: r##"
This error indicates that the compiler found multiple functions with the
`#[start]` attribute. This is an error because there must be a unique entry
point into a Rust program.
"##,

// FIXME link this to the relevant turpl chapters for instilling fear of the
//       transmute gods in the user
E0139: r##"
There are various restrictions on transmuting between types in Rust; for example
types being transmuted must have the same size. To apply all these restrictions,
the compiler must know the exact types that may be transmuted. When type
parameters are involved, this cannot always be done.

So, for example, the following is not allowed:

```compile_fail
struct Foo<T>(Vec<T>);

fn foo<T>(x: Vec<T>) {
    // we are transmuting between Vec<T> and Foo<T> here
    let y: Foo<T> = unsafe { transmute(x) };
    // do something with y
}
```

In this specific case there's a good chance that the transmute is harmless (but
this is not guaranteed by Rust). However, when alignment and enum optimizations
come into the picture, it's quite likely that the sizes may or may not match
with different type parameter substitutions. It's not possible to check this for
_all_ possible types, so `transmute()` simply only accepts types without any
unsubstituted type parameters.

If you need this, there's a good chance you're doing something wrong. Keep in
mind that Rust doesn't guarantee much about the layout of different structs
(even two structs with identical declarations may have different layouts). If
there is a solution that avoids the transmute entirely, try it instead.

If it's possible, hand-monomorphize the code by writing the function for each
possible type substitution. It's possible to use traits to do this cleanly,
for example:

```ignore
struct Foo<T>(Vec<T>);

trait MyTransmutableType {
    fn transmute(Vec<Self>) -> Foo<Self>;
}

impl MyTransmutableType for u8 {
    fn transmute(x: Foo<u8>) -> Vec<u8> {
        transmute(x)
    }
}

impl MyTransmutableType for String {
    fn transmute(x: Foo<String>) -> Vec<String> {
        transmute(x)
    }
}

// ... more impls for the types you intend to transmute

fn foo<T: MyTransmutableType>(x: Vec<T>) {
    let y: Foo<T> = <T as MyTransmutableType>::transmute(x);
    // do something with y
}
```

Each impl will be checked for a size match in the transmute as usual, and since
there are no unbound type parameters involved, this should compile unless there
is a size mismatch in one of the impls.

It is also possible to manually transmute:

```ignore
ptr::read(&v as *const _ as *const SomeType) // `v` transmuted to `SomeType`
```

Note that this does not move `v` (unlike `transmute`), and may need a
call to `mem::forget(v)` in case you want to avoid destructors being called.
"##,

E0152: r##"
Lang items are already implemented in the standard library. Unless you are
writing a free-standing application (e.g. a kernel), you do not need to provide
them yourself.

You can build a free-standing crate by adding `#![no_std]` to the crate
attributes:

```
#![no_std]
```

See also https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/no-stdlib.html
"##,

E0158: r##"
`const` and `static` mean different things. A `const` is a compile-time
constant, an alias for a literal value. This property means you can match it
directly within a pattern.

The `static` keyword, on the other hand, guarantees a fixed location in memory.
This does not always mean that the value is constant. For example, a global
mutex can be declared `static` as well.

If you want to match against a `static`, consider using a guard instead:

```
static FORTY_TWO: i32 = 42;

match Some(42) {
    Some(x) if x == FORTY_TWO => {}
    _ => {}
}
```
"##,

E0162: r##"
An if-let pattern attempts to match the pattern, and enters the body if the
match was successful. If the match is irrefutable (when it cannot fail to
match), use a regular `let`-binding instead. For instance:

```compile_fail
struct Irrefutable(i32);
let irr = Irrefutable(0);

// This fails to compile because the match is irrefutable.
if let Irrefutable(x) = irr {
    // This body will always be executed.
    foo(x);
}
```

Try this instead:

```ignore
struct Irrefutable(i32);
let irr = Irrefutable(0);

let Irrefutable(x) = irr;
foo(x);
```
"##,

E0165: r##"
A while-let pattern attempts to match the pattern, and enters the body if the
match was successful. If the match is irrefutable (when it cannot fail to
match), use a regular `let`-binding inside a `loop` instead. For instance:

```compile_fail
struct Irrefutable(i32);
let irr = Irrefutable(0);

// This fails to compile because the match is irrefutable.
while let Irrefutable(x) = irr {
    ...
}

Try this instead:

```
struct Irrefutable(i32);
let irr = Irrefutable(0);

loop {
    let Irrefutable(x) = irr;
    ...
}
```
"##,

E0170: r##"
Enum variants are qualified by default. For example, given this type:

```
enum Method {
    GET,
    POST,
}
```

You would match it using:

```
enum Method {
    GET,
    POST,
}

let m = Method::GET;

match m {
    Method::GET => {},
    Method::POST => {},
}
```

If you don't qualify the names, the code will bind new variables named "GET" and
"POST" instead. This behavior is likely not what you want, so `rustc` warns when
that happens.

Qualified names are good practice, and most code works well with them. But if
you prefer them unqualified, you can import the variants into scope:

```ignore
use Method::*;
enum Method { GET, POST }
```

If you want others to be able to import variants from your module directly, use
`pub use`:

```ignore
pub use Method::*;
enum Method { GET, POST }
```
"##,

E0229: r##"
An associated type binding was done outside of the type parameter declaration
and `where` clause. Erroneous code example:

```compile_fail
pub trait Foo {
    type A;
    fn boo(&self) -> <Self as Foo>::A;
}

struct Bar;

impl Foo for isize {
    type A = usize;
    fn boo(&self) -> usize { 42 }
}

fn baz<I>(x: &<I as Foo<A=Bar>>::A) {}
// error: associated type bindings are not allowed here
```

To solve this error, please move the type bindings in the type parameter
declaration:

```ignore
fn baz<I: Foo<A=Bar>>(x: &<I as Foo>::A) {} // ok!
```

Or in the `where` clause:

```ignore
fn baz<I>(x: &<I as Foo>::A) where I: Foo<A=Bar> {}
```
"##,

E0261: r##"
When using a lifetime like `'a` in a type, it must be declared before being
used.

These two examples illustrate the problem:

```compile_fail
// error, use of undeclared lifetime name `'a`
fn foo(x: &'a str) { }

struct Foo {
    // error, use of undeclared lifetime name `'a`
    x: &'a str,
}
```

These can be fixed by declaring lifetime parameters:

```
fn foo<'a>(x: &'a str) {}

struct Foo<'a> {
    x: &'a str,
}
```
"##,

E0262: r##"
Declaring certain lifetime names in parameters is disallowed. For example,
because the `'static` lifetime is a special built-in lifetime name denoting
the lifetime of the entire program, this is an error:

```compile_fail
// error, invalid lifetime parameter name `'static`
fn foo<'static>(x: &'static str) { }
```
"##,

E0263: r##"
A lifetime name cannot be declared more than once in the same scope. For
example:

```compile_fail
// error, lifetime name `'a` declared twice in the same scope
fn foo<'a, 'b, 'a>(x: &'a str, y: &'b str) { }
```
"##,

E0264: r##"
An unknown external lang item was used. Erroneous code example:

```compile_fail
#![feature(lang_items)]

extern "C" {
    #[lang = "cake"] // error: unknown external lang item: `cake`
    fn cake();
}
```

A list of available external lang items is available in
`src/librustc/middle/weak_lang_items.rs`. Example:

```
#![feature(lang_items)]

extern "C" {
    #[lang = "panic_fmt"] // ok!
    fn cake();
}
```
"##,

E0269: r##"
Functions must eventually return a value of their return type. For example, in
the following function:

```compile_fail
fn foo(x: u8) -> u8 {
    if x > 0 {
        x // alternatively, `return x`
    }
    // nothing here
}
```

If the condition is true, the value `x` is returned, but if the condition is
false, control exits the `if` block and reaches a place where nothing is being
returned. All possible control paths must eventually return a `u8`, which is not
happening here.

An easy fix for this in a complicated function is to specify a default return
value, if possible:

```ignore
fn foo(x: u8) -> u8 {
    if x > 0 {
        x // alternatively, `return x`
    }
    // lots of other if branches
    0 // return 0 if all else fails
}
```

It is advisable to find out what the unhandled cases are and check for them,
returning an appropriate value or panicking if necessary.
"##,

E0270: r##"
Rust lets you define functions which are known to never return, i.e. are
'diverging', by marking its return type as `!`.

For example, the following functions never return:

```no_run
fn foo() -> ! {
    loop {}
}

fn bar() -> ! {
    foo() // foo() is diverging, so this will diverge too
}

fn baz() -> ! {
    panic!(); // this macro internally expands to a call to a diverging function
}
```

Such functions can be used in a place where a value is expected without
returning a value of that type, for instance:

```no_run
fn foo() -> ! {
    loop {}
}

let x = 3;

let y = match x {
    1 => 1,
    2 => 4,
    _ => foo() // diverging function called here
};

println!("{}", y)
```

If the third arm of the match block is reached, since `foo()` doesn't ever
return control to the match block, it is fine to use it in a place where an
integer was expected. The `match` block will never finish executing, and any
point where `y` (like the print statement) is needed will not be reached.

However, if we had a diverging function that actually does finish execution:

```ignore
fn foo() -> ! {
    loop {break;}
}
```

Then we would have an unknown value for `y` in the following code:

```no_run
fn foo() -> ! {
    loop {}
}

let x = 3;

let y = match x {
    1 => 1,
    2 => 4,
    _ => foo()
};

println!("{}", y);
```

In the previous example, the print statement was never reached when the wildcard
match arm was hit, so we were okay with `foo()` not returning an integer that we
could set to `y`. But in this example, `foo()` actually does return control, so
the print statement will be executed with an uninitialized value.

Obviously we cannot have functions which are allowed to be used in such
positions and yet can return control. So, if you are defining a function that
returns `!`, make sure that there is no way for it to actually finish executing.
"##,

E0271: r##"
This is because of a type mismatch between the associated type of some
trait (e.g. `T::Bar`, where `T` implements `trait Quux { type Bar; }`)
and another type `U` that is required to be equal to `T::Bar`, but is not.
Examples follow.

Here is a basic example:

```compile_fail
trait Trait { type AssociatedType; }

fn foo<T>(t: T) where T: Trait<AssociatedType=u32> {
    println!("in foo");
}

impl Trait for i8 { type AssociatedType = &'static str; }

foo(3_i8);
```

Here is that same example again, with some explanatory comments:

```ignore
trait Trait { type AssociatedType; }

fn foo<T>(t: T) where T: Trait<AssociatedType=u32> {
//                    ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
//                        |            |
//         This says `foo` can         |
//           only be used with         |
//              some type that         |
//         implements `Trait`.         |
//                                     |
//                             This says not only must
//                             `T` be an impl of `Trait`
//                             but also that the impl
//                             must assign the type `u32`
//                             to the associated type.
    println!("in foo");
}

impl Trait for i8 { type AssociatedType = &'static str; }
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
//      |                             |
// `i8` does have                     |
// implementation                     |
// of `Trait`...                      |
//                     ... but it is an implementation
//                     that assigns `&'static str` to
//                     the associated type.

foo(3_i8);
// Here, we invoke `foo` with an `i8`, which does not satisfy
// the constraint `<i8 as Trait>::AssociatedType=u32`, and
// therefore the type-checker complains with this error code.
```

Here is a more subtle instance of the same problem, that can
arise with for-loops in Rust:

```compile_fail
let vs: Vec<i32> = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
for v in &vs {
    match v {
        1 => {},
        _ => {},
    }
}
```

The above fails because of an analogous type mismatch,
though may be harder to see. Again, here are some
explanatory comments for the same example:

```ignore
{
    let vs = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];

    // `for`-loops use a protocol based on the `Iterator`
    // trait. Each item yielded in a `for` loop has the
    // type `Iterator::Item` -- that is, `Item` is the
    // associated type of the concrete iterator impl.
    for v in &vs {
//      ~    ~~~
//      |     |
//      |    We borrow `vs`, iterating over a sequence of
//      |    *references* of type `&Elem` (where `Elem` is
//      |    vector's element type). Thus, the associated
//      |    type `Item` must be a reference `&`-type ...
//      |
//  ... and `v` has the type `Iterator::Item`, as dictated by
//  the `for`-loop protocol ...

        match v {
            1 => {}
//          ~
//          |
// ... but *here*, `v` is forced to have some integral type;
// only types like `u8`,`i8`,`u16`,`i16`, et cetera can
// match the pattern `1` ...

            _ => {}
        }

// ... therefore, the compiler complains, because it sees
// an attempt to solve the equations
// `some integral-type` = type-of-`v`
//                      = `Iterator::Item`
//                      = `&Elem` (i.e. `some reference type`)
//
// which cannot possibly all be true.

    }
}
```

To avoid those issues, you have to make the types match correctly.
So we can fix the previous examples like this:

```
// Basic Example:
trait Trait { type AssociatedType; }

fn foo<T>(t: T) where T: Trait<AssociatedType = &'static str> {
    println!("in foo");
}

impl Trait for i8 { type AssociatedType = &'static str; }

foo(3_i8);

// For-Loop Example:
let vs = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
for v in &vs {
    match v {
        &1 => {}
        _ => {}
    }
}
```
"##,

E0272: r##"
The `#[rustc_on_unimplemented]` attribute lets you specify a custom error
message for when a particular trait isn't implemented on a type placed in a
position that needs that trait. For example, when the following code is
compiled:

```compile_fail
fn foo<T: Index<u8>>(x: T){}

#[rustc_on_unimplemented = "the type `{Self}` cannot be indexed by `{Idx}`"]
trait Index<Idx> { ... }

foo(true); // `bool` does not implement `Index<u8>`
```

there will be an error about `bool` not implementing `Index<u8>`, followed by a
note saying "the type `bool` cannot be indexed by `u8`".

As you can see, you can specify type parameters in curly braces for substitution
with the actual types (using the regular format string syntax) in a given
situation. Furthermore, `{Self}` will substitute to the type (in this case,
`bool`) that we tried to use.

This error appears when the curly braces contain an identifier which doesn't
match with any of the type parameters or the string `Self`. This might happen if
you misspelled a type parameter, or if you intended to use literal curly braces.
If it is the latter, escape the curly braces with a second curly brace of the
same type; e.g. a literal `{` is `{{`
"##,

E0273: r##"
The `#[rustc_on_unimplemented]` attribute lets you specify a custom error
message for when a particular trait isn't implemented on a type placed in a
position that needs that trait. For example, when the following code is
compiled:

```compile_fail
fn foo<T: Index<u8>>(x: T){}

#[rustc_on_unimplemented = "the type `{Self}` cannot be indexed by `{Idx}`"]
trait Index<Idx> { ... }

foo(true); // `bool` does not implement `Index<u8>`
```

there will be an error about `bool` not implementing `Index<u8>`, followed by a
note saying "the type `bool` cannot be indexed by `u8`".

As you can see, you can specify type parameters in curly braces for substitution
with the actual types (using the regular format string syntax) in a given
situation. Furthermore, `{Self}` will substitute to the type (in this case,
`bool`) that we tried to use.

This error appears when the curly braces do not contain an identifier. Please
add one of the same name as a type parameter. If you intended to use literal
braces, use `{{` and `}}` to escape them.
"##,

E0274: r##"
The `#[rustc_on_unimplemented]` attribute lets you specify a custom error
message for when a particular trait isn't implemented on a type placed in a
position that needs that trait. For example, when the following code is
compiled:

```compile_fail
fn foo<T: Index<u8>>(x: T){}

#[rustc_on_unimplemented = "the type `{Self}` cannot be indexed by `{Idx}`"]
trait Index<Idx> { ... }

foo(true); // `bool` does not implement `Index<u8>`
```

there will be an error about `bool` not implementing `Index<u8>`, followed by a
note saying "the type `bool` cannot be indexed by `u8`".

For this to work, some note must be specified. An empty attribute will not do
anything, please remove the attribute or add some helpful note for users of the
trait.
"##,

E0275: r##"
This error occurs when there was a recursive trait requirement that overflowed
before it could be evaluated. Often this means that there is unbounded recursion
in resolving some type bounds.

For example, in the following code:

```compile_fail
trait Foo {}

struct Bar<T>(T);

impl<T> Foo for T where Bar<T>: Foo {}
```

To determine if a `T` is `Foo`, we need to check if `Bar<T>` is `Foo`. However,
to do this check, we need to determine that `Bar<Bar<T>>` is `Foo`. To determine
this, we check if `Bar<Bar<Bar<T>>>` is `Foo`, and so on. This is clearly a
recursive requirement that can't be resolved directly.

Consider changing your trait bounds so that they're less self-referential.
"##,

E0276: r##"
This error occurs when a bound in an implementation of a trait does not match
the bounds specified in the original trait. For example:

```compile_fail
trait Foo {
    fn foo<T>(x: T);
}

impl Foo for bool {
    fn foo<T>(x: T) where T: Copy {}
}
```

Here, all types implementing `Foo` must have a method `foo<T>(x: T)` which can
take any type `T`. However, in the `impl` for `bool`, we have added an extra
bound that `T` is `Copy`, which isn't compatible with the original trait.

Consider removing the bound from the method or adding the bound to the original
method definition in the trait.
"##,

E0277: r##"
You tried to use a type which doesn't implement some trait in a place which
expected that trait. Erroneous code example:

```compile_fail
// here we declare the Foo trait with a bar method
trait Foo {
    fn bar(&self);
}

// we now declare a function which takes an object implementing the Foo trait
fn some_func<T: Foo>(foo: T) {
    foo.bar();
}

fn main() {
    // we now call the method with the i32 type, which doesn't implement
    // the Foo trait
    some_func(5i32); // error: the trait `Foo` is not implemented for the
                     //     type `i32`
}
```

In order to fix this error, verify that the type you're using does implement
the trait. Example:

```
trait Foo {
    fn bar(&self);
}

fn some_func<T: Foo>(foo: T) {
    foo.bar(); // we can now use this method since i32 implements the
               // Foo trait
}

// we implement the trait on the i32 type
impl Foo for i32 {
    fn bar(&self) {}
}

fn main() {
    some_func(5i32); // ok!
}
```
"##,

E0281: r##"
You tried to supply a type which doesn't implement some trait in a location
which expected that trait. This error typically occurs when working with
`Fn`-based types. Erroneous code example:

```compile_fail
fn foo<F: Fn()>(x: F) { }

fn main() {
    // type mismatch: the type ... implements the trait `core::ops::Fn<(_,)>`,
    // but the trait `core::ops::Fn<()>` is required (expected (), found tuple
    // [E0281]
    foo(|y| { });
}
```

The issue in this case is that `foo` is defined as accepting a `Fn` with no
arguments, but the closure we attempted to pass to it requires one argument.
"##,

E0282: r##"
This error indicates that type inference did not result in one unique possible
type, and extra information is required. In most cases this can be provided
by adding a type annotation. Sometimes you need to specify a generic type
parameter manually.

A common example is the `collect` method on `Iterator`. It has a generic type
parameter with a `FromIterator` bound, which for a `char` iterator is
implemented by `Vec` and `String` among others. Consider the following snippet
that reverses the characters of a string:

```compile_fail
let x = "hello".chars().rev().collect();
```

In this case, the compiler cannot infer what the type of `x` should be:
`Vec<char>` and `String` are both suitable candidates. To specify which type to
use, you can use a type annotation on `x`:

```
let x: Vec<char> = "hello".chars().rev().collect();
```

It is not necessary to annotate the full type. Once the ambiguity is resolved,
the compiler can infer the rest:

```
let x: Vec<_> = "hello".chars().rev().collect();
```

Another way to provide the compiler with enough information, is to specify the
generic type parameter:

```
let x = "hello".chars().rev().collect::<Vec<char>>();
```

Again, you need not specify the full type if the compiler can infer it:

```
let x = "hello".chars().rev().collect::<Vec<_>>();
```

Apart from a method or function with a generic type parameter, this error can
occur when a type parameter of a struct or trait cannot be inferred. In that
case it is not always possible to use a type annotation, because all candidates
have the same return type. For instance:

```compile_fail
struct Foo<T> {
    num: T,
}

impl<T> Foo<T> {
    fn bar() -> i32 {
        0
    }

    fn baz() {
        let number = Foo::bar();
    }
}
```

This will fail because the compiler does not know which instance of `Foo` to
call `bar` on. Change `Foo::bar()` to `Foo::<T>::bar()` to resolve the error.
"##,

E0283: r##"
This error occurs when the compiler doesn't have enough information
to unambiguously choose an implementation.

For example:

```compile_fail
trait Generator {
    fn create() -> u32;
}

struct Impl;

impl Generator for Impl {
    fn create() -> u32 { 1 }
}

struct AnotherImpl;

impl Generator for AnotherImpl {
    fn create() -> u32 { 2 }
}

fn main() {
    let cont: u32 = Generator::create();
    // error, impossible to choose one of Generator trait implementation
    // Impl or AnotherImpl? Maybe anything else?
}
```

To resolve this error use the concrete type:

```
trait Generator {
    fn create() -> u32;
}

struct AnotherImpl;

impl Generator for AnotherImpl {
    fn create() -> u32 { 2 }
}

fn main() {
    let gen1 = AnotherImpl::create();

    // if there are multiple methods with same name (different traits)
    let gen2 = <AnotherImpl as Generator>::create();
}
```
"##,

E0296: r##"
This error indicates that the given recursion limit could not be parsed. Ensure
that the value provided is a positive integer between quotes, like so:

```
#![recursion_limit="1000"]
```
"##,

E0297: r##"
Patterns used to bind names must be irrefutable. That is, they must guarantee
that a name will be extracted in all cases. Instead of pattern matching the
loop variable, consider using a `match` or `if let` inside the loop body. For
instance:

```compile_fail
let xs : Vec<Option<i32>> = vec!(Some(1), None);

// This fails because `None` is not covered.
for Some(x) in xs {
    // ...
}
```

Match inside the loop instead:

```
let xs : Vec<Option<i32>> = vec!(Some(1), None);

for item in xs {
    match item {
        Some(x) => {},
        None => {},
    }
}
```

Or use `if let`:

```
let xs : Vec<Option<i32>> = vec!(Some(1), None);

for item in xs {
    if let Some(x) = item {
        // ...
    }
}
```
"##,

E0301: r##"
Mutable borrows are not allowed in pattern guards, because matching cannot have
side effects. Side effects could alter the matched object or the environment
on which the match depends in such a way, that the match would not be
exhaustive. For instance, the following would not match any arm if mutable
borrows were allowed:

```compile_fail
match Some(()) {
    None => { },
    option if option.take().is_none() => { /* impossible, option is `Some` */ },
    Some(_) => { } // When the previous match failed, the option became `None`.
}
```
"##,

E0302: r##"
Assignments are not allowed in pattern guards, because matching cannot have
side effects. Side effects could alter the matched object or the environment
on which the match depends in such a way, that the match would not be
exhaustive. For instance, the following would not match any arm if assignments
were allowed:

```compile_fail
match Some(()) {
    None => { },
    option if { option = None; false } { },
    Some(_) => { } // When the previous match failed, the option became `None`.
}
```
"##,

E0303: r##"
In certain cases it is possible for sub-bindings to violate memory safety.
Updates to the borrow checker in a future version of Rust may remove this
restriction, but for now patterns must be rewritten without sub-bindings.

```ignore
// Before.
match Some("hi".to_string()) {
    ref op_string_ref @ Some(s) => {},
    None => {},
}

// After.
match Some("hi".to_string()) {
    Some(ref s) => {
        let op_string_ref = &Some(s);
        // ...
    },
    None => {},
}
```

The `op_string_ref` binding has type `&Option<&String>` in both cases.

See also https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/14587
"##,

E0306: r##"
In an array literal `[x; N]`, `N` is the number of elements in the array. This
number cannot be negative.
"##,

E0307: r##"
The length of an array is part of its type. For this reason, this length must be
a compile-time constant.
"##,

E0308: r##"
This error occurs when the compiler was unable to infer the concrete type of a
variable. It can occur for several cases, the most common of which is a
mismatch in the expected type that the compiler inferred for a variable's
initializing expression, and the actual type explicitly assigned to the
variable.

For example:

```compile_fail
let x: i32 = "I am not a number!";
//     ~~~   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
//      |             |
//      |    initializing expression;
//      |    compiler infers type `&str`
//      |
//    type `i32` assigned to variable `x`
```

Another situation in which this occurs is when you attempt to use the `try!`
macro inside a function that does not return a `Result<T, E>`:

```compile_fail
use std::fs::File;

fn main() {
    let mut f = try!(File::create("foo.txt"));
}
```

This code gives an error like this:

```text
<std macros>:5:8: 6:42 error: mismatched types:
 expected `()`,
     found `core::result::Result<_, _>`
 (expected (),
     found enum `core::result::Result`) [E0308]
```

`try!` returns a `Result<T, E>`, and so the function must. But `main()` has
`()` as its return type, hence the error.
"##,

E0309: r##"
Types in type definitions have lifetimes associated with them that represent
how long the data stored within them is guaranteed to be live. This lifetime
must be as long as the data needs to be alive, and missing the constraint that
denotes this will cause this error.

```compile_fail
// This won't compile because T is not constrained, meaning the data
// stored in it is not guaranteed to last as long as the reference
struct Foo<'a, T> {
    foo: &'a T
}
```

This will compile, because it has the constraint on the type parameter:

```
struct Foo<'a, T: 'a> {
    foo: &'a T
}
```
"##,

E0310: r##"
Types in type definitions have lifetimes associated with them that represent
how long the data stored within them is guaranteed to be live. This lifetime
must be as long as the data needs to be alive, and missing the constraint that
denotes this will cause this error.

```compile_fail
// This won't compile because T is not constrained to the static lifetime
// the reference needs
struct Foo<T> {
    foo: &'static T
}

This will compile, because it has the constraint on the type parameter:

```
struct Foo<T: 'static> {
    foo: &'static T
}
```
"##,

E0398: r##"
In Rust 1.3, the default object lifetime bounds are expected to
change, as described in RFC #1156 [1]. You are getting a warning
because the compiler thinks it is possible that this change will cause
a compilation error in your code. It is possible, though unlikely,
that this is a false alarm.

The heart of the change is that where `&'a Box<SomeTrait>` used to
default to `&'a Box<SomeTrait+'a>`, it now defaults to `&'a
Box<SomeTrait+'static>` (here, `SomeTrait` is the name of some trait
type). Note that the only types which are affected are references to
boxes, like `&Box<SomeTrait>` or `&[Box<SomeTrait>]`.  More common
types like `&SomeTrait` or `Box<SomeTrait>` are unaffected.

To silence this warning, edit your code to use an explicit bound.
Most of the time, this means that you will want to change the
signature of a function that you are calling. For example, if
the error is reported on a call like `foo(x)`, and `foo` is
defined as follows:

```ignore
fn foo(arg: &Box<SomeTrait>) { ... }
```

You might change it to:

```ignore
fn foo<'a>(arg: &Box<SomeTrait+'a>) { ... }
```

This explicitly states that you expect the trait object `SomeTrait` to
contain references (with a maximum lifetime of `'a`).

[1]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/1156
"##,

E0452: r##"
An invalid lint attribute has been given. Erroneous code example:

```compile_fail
#![allow(foo = "")] // error: malformed lint attribute
```

Lint attributes only accept a list of identifiers (where each identifier is a
lint name). Ensure the attribute is of this form:

```
#![allow(foo)] // ok!
// or:
#![allow(foo, foo2)] // ok!
```
"##,

E0496: r##"
A lifetime name is shadowing another lifetime name. Erroneous code example:

```compile_fail
struct Foo<'a> {
    a: &'a i32,
}

impl<'a> Foo<'a> {
    fn f<'a>(x: &'a i32) { // error: lifetime name `'a` shadows a lifetime
                           //        name that is already in scope
    }
}
```

Please change the name of one of the lifetimes to remove this error. Example:

```
struct Foo<'a> {
    a: &'a i32,
}

impl<'a> Foo<'a> {
    fn f<'b>(x: &'b i32) { // ok!
    }
}

fn main() {
}
```
"##,

E0497: r##"
A stability attribute was used outside of the standard library. Erroneous code
example:

```compile_fail
#[stable] // error: stability attributes may not be used outside of the
          //        standard library
fn foo() {}
```

It is not possible to use stability attributes outside of the standard library.
Also, for now, it is not possible to write deprecation messages either.
"##,

E0517: r##"
This error indicates that a `#[repr(..)]` attribute was placed on an unsupported
item.

Examples of erroneous code:

```compile_fail
#[repr(C)]
type Foo = u8;

#[repr(packed)]
enum Foo {Bar, Baz}

#[repr(u8)]
struct Foo {bar: bool, baz: bool}

#[repr(C)]
impl Foo {
    ...
}
```

 - The `#[repr(C)]` attribute can only be placed on structs and enums
 - The `#[repr(packed)]` and `#[repr(simd)]` attributes only work on structs
 - The `#[repr(u8)]`, `#[repr(i16)]`, etc attributes only work on enums

These attributes do not work on typedefs, since typedefs are just aliases.

Representations like `#[repr(u8)]`, `#[repr(i64)]` are for selecting the
discriminant size for C-like enums (when there is no associated data, e.g. `enum
Color {Red, Blue, Green}`), effectively setting the size of the enum to the size
of the provided type. Such an enum can be cast to a value of the same type as
well. In short, `#[repr(u8)]` makes the enum behave like an integer with a
constrained set of allowed values.

Only C-like enums can be cast to numerical primitives, so this attribute will
not apply to structs.

`#[repr(packed)]` reduces padding to make the struct size smaller. The
representation of enums isn't strictly defined in Rust, and this attribute won't
work on enums.

`#[repr(simd)]` will give a struct consisting of a homogenous series of machine
types (i.e. `u8`, `i32`, etc) a representation that permits vectorization via
SIMD. This doesn't make much sense for enums since they don't consist of a
single list of data.
"##,

E0518: r##"
This error indicates that an `#[inline(..)]` attribute was incorrectly placed on
something other than a function or method.

Examples of erroneous code:

```compile_fail
#[inline(always)]
struct Foo;

#[inline(never)]
impl Foo {
    ...
}
```

`#[inline]` hints the compiler whether or not to attempt to inline a method or
function. By default, the compiler does a pretty good job of figuring this out
itself, but if you feel the need for annotations, `#[inline(always)]` and
`#[inline(never)]` can override or force the compiler's decision.

If you wish to apply this attribute to all methods in an impl, manually annotate
each method; it is not possible to annotate the entire impl with an `#[inline]`
attribute.
"##,

}


register_diagnostics! {
//  E0006 // merged with E0005
//  E0134,
//  E0135,
    E0278, // requirement is not satisfied
    E0279, // requirement is not satisfied
    E0280, // requirement is not satisfied
    E0284, // cannot resolve type
//  E0285, // overflow evaluation builtin bounds
    E0298, // mismatched types between arms
    E0299, // mismatched types between arms
//  E0300, // unexpanded macro
//  E0304, // expected signed integer constant
//  E0305, // expected constant
    E0311, // thing may not live long enough
    E0312, // lifetime of reference outlives lifetime of borrowed content
    E0313, // lifetime of borrowed pointer outlives lifetime of captured variable
    E0314, // closure outlives stack frame
    E0315, // cannot invoke closure outside of its lifetime
    E0316, // nested quantification of lifetimes
    E0453, // overruled by outer forbid
    E0471, // constant evaluation error: ..
    E0473, // dereference of reference outside its lifetime
    E0474, // captured variable `..` does not outlive the enclosing closure
    E0475, // index of slice outside its lifetime
    E0476, // lifetime of the source pointer does not outlive lifetime bound...
    E0477, // the type `..` does not fulfill the required lifetime...
    E0478, // lifetime bound not satisfied
    E0479, // the type `..` (provided as the value of a type parameter) is...
    E0480, // lifetime of method receiver does not outlive the method call
    E0481, // lifetime of function argument does not outlive the function call
    E0482, // lifetime of return value does not outlive the function call
    E0483, // lifetime of operand does not outlive the operation
    E0484, // reference is not valid at the time of borrow
    E0485, // automatically reference is not valid at the time of borrow
    E0486, // type of expression contains references that are not valid during...
    E0487, // unsafe use of destructor: destructor might be called while...
    E0488, // lifetime of variable does not enclose its declaration
    E0489, // type/lifetime parameter not in scope here
    E0490, // a value of type `..` is borrowed for too long
    E0491, // in type `..`, reference has a longer lifetime than the data it...
    E0495, // cannot infer an appropriate lifetime due to conflicting requirements
}