1 //! A pointer type for heap allocation.
3 //! `Box<T>`, casually referred to as a 'box', provides the simplest form of
4 //! heap allocation in Rust. Boxes provide ownership for this allocation, and
5 //! drop their contents when they go out of scope.
9 //! Move a value from the stack to the heap by creating a [`Box`]:
13 //! let boxed: Box<u8> = Box::new(val);
16 //! Move a value from a [`Box`] back to the stack by [dereferencing]:
19 //! let boxed: Box<u8> = Box::new(5);
20 //! let val: u8 = *boxed;
23 //! Creating a recursive data structure:
28 //! Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),
33 //! let list: List<i32> = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::new(List::Nil))));
34 //! println!("{:?}", list);
38 //! This will print `Cons(1, Cons(2, Nil))`.
40 //! Recursive structures must be boxed, because if the definition of `Cons`
43 //! ```compile_fail,E0072
49 //! It wouldn't work. This is because the size of a `List` depends on how many
50 //! elements are in the list, and so we don't know how much memory to allocate
51 //! for a `Cons`. By introducing a `Box`, which has a defined size, we know how
52 //! big `Cons` needs to be.
56 //! For non-zero-sized values, a [`Box`] will use the [`Global`] allocator for
57 //! its allocation. It is valid to convert both ways between a [`Box`] and a
58 //! raw pointer allocated with the [`Global`] allocator, given that the
59 //! [`Layout`] used with the allocator is correct for the type. More precisely,
60 //! a `value: *mut T` that has been allocated with the [`Global`] allocator
61 //! with `Layout::for_value(&*value)` may be converted into a box using
62 //! `Box::<T>::from_raw(value)`. Conversely, the memory backing a `value: *mut
63 //! T` obtained from `Box::<T>::into_raw` may be deallocated using the
64 //! [`Global`] allocator with `Layout::for_value(&*value)`.
67 //! [dereferencing]: ../../std/ops/trait.Deref.html
68 //! [`Box`]: struct.Box.html
69 //! [`Global`]: ../alloc/struct.Global.html
70 //! [`Layout`]: ../alloc/struct.Layout.html
72 #![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
76 use core::cmp::Ordering;
77 use core::convert::From;
79 use core::future::Future;
80 use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
81 use core::iter::{Iterator, FromIterator, FusedIterator};
82 use core::marker::{Unpin, Unsize};
86 CoerceUnsized, DispatchFromDyn, Deref, DerefMut, Receiver, Generator, GeneratorState
88 use core::ptr::{self, NonNull, Unique};
89 use core::task::{Context, Poll};
92 use crate::raw_vec::RawVec;
93 use crate::str::from_boxed_utf8_unchecked;
95 /// A pointer type for heap allocation.
97 /// See the [module-level documentation](../../std/boxed/index.html) for more.
100 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
101 pub struct Box<T: ?Sized>(Unique<T>);
104 /// Allocates memory on the heap and then places `x` into it.
106 /// This doesn't actually allocate if `T` is zero-sized.
111 /// let five = Box::new(5);
113 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
115 pub fn new(x: T) -> Box<T> {
119 /// Constructs a new `Pin<Box<T>>`. If `T` does not implement `Unpin`, then
120 /// `x` will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.
121 #[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
123 pub fn pin(x: T) -> Pin<Box<T>> {
128 impl<T: ?Sized> Box<T> {
129 /// Constructs a box from a raw pointer.
131 /// After calling this function, the raw pointer is owned by the
132 /// resulting `Box`. Specifically, the `Box` destructor will call
133 /// the destructor of `T` and free the allocated memory. For this
134 /// to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance
135 /// with the [memory layout] used by `Box` .
139 /// This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to
140 /// memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the
141 /// function is called twice on the same raw pointer.
144 /// Recreate a `Box` which was previously converted to a raw pointer
145 /// using [`Box::into_raw`]:
147 /// let x = Box::new(5);
148 /// let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
149 /// let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr) };
151 /// Manually create a `Box` from scratch by using the global allocator:
153 /// use std::alloc::{alloc, Layout};
156 /// let ptr = alloc(Layout::new::<i32>()) as *mut i32;
158 /// let x = Box::from_raw(ptr);
162 /// [memory layout]: index.html#memory-layout
163 /// [`Layout`]: ../alloc/struct.Layout.html
164 /// [`Box::into_raw`]: struct.Box.html#method.into_raw
165 #[stable(feature = "box_raw", since = "1.4.0")]
167 pub unsafe fn from_raw(raw: *mut T) -> Self {
168 Box(Unique::new_unchecked(raw))
171 /// Consumes the `Box`, returning a wrapped raw pointer.
173 /// The pointer will be properly aligned and non-null.
175 /// After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the
176 /// memory previously managed by the `Box`. In particular, the
177 /// caller should properly destroy `T` and release the memory, taking
178 /// into account the [memory layout] used by `Box`. The easiest way to
179 /// do this is to convert the raw pointer back into a `Box` with the
180 /// [`Box::from_raw`] function, allowing the `Box` destructor to perform
183 /// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have
184 /// to call it as `Box::into_raw(b)` instead of `b.into_raw()`. This
185 /// is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.
188 /// Converting the raw pointer back into a `Box` with [`Box::from_raw`]
189 /// for automatic cleanup:
191 /// let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
192 /// let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
193 /// let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr) };
195 /// Manual cleanup by explicitly running the destructor and deallocating
198 /// use std::alloc::{dealloc, Layout};
201 /// let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
202 /// let p = Box::into_raw(x);
204 /// ptr::drop_in_place(p);
205 /// dealloc(p as *mut u8, Layout::new::<String>());
209 /// [memory layout]: index.html#memory-layout
210 /// [`Box::from_raw`]: struct.Box.html#method.from_raw
211 #[stable(feature = "box_raw", since = "1.4.0")]
213 pub fn into_raw(b: Box<T>) -> *mut T {
214 Box::into_raw_non_null(b).as_ptr()
217 /// Consumes the `Box`, returning the wrapped pointer as `NonNull<T>`.
219 /// After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the
220 /// memory previously managed by the `Box`. In particular, the
221 /// caller should properly destroy `T` and release the memory. The
222 /// easiest way to do so is to convert the `NonNull<T>` pointer
223 /// into a raw pointer and back into a `Box` with the [`Box::from_raw`]
226 /// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have
227 /// to call it as `Box::into_raw_non_null(b)`
228 /// instead of `b.into_raw_non_null()`. This
229 /// is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.
231 /// [`Box::from_raw`]: struct.Box.html#method.from_raw
236 /// #![feature(box_into_raw_non_null)]
239 /// let x = Box::new(5);
240 /// let ptr = Box::into_raw_non_null(x);
242 /// // Clean up the memory by converting the NonNull pointer back
243 /// // into a Box and letting the Box be dropped.
244 /// let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr.as_ptr()) };
247 #[unstable(feature = "box_into_raw_non_null", issue = "47336")]
249 pub fn into_raw_non_null(b: Box<T>) -> NonNull<T> {
250 Box::into_unique(b).into()
253 #[unstable(feature = "ptr_internals", issue = "0", reason = "use into_raw_non_null instead")]
256 pub fn into_unique(b: Box<T>) -> Unique<T> {
257 let mut unique = b.0;
259 // Box is kind-of a library type, but recognized as a "unique pointer" by
260 // Stacked Borrows. This function here corresponds to "reborrowing to
261 // a raw pointer", but there is no actual reborrow here -- so
262 // without some care, the pointer we are returning here still carries
263 // the tag of `b`, with `Unique` permission.
264 // We round-trip through a mutable reference to avoid that.
265 unsafe { Unique::new_unchecked(unique.as_mut() as *mut T) }
268 /// Consumes and leaks the `Box`, returning a mutable reference,
269 /// `&'a mut T`. Note that the type `T` must outlive the chosen lifetime
270 /// `'a`. If the type has only static references, or none at all, then this
271 /// may be chosen to be `'static`.
273 /// This function is mainly useful for data that lives for the remainder of
274 /// the program's life. Dropping the returned reference will cause a memory
275 /// leak. If this is not acceptable, the reference should first be wrapped
276 /// with the [`Box::from_raw`] function producing a `Box`. This `Box` can
277 /// then be dropped which will properly destroy `T` and release the
278 /// allocated memory.
280 /// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have
281 /// to call it as `Box::leak(b)` instead of `b.leak()`. This
282 /// is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.
284 /// [`Box::from_raw`]: struct.Box.html#method.from_raw
292 /// let x = Box::new(41);
293 /// let static_ref: &'static mut usize = Box::leak(x);
294 /// *static_ref += 1;
295 /// assert_eq!(*static_ref, 42);
303 /// let x = vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice();
304 /// let static_ref = Box::leak(x);
305 /// static_ref[0] = 4;
306 /// assert_eq!(*static_ref, [4, 2, 3]);
309 #[stable(feature = "box_leak", since = "1.26.0")]
311 pub fn leak<'a>(b: Box<T>) -> &'a mut T
313 T: 'a // Technically not needed, but kept to be explicit.
315 unsafe { &mut *Box::into_raw(b) }
318 /// Converts a `Box<T>` into a `Pin<Box<T>>`
320 /// This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.
322 /// This is also available via [`From`].
323 #[unstable(feature = "box_into_pin", issue = "0")]
324 pub fn into_pin(boxed: Box<T>) -> Pin<Box<T>> {
325 // It's not possible to move or replace the insides of a `Pin<Box<T>>`
326 // when `T: !Unpin`, so it's safe to pin it directly without any
327 // additional requirements.
328 unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(boxed) }
332 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
333 unsafe impl<#[may_dangle] T: ?Sized> Drop for Box<T> {
335 // FIXME: Do nothing, drop is currently performed by compiler.
339 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
340 impl<T: Default> Default for Box<T> {
341 /// Creates a `Box<T>`, with the `Default` value for T.
342 fn default() -> Box<T> {
343 box Default::default()
347 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
348 impl<T> Default for Box<[T]> {
349 fn default() -> Box<[T]> {
350 Box::<[T; 0]>::new([])
354 #[stable(feature = "default_box_extra", since = "1.17.0")]
355 impl Default for Box<str> {
356 fn default() -> Box<str> {
357 unsafe { from_boxed_utf8_unchecked(Default::default()) }
361 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
362 impl<T: Clone> Clone for Box<T> {
363 /// Returns a new box with a `clone()` of this box's contents.
368 /// let x = Box::new(5);
369 /// let y = x.clone();
373 fn clone(&self) -> Box<T> {
374 box { (**self).clone() }
376 /// Copies `source`'s contents into `self` without creating a new allocation.
381 /// let x = Box::new(5);
382 /// let mut y = Box::new(10);
384 /// y.clone_from(&x);
386 /// assert_eq!(*y, 5);
389 fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Box<T>) {
390 (**self).clone_from(&(**source));
395 #[stable(feature = "box_slice_clone", since = "1.3.0")]
396 impl Clone for Box<str> {
397 fn clone(&self) -> Self {
398 // this makes a copy of the data
399 let buf: Box<[u8]> = self.as_bytes().into();
401 from_boxed_utf8_unchecked(buf)
406 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
407 impl<T: ?Sized + PartialEq> PartialEq for Box<T> {
409 fn eq(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool {
410 PartialEq::eq(&**self, &**other)
413 fn ne(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool {
414 PartialEq::ne(&**self, &**other)
417 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
418 impl<T: ?Sized + PartialOrd> PartialOrd for Box<T> {
420 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> Option<Ordering> {
421 PartialOrd::partial_cmp(&**self, &**other)
424 fn lt(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool {
425 PartialOrd::lt(&**self, &**other)
428 fn le(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool {
429 PartialOrd::le(&**self, &**other)
432 fn ge(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool {
433 PartialOrd::ge(&**self, &**other)
436 fn gt(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool {
437 PartialOrd::gt(&**self, &**other)
440 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
441 impl<T: ?Sized + Ord> Ord for Box<T> {
443 fn cmp(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> Ordering {
444 Ord::cmp(&**self, &**other)
447 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
448 impl<T: ?Sized + Eq> Eq for Box<T> {}
450 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
451 impl<T: ?Sized + Hash> Hash for Box<T> {
452 fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
453 (**self).hash(state);
457 #[stable(feature = "indirect_hasher_impl", since = "1.22.0")]
458 impl<T: ?Sized + Hasher> Hasher for Box<T> {
459 fn finish(&self) -> u64 {
462 fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
463 (**self).write(bytes)
465 fn write_u8(&mut self, i: u8) {
468 fn write_u16(&mut self, i: u16) {
469 (**self).write_u16(i)
471 fn write_u32(&mut self, i: u32) {
472 (**self).write_u32(i)
474 fn write_u64(&mut self, i: u64) {
475 (**self).write_u64(i)
477 fn write_u128(&mut self, i: u128) {
478 (**self).write_u128(i)
480 fn write_usize(&mut self, i: usize) {
481 (**self).write_usize(i)
483 fn write_i8(&mut self, i: i8) {
486 fn write_i16(&mut self, i: i16) {
487 (**self).write_i16(i)
489 fn write_i32(&mut self, i: i32) {
490 (**self).write_i32(i)
492 fn write_i64(&mut self, i: i64) {
493 (**self).write_i64(i)
495 fn write_i128(&mut self, i: i128) {
496 (**self).write_i128(i)
498 fn write_isize(&mut self, i: isize) {
499 (**self).write_isize(i)
503 #[stable(feature = "from_for_ptrs", since = "1.6.0")]
504 impl<T> From<T> for Box<T> {
505 /// Converts a generic type `T` into a `Box<T>`
507 /// The conversion allocates on the heap and moves `t`
508 /// from the stack into it.
513 /// let boxed = Box::new(5);
515 /// assert_eq!(Box::from(x), boxed);
517 fn from(t: T) -> Self {
522 #[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
523 impl<T: ?Sized> From<Box<T>> for Pin<Box<T>> {
524 /// Converts a `Box<T>` into a `Pin<Box<T>>`
526 /// This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.
527 fn from(boxed: Box<T>) -> Self {
532 #[stable(feature = "box_from_slice", since = "1.17.0")]
533 impl<T: Copy> From<&[T]> for Box<[T]> {
534 /// Converts a `&[T]` into a `Box<[T]>`
536 /// This conversion allocates on the heap
537 /// and performs a copy of `slice`.
541 /// // create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
542 /// let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
543 /// let boxed_slice: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(slice);
545 /// println!("{:?}", boxed_slice);
547 fn from(slice: &[T]) -> Box<[T]> {
548 let len = slice.len();
549 let buf = RawVec::with_capacity(len);
551 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(slice.as_ptr(), buf.ptr(), len);
557 #[stable(feature = "box_from_slice", since = "1.17.0")]
558 impl From<&str> for Box<str> {
559 /// Converts a `&str` into a `Box<str>`
561 /// This conversion allocates on the heap
562 /// and performs a copy of `s`.
566 /// let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
567 /// println!("{}", boxed);
570 fn from(s: &str) -> Box<str> {
571 unsafe { from_boxed_utf8_unchecked(Box::from(s.as_bytes())) }
575 #[stable(feature = "boxed_str_conv", since = "1.19.0")]
576 impl From<Box<str>> for Box<[u8]> {
577 /// Converts a `Box<str>>` into a `Box<[u8]>`
579 /// This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.
583 /// // create a Box<str> which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
584 /// let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
585 /// let boxed_str: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(boxed);
587 /// // create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
588 /// let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
589 /// let boxed_slice = Box::from(slice);
591 /// assert_eq!(boxed_slice, boxed_str);
594 fn from(s: Box<str>) -> Self {
595 unsafe { Box::from_raw(Box::into_raw(s) as *mut [u8]) }
601 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
602 /// Attempt to downcast the box to a concrete type.
607 /// use std::any::Any;
609 /// fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any>) {
610 /// if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
611 /// println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
616 /// let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
617 /// print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
618 /// print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));
621 pub fn downcast<T: Any>(self) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Any>> {
624 let raw: *mut dyn Any = Box::into_raw(self);
625 Ok(Box::from_raw(raw as *mut T))
633 impl Box<dyn Any + Send> {
635 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
636 /// Attempt to downcast the box to a concrete type.
641 /// use std::any::Any;
643 /// fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any + Send>) {
644 /// if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
645 /// println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
650 /// let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
651 /// print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
652 /// print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));
655 pub fn downcast<T: Any>(self) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Any + Send>> {
656 <Box<dyn Any>>::downcast(self).map_err(|s| unsafe {
657 // reapply the Send marker
658 Box::from_raw(Box::into_raw(s) as *mut (dyn Any + Send))
663 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
664 impl<T: fmt::Display + ?Sized> fmt::Display for Box<T> {
665 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
666 fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
670 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
671 impl<T: fmt::Debug + ?Sized> fmt::Debug for Box<T> {
672 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
673 fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
677 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
678 impl<T: ?Sized> fmt::Pointer for Box<T> {
679 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
680 // It's not possible to extract the inner Uniq directly from the Box,
681 // instead we cast it to a *const which aliases the Unique
682 let ptr: *const T = &**self;
683 fmt::Pointer::fmt(&ptr, f)
687 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
688 impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for Box<T> {
691 fn deref(&self) -> &T {
696 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
697 impl<T: ?Sized> DerefMut for Box<T> {
698 fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
703 #[unstable(feature = "receiver_trait", issue = "0")]
704 impl<T: ?Sized> Receiver for Box<T> {}
706 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
707 impl<I: Iterator + ?Sized> Iterator for Box<I> {
709 fn next(&mut self) -> Option<I::Item> {
712 fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
715 fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<I::Item> {
719 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
720 impl<I: DoubleEndedIterator + ?Sized> DoubleEndedIterator for Box<I> {
721 fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<I::Item> {
724 fn nth_back(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<I::Item> {
728 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
729 impl<I: ExactSizeIterator + ?Sized> ExactSizeIterator for Box<I> {
730 fn len(&self) -> usize {
733 fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
738 #[stable(feature = "fused", since = "1.26.0")]
739 impl<I: FusedIterator + ?Sized> FusedIterator for Box<I> {}
741 #[stable(feature = "boxed_closure_impls", since = "1.35.0")]
742 impl<A, F: FnOnce<A> + ?Sized> FnOnce<A> for Box<F> {
743 type Output = <F as FnOnce<A>>::Output;
745 extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: A) -> Self::Output {
746 <F as FnOnce<A>>::call_once(*self, args)
750 #[stable(feature = "boxed_closure_impls", since = "1.35.0")]
751 impl<A, F: FnMut<A> + ?Sized> FnMut<A> for Box<F> {
752 extern "rust-call" fn call_mut(&mut self, args: A) -> Self::Output {
753 <F as FnMut<A>>::call_mut(self, args)
757 #[stable(feature = "boxed_closure_impls", since = "1.35.0")]
758 impl<A, F: Fn<A> + ?Sized> Fn<A> for Box<F> {
759 extern "rust-call" fn call(&self, args: A) -> Self::Output {
760 <F as Fn<A>>::call(self, args)
764 /// `FnBox` is deprecated and will be removed.
765 /// `Box<dyn FnOnce()>` can be called directly, since Rust 1.35.0.
767 /// `FnBox` is a version of the `FnOnce` intended for use with boxed
768 /// closure objects. The idea was that where one would normally store a
769 /// `Box<dyn FnOnce()>` in a data structure, you whould use
770 /// `Box<dyn FnBox()>`. The two traits behave essentially the same, except
771 /// that a `FnBox` closure can only be called if it is boxed.
775 /// Here is a snippet of code which creates a hashmap full of boxed
776 /// once closures and then removes them one by one, calling each
777 /// closure as it is removed. Note that the type of the closures
778 /// stored in the map is `Box<dyn FnBox() -> i32>` and not `Box<dyn FnOnce()
782 /// #![feature(fnbox)]
783 /// #![allow(deprecated)]
785 /// use std::boxed::FnBox;
786 /// use std::collections::HashMap;
788 /// fn make_map() -> HashMap<i32, Box<dyn FnBox() -> i32>> {
789 /// let mut map: HashMap<i32, Box<dyn FnBox() -> i32>> = HashMap::new();
790 /// map.insert(1, Box::new(|| 22));
791 /// map.insert(2, Box::new(|| 44));
796 /// let mut map = make_map();
797 /// for i in &[1, 2] {
798 /// let f = map.remove(&i).unwrap();
799 /// assert_eq!(f(), i * 22);
804 /// In Rust 1.35.0 or later, use `FnOnce`, `FnMut`, or `Fn` instead:
807 /// use std::collections::HashMap;
809 /// fn make_map() -> HashMap<i32, Box<dyn FnOnce() -> i32>> {
810 /// let mut map: HashMap<i32, Box<dyn FnOnce() -> i32>> = HashMap::new();
811 /// map.insert(1, Box::new(|| 22));
812 /// map.insert(2, Box::new(|| 44));
817 /// let mut map = make_map();
818 /// for i in &[1, 2] {
819 /// let f = map.remove(&i).unwrap();
820 /// assert_eq!(f(), i * 22);
825 #[unstable(feature = "fnbox", issue = "28796")]
826 #[rustc_deprecated(reason = "use `FnOnce`, `FnMut`, or `Fn` instead", since = "1.37.0")]
827 pub trait FnBox<A>: FnOnce<A> {
828 /// Performs the call operation.
829 fn call_box(self: Box<Self>, args: A) -> Self::Output;
832 #[unstable(feature = "fnbox", issue = "28796")]
833 #[rustc_deprecated(reason = "use `FnOnce`, `FnMut`, or `Fn` instead", since = "1.37.0")]
834 #[allow(deprecated, deprecated_in_future)]
835 impl<A, F> FnBox<A> for F
838 fn call_box(self: Box<F>, args: A) -> F::Output {
843 #[unstable(feature = "coerce_unsized", issue = "27732")]
844 impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> CoerceUnsized<Box<U>> for Box<T> {}
846 #[unstable(feature = "dispatch_from_dyn", issue = "0")]
847 impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> DispatchFromDyn<Box<U>> for Box<T> {}
849 #[stable(feature = "boxed_slice_from_iter", since = "1.32.0")]
850 impl<A> FromIterator<A> for Box<[A]> {
851 fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = A>>(iter: T) -> Self {
852 iter.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>().into_boxed_slice()
856 #[stable(feature = "box_slice_clone", since = "1.3.0")]
857 impl<T: Clone> Clone for Box<[T]> {
858 fn clone(&self) -> Self {
859 let mut new = BoxBuilder {
860 data: RawVec::with_capacity(self.len()),
864 let mut target = new.data.ptr();
866 for item in self.iter() {
868 ptr::write(target, item.clone());
869 target = target.offset(1);
875 return unsafe { new.into_box() };
877 // Helper type for responding to panics correctly.
878 struct BoxBuilder<T> {
883 impl<T> BoxBuilder<T> {
884 unsafe fn into_box(self) -> Box<[T]> {
885 let raw = ptr::read(&self.data);
891 impl<T> Drop for BoxBuilder<T> {
893 let mut data = self.data.ptr();
894 let max = unsafe { data.add(self.len) };
899 data = data.offset(1);
907 #[stable(feature = "box_borrow", since = "1.1.0")]
908 impl<T: ?Sized> borrow::Borrow<T> for Box<T> {
909 fn borrow(&self) -> &T {
914 #[stable(feature = "box_borrow", since = "1.1.0")]
915 impl<T: ?Sized> borrow::BorrowMut<T> for Box<T> {
916 fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
921 #[stable(since = "1.5.0", feature = "smart_ptr_as_ref")]
922 impl<T: ?Sized> AsRef<T> for Box<T> {
923 fn as_ref(&self) -> &T {
928 #[stable(since = "1.5.0", feature = "smart_ptr_as_ref")]
929 impl<T: ?Sized> AsMut<T> for Box<T> {
930 fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
937 * We could have chosen not to add this impl, and instead have written a
938 * function of Pin<Box<T>> to Pin<T>. Such a function would not be sound,
939 * because Box<T> implements Unpin even when T does not, as a result of
942 * We chose this API instead of the alternative for a few reasons:
943 * - Logically, it is helpful to understand pinning in regard to the
944 * memory region being pointed to. For this reason none of the
945 * standard library pointer types support projecting through a pin
946 * (Box<T> is the only pointer type in std for which this would be
948 * - It is in practice very useful to have Box<T> be unconditionally
949 * Unpin because of trait objects, for which the structural auto
950 * trait functionality does not apply (e.g., Box<dyn Foo> would
951 * otherwise not be Unpin).
953 * Another type with the same semantics as Box but only a conditional
954 * implementation of `Unpin` (where `T: Unpin`) would be valid/safe, and
955 * could have a method to project a Pin<T> from it.
957 #[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
958 impl<T: ?Sized> Unpin for Box<T> { }
960 #[unstable(feature = "generator_trait", issue = "43122")]
961 impl<G: ?Sized + Generator + Unpin> Generator for Box<G> {
962 type Yield = G::Yield;
963 type Return = G::Return;
965 fn resume(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>) -> GeneratorState<Self::Yield, Self::Return> {
966 G::resume(Pin::new(&mut *self))
970 #[unstable(feature = "generator_trait", issue = "43122")]
971 impl<G: ?Sized + Generator> Generator for Pin<Box<G>> {
972 type Yield = G::Yield;
973 type Return = G::Return;
975 fn resume(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>) -> GeneratorState<Self::Yield, Self::Return> {
976 G::resume((*self).as_mut())
980 #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
981 impl<F: ?Sized + Future + Unpin> Future for Box<F> {
982 type Output = F::Output;
984 fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
985 F::poll(Pin::new(&mut *self), cx)