1 //! A module for working with borrowed data.
3 #![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
5 use core::cmp::Ordering;
6 use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
7 use core::ops::{Add, AddAssign, Deref};
9 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
10 pub use core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut};
13 use crate::string::String;
17 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
18 impl<'a, B: ?Sized> Borrow<B> for Cow<'a, B>
21 <B as ToOwned>::Owned: 'a,
23 fn borrow(&self) -> &B {
28 /// A generalization of `Clone` to borrowed data.
30 /// Some types make it possible to go from borrowed to owned, usually by
31 /// implementing the `Clone` trait. But `Clone` works only for going from `&T`
32 /// to `T`. The `ToOwned` trait generalizes `Clone` to construct owned data
33 /// from any borrow of a given type.
34 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
36 /// The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
37 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
38 type Owned: Borrow<Self>;
40 /// Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning.
47 /// let s: &str = "a";
48 /// let ss: String = s.to_owned();
50 /// let v: &[i32] = &[1, 2];
51 /// let vv: Vec<i32> = v.to_owned();
53 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
54 #[must_use = "cloning is often expensive and is not expected to have side effects"]
55 fn to_owned(&self) -> Self::Owned;
57 /// Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning.
59 /// This is borrow-generalized version of `Clone::clone_from`.
66 /// # #![feature(toowned_clone_into)]
67 /// let mut s: String = String::new();
68 /// "hello".clone_into(&mut s);
70 /// let mut v: Vec<i32> = Vec::new();
71 /// [1, 2][..].clone_into(&mut v);
73 #[unstable(feature = "toowned_clone_into", reason = "recently added", issue = "41263")]
74 fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut Self::Owned) {
75 *target = self.to_owned();
79 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
85 fn to_owned(&self) -> T {
89 fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T) {
90 target.clone_from(self);
94 /// A clone-on-write smart pointer.
96 /// The type `Cow` is a smart pointer providing clone-on-write functionality: it
97 /// can enclose and provide immutable access to borrowed data, and clone the
98 /// data lazily when mutation or ownership is required. The type is designed to
99 /// work with general borrowed data via the `Borrow` trait.
101 /// `Cow` implements `Deref`, which means that you can call
102 /// non-mutating methods directly on the data it encloses. If mutation
103 /// is desired, `to_mut` will obtain a mutable reference to an owned
104 /// value, cloning if necessary.
109 /// use std::borrow::Cow;
111 /// fn abs_all(input: &mut Cow<[i32]>) {
112 /// for i in 0..input.len() {
113 /// let v = input[i];
115 /// // Clones into a vector if not already owned.
116 /// input.to_mut()[i] = -v;
121 /// // No clone occurs because `input` doesn't need to be mutated.
122 /// let slice = [0, 1, 2];
123 /// let mut input = Cow::from(&slice[..]);
124 /// abs_all(&mut input);
126 /// // Clone occurs because `input` needs to be mutated.
127 /// let slice = [-1, 0, 1];
128 /// let mut input = Cow::from(&slice[..]);
129 /// abs_all(&mut input);
131 /// // No clone occurs because `input` is already owned.
132 /// let mut input = Cow::from(vec![-1, 0, 1]);
133 /// abs_all(&mut input);
136 /// Another example showing how to keep `Cow` in a struct:
139 /// use std::borrow::Cow;
141 /// struct Items<'a, X: 'a> where [X]: ToOwned<Owned = Vec<X>> {
142 /// values: Cow<'a, [X]>,
145 /// impl<'a, X: Clone + 'a> Items<'a, X> where [X]: ToOwned<Owned = Vec<X>> {
146 /// fn new(v: Cow<'a, [X]>) -> Self {
147 /// Items { values: v }
151 /// // Creates a container from borrowed values of a slice
152 /// let readonly = [1, 2];
153 /// let borrowed = Items::new((&readonly[..]).into());
155 /// Items { values: Cow::Borrowed(b) } => println!("borrowed {:?}", b),
156 /// _ => panic!("expect borrowed value"),
159 /// let mut clone_on_write = borrowed;
160 /// // Mutates the data from slice into owned vec and pushes a new value on top
161 /// clone_on_write.values.to_mut().push(3);
162 /// println!("clone_on_write = {:?}", clone_on_write.values);
164 /// // The data was mutated. Let check it out.
165 /// match clone_on_write {
166 /// Items { values: Cow::Owned(_) } => println!("clone_on_write contains owned data"),
167 /// _ => panic!("expect owned data"),
170 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
171 pub enum Cow<'a, B: ?Sized + 'a>
176 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
177 Borrowed(#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] &'a B),
180 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
181 Owned(#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] <B as ToOwned>::Owned),
184 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
185 impl<B: ?Sized + ToOwned> Clone for Cow<'_, B> {
186 fn clone(&self) -> Self {
188 Borrowed(b) => Borrowed(b),
190 let b: &B = o.borrow();
196 fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) {
197 match (self, source) {
198 (&mut Owned(ref mut dest), &Owned(ref o)) => o.borrow().clone_into(dest),
199 (t, s) => *t = s.clone(),
204 impl<B: ?Sized + ToOwned> Cow<'_, B> {
205 /// Returns true if the data is borrowed, i.e. if `to_mut` would require additional work.
210 /// #![feature(cow_is_borrowed)]
211 /// use std::borrow::Cow;
213 /// let cow = Cow::Borrowed("moo");
214 /// assert!(cow.is_borrowed());
216 /// let bull: Cow<'_, str> = Cow::Owned("...moo?".to_string());
217 /// assert!(!bull.is_borrowed());
219 #[unstable(feature = "cow_is_borrowed", issue = "65143")]
220 pub fn is_borrowed(&self) -> bool {
227 /// Returns true if the data is owned, i.e. if `to_mut` would be a no-op.
232 /// #![feature(cow_is_borrowed)]
233 /// use std::borrow::Cow;
235 /// let cow: Cow<'_, str> = Cow::Owned("moo".to_string());
236 /// assert!(cow.is_owned());
238 /// let bull = Cow::Borrowed("...moo?");
239 /// assert!(!bull.is_owned());
241 #[unstable(feature = "cow_is_borrowed", issue = "65143")]
242 pub fn is_owned(&self) -> bool {
246 /// Acquires a mutable reference to the owned form of the data.
248 /// Clones the data if it is not already owned.
253 /// use std::borrow::Cow;
255 /// let mut cow = Cow::Borrowed("foo");
256 /// cow.to_mut().make_ascii_uppercase();
260 /// Cow::Owned(String::from("FOO")) as Cow<str>
263 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
264 pub fn to_mut(&mut self) -> &mut <B as ToOwned>::Owned {
266 Borrowed(borrowed) => {
267 *self = Owned(borrowed.to_owned());
269 Borrowed(..) => unreachable!(),
270 Owned(ref mut owned) => owned,
273 Owned(ref mut owned) => owned,
277 /// Extracts the owned data.
279 /// Clones the data if it is not already owned.
283 /// Calling `into_owned` on a `Cow::Borrowed` clones the underlying data
284 /// and becomes a `Cow::Owned`:
287 /// use std::borrow::Cow;
289 /// let s = "Hello world!";
290 /// let cow = Cow::Borrowed(s);
293 /// cow.into_owned(),
298 /// Calling `into_owned` on a `Cow::Owned` is a no-op:
301 /// use std::borrow::Cow;
303 /// let s = "Hello world!";
304 /// let cow: Cow<str> = Cow::Owned(String::from(s));
307 /// cow.into_owned(),
311 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
312 pub fn into_owned(self) -> <B as ToOwned>::Owned {
314 Borrowed(borrowed) => borrowed.to_owned(),
315 Owned(owned) => owned,
320 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
321 impl<B: ?Sized + ToOwned> Deref for Cow<'_, B> {
324 fn deref(&self) -> &B {
326 Borrowed(borrowed) => borrowed,
327 Owned(ref owned) => owned.borrow(),
332 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
333 impl<B: ?Sized> Eq for Cow<'_, B> where B: Eq + ToOwned {}
335 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
336 impl<B: ?Sized> Ord for Cow<'_, B>
341 fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
342 Ord::cmp(&**self, &**other)
346 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
347 impl<'a, 'b, B: ?Sized, C: ?Sized> PartialEq<Cow<'b, C>> for Cow<'a, B>
349 B: PartialEq<C> + ToOwned,
353 fn eq(&self, other: &Cow<'b, C>) -> bool {
354 PartialEq::eq(&**self, &**other)
358 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
359 impl<'a, B: ?Sized> PartialOrd for Cow<'a, B>
361 B: PartialOrd + ToOwned,
364 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Cow<'a, B>) -> Option<Ordering> {
365 PartialOrd::partial_cmp(&**self, &**other)
369 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
370 impl<B: ?Sized> fmt::Debug for Cow<'_, B>
372 B: fmt::Debug + ToOwned<Owned: fmt::Debug>,
374 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
376 Borrowed(ref b) => fmt::Debug::fmt(b, f),
377 Owned(ref o) => fmt::Debug::fmt(o, f),
382 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
383 impl<B: ?Sized> fmt::Display for Cow<'_, B>
385 B: fmt::Display + ToOwned<Owned: fmt::Display>,
387 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
389 Borrowed(ref b) => fmt::Display::fmt(b, f),
390 Owned(ref o) => fmt::Display::fmt(o, f),
395 #[stable(feature = "default", since = "1.11.0")]
396 impl<B: ?Sized> Default for Cow<'_, B>
398 B: ToOwned<Owned: Default>,
400 /// Creates an owned Cow<'a, B> with the default value for the contained owned value.
401 fn default() -> Self {
402 Owned(<B as ToOwned>::Owned::default())
406 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
407 impl<B: ?Sized> Hash for Cow<'_, B>
412 fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
413 Hash::hash(&**self, state)
417 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
418 impl<T: ?Sized + ToOwned> AsRef<T> for Cow<'_, T> {
419 fn as_ref(&self) -> &T {
424 #[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
425 impl<'a> Add<&'a str> for Cow<'a, str> {
426 type Output = Cow<'a, str>;
429 fn add(mut self, rhs: &'a str) -> Self::Output {
435 #[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
436 impl<'a> Add<Cow<'a, str>> for Cow<'a, str> {
437 type Output = Cow<'a, str>;
440 fn add(mut self, rhs: Cow<'a, str>) -> Self::Output {
446 #[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
447 impl<'a> AddAssign<&'a str> for Cow<'a, str> {
448 fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'a str) {
450 *self = Cow::Borrowed(rhs)
451 } else if !rhs.is_empty() {
452 if let Cow::Borrowed(lhs) = *self {
453 let mut s = String::with_capacity(lhs.len() + rhs.len());
455 *self = Cow::Owned(s);
457 self.to_mut().push_str(rhs);
462 #[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
463 impl<'a> AddAssign<Cow<'a, str>> for Cow<'a, str> {
464 fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Cow<'a, str>) {
467 } else if !rhs.is_empty() {
468 if let Cow::Borrowed(lhs) = *self {
469 let mut s = String::with_capacity(lhs.len() + rhs.len());
471 *self = Cow::Owned(s);
473 self.to_mut().push_str(&rhs);