1 //! Implementation of various bits and pieces of the `panic!` macro and
2 //! associated runtime pieces.
4 //! Specifically, this module contains the implementation of:
7 //! * Executing a panic up to doing the actual implementation
8 //! * Shims around "try"
10 #![deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
12 use core::panic::{BoxMeUp, Location, PanicInfo};
16 use crate::intrinsics;
17 use crate::mem::{self, ManuallyDrop};
19 use crate::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
20 use crate::sys::stdio::panic_output;
21 use crate::sys_common::backtrace::{self, RustBacktrace};
22 use crate::sys_common::rwlock::StaticRWLock;
23 use crate::sys_common::thread_info;
27 use crate::io::set_output_capture;
28 // make sure to use the stderr output configured
29 // by libtest in the real copy of std
31 use realstd::io::set_output_capture;
33 // Binary interface to the panic runtime that the standard library depends on.
35 // The standard library is tagged with `#![needs_panic_runtime]` (introduced in
36 // RFC 1513) to indicate that it requires some other crate tagged with
37 // `#![panic_runtime]` to exist somewhere. Each panic runtime is intended to
38 // implement these symbols (with the same signatures) so we can get matched up
41 // One day this may look a little less ad-hoc with the compiler helping out to
42 // hook up these functions, but it is not this day!
43 #[allow(improper_ctypes)]
45 fn __rust_panic_cleanup(payload: *mut u8) -> *mut (dyn Any + Send + 'static);
47 /// `payload` is passed through another layer of raw pointers as `&mut dyn Trait` is not
48 /// FFI-safe. `BoxMeUp` lazily performs allocation only when needed (this avoids allocations
49 /// when using the "abort" panic runtime).
51 fn __rust_start_panic(payload: *mut &mut dyn BoxMeUp) -> u32;
54 /// This function is called by the panic runtime if FFI code catches a Rust
55 /// panic but doesn't rethrow it. We don't support this case since it messes
56 /// with our panic count.
58 #[rustc_std_internal_symbol]
59 extern "C" fn __rust_drop_panic() -> ! {
60 rtabort!("Rust panics must be rethrown");
63 /// This function is called by the panic runtime if it catches an exception
64 /// object which does not correspond to a Rust panic.
66 #[rustc_std_internal_symbol]
67 extern "C" fn __rust_foreign_exception() -> ! {
68 rtabort!("Rust cannot catch foreign exceptions");
71 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
74 Custom(*mut (dyn Fn(&PanicInfo<'_>) + 'static + Sync + Send)),
77 static HOOK_LOCK: StaticRWLock = StaticRWLock::new();
78 static mut HOOK: Hook = Hook::Default;
80 /// Registers a custom panic hook, replacing any that was previously registered.
82 /// The panic hook is invoked when a thread panics, but before the panic runtime
83 /// is invoked. As such, the hook will run with both the aborting and unwinding
84 /// runtimes. The default hook prints a message to standard error and generates
85 /// a backtrace if requested, but this behavior can be customized with the
86 /// `set_hook` and [`take_hook`] functions.
88 /// [`take_hook`]: ./fn.take_hook.html
90 /// The hook is provided with a `PanicInfo` struct which contains information
91 /// about the origin of the panic, including the payload passed to `panic!` and
92 /// the source code location from which the panic originated.
94 /// The panic hook is a global resource.
98 /// Panics if called from a panicking thread.
102 /// The following will print "Custom panic hook":
107 /// panic::set_hook(Box::new(|_| {
108 /// println!("Custom panic hook");
111 /// panic!("Normal panic");
113 #[stable(feature = "panic_hooks", since = "1.10.0")]
114 pub fn set_hook(hook: Box<dyn Fn(&PanicInfo<'_>) + 'static + Sync + Send>) {
115 if thread::panicking() {
116 panic!("cannot modify the panic hook from a panicking thread");
120 let guard = HOOK_LOCK.write();
122 HOOK = Hook::Custom(Box::into_raw(hook));
125 if let Hook::Custom(ptr) = old_hook {
126 #[allow(unused_must_use)]
134 /// Unregisters the current panic hook, returning it.
136 /// *See also the function [`set_hook`].*
138 /// [`set_hook`]: ./fn.set_hook.html
140 /// If no custom hook is registered, the default hook will be returned.
144 /// Panics if called from a panicking thread.
148 /// The following will print "Normal panic":
153 /// panic::set_hook(Box::new(|_| {
154 /// println!("Custom panic hook");
157 /// let _ = panic::take_hook();
159 /// panic!("Normal panic");
161 #[stable(feature = "panic_hooks", since = "1.10.0")]
162 pub fn take_hook() -> Box<dyn Fn(&PanicInfo<'_>) + 'static + Sync + Send> {
163 if thread::panicking() {
164 panic!("cannot modify the panic hook from a panicking thread");
168 let guard = HOOK_LOCK.write();
170 HOOK = Hook::Default;
174 Hook::Default => Box::new(default_hook),
175 Hook::Custom(ptr) => Box::from_raw(ptr),
180 fn default_hook(info: &PanicInfo<'_>) {
181 // If this is a double panic, make sure that we print a backtrace
182 // for this panic. Otherwise only print it if logging is enabled.
183 let backtrace_env = if panic_count::get_count() >= 2 {
184 RustBacktrace::Print(crate::backtrace_rs::PrintFmt::Full)
186 backtrace::rust_backtrace_env()
189 // The current implementation always returns `Some`.
190 let location = info.location().unwrap();
192 let msg = match info.payload().downcast_ref::<&'static str>() {
194 None => match info.payload().downcast_ref::<String>() {
196 None => "Box<dyn Any>",
199 let thread = thread_info::current_thread();
200 let name = thread.as_ref().and_then(|t| t.name()).unwrap_or("<unnamed>");
202 let write = |err: &mut dyn crate::io::Write| {
203 let _ = writeln!(err, "thread '{}' panicked at '{}', {}", name, msg, location);
205 static FIRST_PANIC: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(true);
207 match backtrace_env {
208 RustBacktrace::Print(format) => drop(backtrace::print(err, format)),
209 RustBacktrace::Disabled => {}
210 RustBacktrace::RuntimeDisabled => {
211 if FIRST_PANIC.swap(false, Ordering::SeqCst) {
214 "note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace"
221 if let Some(local) = set_output_capture(None) {
222 write(&mut *local.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()));
223 set_output_capture(Some(local));
224 } else if let Some(mut out) = panic_output() {
231 #[unstable(feature = "update_panic_count", issue = "none")]
232 pub mod panic_count {
233 use crate::cell::Cell;
234 use crate::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
236 pub const ALWAYS_ABORT_FLAG: usize = 1 << (usize::BITS - 1);
238 // Panic count for the current thread.
239 thread_local! { static LOCAL_PANIC_COUNT: Cell<usize> = Cell::new(0) }
241 // Sum of panic counts from all threads. The purpose of this is to have
242 // a fast path in `is_zero` (which is used by `panicking`). In any particular
243 // thread, if that thread currently views `GLOBAL_PANIC_COUNT` as being zero,
244 // then `LOCAL_PANIC_COUNT` in that thread is zero. This invariant holds before
245 // and after increase and decrease, but not necessarily during their execution.
247 // Additionally, the top bit of GLOBAL_PANIC_COUNT (GLOBAL_ALWAYS_ABORT_FLAG)
248 // records whether panic::always_abort() has been called. This can only be
249 // set, never cleared.
251 // This could be viewed as a struct containing a single bit and an n-1-bit
252 // value, but if we wrote it like that it would be more than a single word,
253 // and even a newtype around usize would be clumsy because we need atomics.
254 // But we use such a tuple for the return type of increase().
256 // Stealing a bit is fine because it just amounts to assuming that each
257 // panicking thread consumes at least 2 bytes of address space.
258 static GLOBAL_PANIC_COUNT: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
260 pub fn increase() -> (bool, usize) {
262 GLOBAL_PANIC_COUNT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) & ALWAYS_ABORT_FLAG != 0,
263 LOCAL_PANIC_COUNT.with(|c| {
264 let next = c.get() + 1;
272 GLOBAL_PANIC_COUNT.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
273 LOCAL_PANIC_COUNT.with(|c| {
274 let next = c.get() - 1;
280 pub fn set_always_abort() {
281 GLOBAL_PANIC_COUNT.fetch_or(ALWAYS_ABORT_FLAG, Ordering::Relaxed);
284 // Disregards ALWAYS_ABORT_FLAG
285 pub fn get_count() -> usize {
286 LOCAL_PANIC_COUNT.with(|c| c.get())
289 // Disregards ALWAYS_ABORT_FLAG
291 pub fn count_is_zero() -> bool {
292 if GLOBAL_PANIC_COUNT.load(Ordering::Relaxed) & !ALWAYS_ABORT_FLAG == 0 {
293 // Fast path: if `GLOBAL_PANIC_COUNT` is zero, all threads
294 // (including the current one) will have `LOCAL_PANIC_COUNT`
295 // equal to zero, so TLS access can be avoided.
297 // In terms of performance, a relaxed atomic load is similar to a normal
298 // aligned memory read (e.g., a mov instruction in x86), but with some
299 // compiler optimization restrictions. On the other hand, a TLS access
300 // might require calling a non-inlinable function (such as `__tls_get_addr`
301 // when using the GD TLS model).
308 // Slow path is in a separate function to reduce the amount of code
309 // inlined from `is_zero`.
312 fn is_zero_slow_path() -> bool {
313 LOCAL_PANIC_COUNT.with(|c| c.get() == 0)
318 pub use realstd::rt::panic_count;
320 /// Invoke a closure, capturing the cause of an unwinding panic if one occurs.
321 pub unsafe fn r#try<R, F: FnOnce() -> R>(f: F) -> Result<R, Box<dyn Any + Send>> {
325 p: ManuallyDrop<Box<dyn Any + Send>>,
328 // We do some sketchy operations with ownership here for the sake of
329 // performance. We can only pass pointers down to `do_call` (can't pass
330 // objects by value), so we do all the ownership tracking here manually
333 // We go through a transition where:
335 // * First, we set the data field `f` to be the argumentless closure that we're going to call.
336 // * When we make the function call, the `do_call` function below, we take
337 // ownership of the function pointer. At this point the `data` union is
338 // entirely uninitialized.
339 // * If the closure successfully returns, we write the return value into the
340 // data's return slot (field `r`).
341 // * If the closure panics (`do_catch` below), we write the panic payload into field `p`.
342 // * Finally, when we come back out of the `try` intrinsic we're
343 // in one of two states:
345 // 1. The closure didn't panic, in which case the return value was
346 // filled in. We move it out of `data.r` and return it.
347 // 2. The closure panicked, in which case the panic payload was
348 // filled in. We move it out of `data.p` and return it.
350 // Once we stack all that together we should have the "most efficient'
351 // method of calling a catch panic whilst juggling ownership.
352 let mut data = Data { f: ManuallyDrop::new(f) };
354 let data_ptr = &mut data as *mut _ as *mut u8;
357 // Access to the union's fields: this is `std` and we know that the `r#try`
358 // intrinsic fills in the `r` or `p` union field based on its return value.
360 // The call to `intrinsics::r#try` is made safe by:
361 // - `do_call`, the first argument, can be called with the initial `data_ptr`.
362 // - `do_catch`, the second argument, can be called with the `data_ptr` as well.
363 // See their safety preconditions for more informations
365 return if intrinsics::r#try(do_call::<F, R>, data_ptr, do_catch::<F, R>) == 0 {
366 Ok(ManuallyDrop::into_inner(data.r))
368 Err(ManuallyDrop::into_inner(data.p))
372 // We consider unwinding to be rare, so mark this function as cold. However,
373 // do not mark it no-inline -- that decision is best to leave to the
374 // optimizer (in most cases this function is not inlined even as a normal,
375 // non-cold function, though, as of the writing of this comment).
377 unsafe fn cleanup(payload: *mut u8) -> Box<dyn Any + Send + 'static> {
378 // SAFETY: The whole unsafe block hinges on a correct implementation of
379 // the panic handler `__rust_panic_cleanup`. As such we can only
380 // assume it returns the correct thing for `Box::from_raw` to work
381 // without undefined behavior.
382 let obj = unsafe { Box::from_raw(__rust_panic_cleanup(payload)) };
383 panic_count::decrease();
388 // data must be non-NUL, correctly aligned, and a pointer to a `Data<F, R>`
389 // Its must contains a valid `f` (type: F) value that can be use to fill
392 // This function cannot be marked as `unsafe` because `intrinsics::r#try`
393 // expects normal function pointers.
395 fn do_call<F: FnOnce() -> R, R>(data: *mut u8) {
396 // SAFETY: this is the responsibilty of the caller, see above.
398 let data = data as *mut Data<F, R>;
399 let data = &mut (*data);
400 let f = ManuallyDrop::take(&mut data.f);
401 data.r = ManuallyDrop::new(f());
405 // We *do* want this part of the catch to be inlined: this allows the
406 // compiler to properly track accesses to the Data union and optimize it
407 // away most of the time.
410 // data must be non-NUL, correctly aligned, and a pointer to a `Data<F, R>`
411 // Since this uses `cleanup` it also hinges on a correct implementation of
412 // `__rustc_panic_cleanup`.
414 // This function cannot be marked as `unsafe` because `intrinsics::r#try`
415 // expects normal function pointers.
417 fn do_catch<F: FnOnce() -> R, R>(data: *mut u8, payload: *mut u8) {
418 // SAFETY: this is the responsibilty of the caller, see above.
420 // When `__rustc_panic_cleaner` is correctly implemented we can rely
421 // on `obj` being the correct thing to pass to `data.p` (after wrapping
422 // in `ManuallyDrop`).
424 let data = data as *mut Data<F, R>;
425 let data = &mut (*data);
426 let obj = cleanup(payload);
427 data.p = ManuallyDrop::new(obj);
432 /// Determines whether the current thread is unwinding because of panic.
434 pub fn panicking() -> bool {
435 !panic_count::count_is_zero()
438 /// The entry point for panicking with a formatted message.
440 /// This is designed to reduce the amount of code required at the call
441 /// site as much as possible (so that `panic!()` has as low an impact
442 /// on (e.g.) the inlining of other functions as possible), by moving
443 /// the actual formatting into this shared place.
444 #[unstable(feature = "libstd_sys_internals", reason = "used by the panic! macro", issue = "none")]
446 // If panic_immediate_abort, inline the abort call,
447 // otherwise avoid inlining because of it is cold path.
448 #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "panic_immediate_abort"), track_caller)]
449 #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "panic_immediate_abort"), inline(never))]
450 #[cfg_attr(feature = "panic_immediate_abort", inline)]
451 pub fn begin_panic_fmt(msg: &fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> ! {
452 if cfg!(feature = "panic_immediate_abort") {
456 let info = PanicInfo::internal_constructor(Some(msg), Location::caller());
457 begin_panic_handler(&info)
460 /// Entry point of panics from the libcore crate (`panic_impl` lang item).
461 #[cfg_attr(not(test), panic_handler)]
463 pub fn begin_panic_handler(info: &PanicInfo<'_>) -> ! {
464 struct PanicPayload<'a> {
465 inner: &'a fmt::Arguments<'a>,
466 string: Option<String>,
469 impl<'a> PanicPayload<'a> {
470 fn new(inner: &'a fmt::Arguments<'a>) -> PanicPayload<'a> {
471 PanicPayload { inner, string: None }
474 fn fill(&mut self) -> &mut String {
475 use crate::fmt::Write;
477 let inner = self.inner;
478 // Lazily, the first time this gets called, run the actual string formatting.
479 self.string.get_or_insert_with(|| {
480 let mut s = String::new();
481 drop(s.write_fmt(*inner));
487 unsafe impl<'a> BoxMeUp for PanicPayload<'a> {
488 fn take_box(&mut self) -> *mut (dyn Any + Send) {
489 // We do two allocations here, unfortunately. But (a) they're required with the current
490 // scheme, and (b) we don't handle panic + OOM properly anyway (see comment in
491 // begin_panic below).
492 let contents = mem::take(self.fill());
493 Box::into_raw(Box::new(contents))
496 fn get(&mut self) -> &(dyn Any + Send) {
501 struct StrPanicPayload(&'static str);
503 unsafe impl BoxMeUp for StrPanicPayload {
504 fn take_box(&mut self) -> *mut (dyn Any + Send) {
505 Box::into_raw(Box::new(self.0))
508 fn get(&mut self) -> &(dyn Any + Send) {
513 let loc = info.location().unwrap(); // The current implementation always returns Some
514 let msg = info.message().unwrap(); // The current implementation always returns Some
515 crate::sys_common::backtrace::__rust_end_short_backtrace(move || {
516 if let Some(msg) = msg.as_str() {
517 rust_panic_with_hook(&mut StrPanicPayload(msg), info.message(), loc);
519 rust_panic_with_hook(&mut PanicPayload::new(msg), info.message(), loc);
524 /// This is the entry point of panicking for the non-format-string variants of
525 /// panic!() and assert!(). In particular, this is the only entry point that supports
526 /// arbitrary payloads, not just format strings.
527 #[unstable(feature = "libstd_sys_internals", reason = "used by the panic! macro", issue = "none")]
528 #[cfg_attr(not(test), lang = "begin_panic")]
529 // lang item for CTFE panic support
530 // never inline unless panic_immediate_abort to avoid code
531 // bloat at the call sites as much as possible
532 #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "panic_immediate_abort"), inline(never))]
535 pub fn begin_panic<M: Any + Send>(msg: M) -> ! {
536 if cfg!(feature = "panic_immediate_abort") {
540 let loc = Location::caller();
541 return crate::sys_common::backtrace::__rust_end_short_backtrace(move || {
542 rust_panic_with_hook(&mut PanicPayload::new(msg), None, loc)
545 struct PanicPayload<A> {
549 impl<A: Send + 'static> PanicPayload<A> {
550 fn new(inner: A) -> PanicPayload<A> {
551 PanicPayload { inner: Some(inner) }
555 unsafe impl<A: Send + 'static> BoxMeUp for PanicPayload<A> {
556 fn take_box(&mut self) -> *mut (dyn Any + Send) {
557 // Note that this should be the only allocation performed in this code path. Currently
558 // this means that panic!() on OOM will invoke this code path, but then again we're not
559 // really ready for panic on OOM anyway. If we do start doing this, then we should
560 // propagate this allocation to be performed in the parent of this thread instead of the
561 // thread that's panicking.
562 let data = match self.inner.take() {
563 Some(a) => Box::new(a) as Box<dyn Any + Send>,
564 None => process::abort(),
569 fn get(&mut self) -> &(dyn Any + Send) {
572 None => process::abort(),
578 /// Central point for dispatching panics.
580 /// Executes the primary logic for a panic, including checking for recursive
581 /// panics, panic hooks, and finally dispatching to the panic runtime to either
583 fn rust_panic_with_hook(
584 payload: &mut dyn BoxMeUp,
585 message: Option<&fmt::Arguments<'_>>,
586 location: &Location<'_>,
588 let (must_abort, panics) = panic_count::increase();
590 // If this is the third nested call (e.g., panics == 2, this is 0-indexed),
591 // the panic hook probably triggered the last panic, otherwise the
592 // double-panic check would have aborted the process. In this case abort the
593 // process real quickly as we don't want to try calling it again as it'll
594 // probably just panic again.
595 if must_abort || panics > 2 {
597 // Don't try to print the message in this case
598 // - perhaps that is causing the recursive panics.
599 rtprintpanic!("thread panicked while processing panic. aborting.\n");
601 // Unfortunately, this does not print a backtrace, because creating
602 // a `Backtrace` will allocate, which we must to avoid here.
603 let panicinfo = PanicInfo::internal_constructor(message, location);
604 rtprintpanic!("{}\npanicked after panic::always_abort(), aborting.\n", panicinfo);
610 let mut info = PanicInfo::internal_constructor(message, location);
611 let _guard = HOOK_LOCK.read();
613 // Some platforms (like wasm) know that printing to stderr won't ever actually
614 // print anything, and if that's the case we can skip the default
615 // hook. Since string formatting happens lazily when calling `payload`
616 // methods, this means we avoid formatting the string at all!
617 // (The panic runtime might still call `payload.take_box()` though and trigger
619 Hook::Default if panic_output().is_none() => {}
621 info.set_payload(payload.get());
624 Hook::Custom(ptr) => {
625 info.set_payload(payload.get());
632 // If a thread panics while it's already unwinding then we
633 // have limited options. Currently our preference is to
634 // just abort. In the future we may consider resuming
635 // unwinding or otherwise exiting the thread cleanly.
636 rtprintpanic!("thread panicked while panicking. aborting.\n");
643 /// This is the entry point for `resume_unwind`.
644 /// It just forwards the payload to the panic runtime.
645 pub fn rust_panic_without_hook(payload: Box<dyn Any + Send>) -> ! {
646 panic_count::increase();
648 struct RewrapBox(Box<dyn Any + Send>);
650 unsafe impl BoxMeUp for RewrapBox {
651 fn take_box(&mut self) -> *mut (dyn Any + Send) {
652 Box::into_raw(mem::replace(&mut self.0, Box::new(())))
655 fn get(&mut self) -> &(dyn Any + Send) {
660 rust_panic(&mut RewrapBox(payload))
663 /// An unmangled function (through `rustc_std_internal_symbol`) on which to slap
666 #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_std_internal_symbol)]
667 fn rust_panic(mut msg: &mut dyn BoxMeUp) -> ! {
669 let obj = &mut msg as *mut &mut dyn BoxMeUp;
670 __rust_start_panic(obj)
672 rtabort!("failed to initiate panic, error {}", code)