4 use crate::borrow::{Borrow, Cow};
6 use crate::collections::TryReserveError;
8 use crate::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
9 use crate::iter::Extend;
12 use crate::str::FromStr;
15 use crate::sys::os_str::{Buf, Slice};
16 use crate::sys_common::{AsInner, FromInner, IntoInner};
18 /// A type that can represent owned, mutable platform-native strings, but is
19 /// cheaply inter-convertible with Rust strings.
21 /// The need for this type arises from the fact that:
23 /// * On Unix systems, strings are often arbitrary sequences of non-zero
24 /// bytes, in many cases interpreted as UTF-8.
26 /// * On Windows, strings are often arbitrary sequences of non-zero 16-bit
27 /// values, interpreted as UTF-16 when it is valid to do so.
29 /// * In Rust, strings are always valid UTF-8, which may contain zeros.
31 /// `OsString` and [`OsStr`] bridge this gap by simultaneously representing Rust
32 /// and platform-native string values, and in particular allowing a Rust string
33 /// to be converted into an "OS" string with no cost if possible. A consequence
34 /// of this is that `OsString` instances are *not* `NUL` terminated; in order
35 /// to pass to e.g., Unix system call, you should create a [`CStr`].
37 /// `OsString` is to <code>&[OsStr]</code> as [`String`] is to <code>&[str]</code>: the former
38 /// in each pair are owned strings; the latter are borrowed
41 /// Note, `OsString` and [`OsStr`] internally do not necessarily hold strings in
42 /// the form native to the platform; While on Unix, strings are stored as a
43 /// sequence of 8-bit values, on Windows, where strings are 16-bit value based
44 /// as just discussed, strings are also actually stored as a sequence of 8-bit
45 /// values, encoded in a less-strict variant of UTF-8. This is useful to
46 /// understand when handling capacity and length values.
48 /// # Capacity of `OsString`
50 /// Capacity uses units of UTF-8 bytes for OS strings which were created from valid unicode, and
51 /// uses units of bytes in an unspecified encoding for other contents. On a given target, all
52 /// `OsString` and `OsStr` values use the same units for capacity, so the following will work:
54 /// use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
56 /// fn concat_os_strings(a: &OsStr, b: &OsStr) -> OsString {
57 /// let mut ret = OsString::with_capacity(a.len() + b.len()); // This will allocate
58 /// ret.push(a); // This will not allocate further
59 /// ret.push(b); // This will not allocate further
64 /// # Creating an `OsString`
66 /// **From a Rust string**: `OsString` implements
67 /// <code>[From]<[String]></code>, so you can use <code>my_string.[into]\()</code> to
68 /// create an `OsString` from a normal Rust string.
70 /// **From slices:** Just like you can start with an empty Rust
71 /// [`String`] and then [`String::push_str`] some <code>&[str]</code>
72 /// sub-string slices into it, you can create an empty `OsString` with
73 /// the [`OsString::new`] method and then push string slices into it with the
74 /// [`OsString::push`] method.
76 /// # Extracting a borrowed reference to the whole OS string
78 /// You can use the [`OsString::as_os_str`] method to get an <code>&[OsStr]</code> from
79 /// an `OsString`; this is effectively a borrowed reference to the
84 /// See the [module's toplevel documentation about conversions][conversions] for a discussion on
85 /// the traits which `OsString` implements for [conversions] from/to native representations.
87 /// [`CStr`]: crate::ffi::CStr
88 /// [conversions]: super#conversions
89 /// [into]: Into::into
90 #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "OsString")]
91 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
96 /// Allows extension traits within `std`.
97 #[unstable(feature = "sealed", issue = "none")]
98 impl crate::sealed::Sealed for OsString {}
100 /// Borrowed reference to an OS string (see [`OsString`]).
102 /// This type represents a borrowed reference to a string in the operating system's preferred
105 /// `&OsStr` is to [`OsString`] as <code>&[str]</code> is to [`String`]: the
106 /// former in each pair are borrowed references; the latter are owned strings.
108 /// See the [module's toplevel documentation about conversions][conversions] for a discussion on
109 /// the traits which `OsStr` implements for [conversions] from/to native representations.
111 /// [conversions]: super#conversions
112 #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "OsStr")]
113 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
115 // `OsStr::from_inner` current implementation relies
116 // on `OsStr` being layout-compatible with `Slice`.
117 // When attribute privacy is implemented, `OsStr` should be annotated as `#[repr(transparent)]`.
118 // Anyway, `OsStr` representation and layout are considered implementation details, are
119 // not documented and must not be relied upon.
124 /// Allows extension traits within `std`.
125 #[unstable(feature = "sealed", issue = "none")]
126 impl crate::sealed::Sealed for OsStr {}
129 /// Constructs a new empty `OsString`.
134 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
136 /// let os_string = OsString::new();
138 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
141 pub fn new() -> OsString {
142 OsString { inner: Buf::from_string(String::new()) }
145 /// Converts to an [`OsStr`] slice.
150 /// use std::ffi::{OsString, OsStr};
152 /// let os_string = OsString::from("foo");
153 /// let os_str = OsStr::new("foo");
154 /// assert_eq!(os_string.as_os_str(), os_str);
156 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
159 pub fn as_os_str(&self) -> &OsStr {
163 /// Converts the `OsString` into a [`String`] if it contains valid Unicode data.
165 /// On failure, ownership of the original `OsString` is returned.
170 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
172 /// let os_string = OsString::from("foo");
173 /// let string = os_string.into_string();
174 /// assert_eq!(string, Ok(String::from("foo")));
176 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
178 pub fn into_string(self) -> Result<String, OsString> {
179 self.inner.into_string().map_err(|buf| OsString { inner: buf })
182 /// Extends the string with the given <code>&[OsStr]</code> slice.
187 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
189 /// let mut os_string = OsString::from("foo");
190 /// os_string.push("bar");
191 /// assert_eq!(&os_string, "foobar");
193 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
195 pub fn push<T: AsRef<OsStr>>(&mut self, s: T) {
196 self.inner.push_slice(&s.as_ref().inner)
199 /// Creates a new `OsString` with at least the given capacity.
201 /// The string will be able to hold at least `capacity` length units of other
202 /// OS strings without reallocating. This method is allowed to allocate for
203 /// more units than `capacity`. If `capacity` is 0, the string will not
206 /// See the main `OsString` documentation information about encoding and capacity units.
211 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
213 /// let mut os_string = OsString::with_capacity(10);
214 /// let capacity = os_string.capacity();
216 /// // This push is done without reallocating
217 /// os_string.push("foo");
219 /// assert_eq!(capacity, os_string.capacity());
221 #[stable(feature = "osstring_simple_functions", since = "1.9.0")]
224 pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> OsString {
225 OsString { inner: Buf::with_capacity(capacity) }
228 /// Truncates the `OsString` to zero length.
233 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
235 /// let mut os_string = OsString::from("foo");
236 /// assert_eq!(&os_string, "foo");
238 /// os_string.clear();
239 /// assert_eq!(&os_string, "");
241 #[stable(feature = "osstring_simple_functions", since = "1.9.0")]
243 pub fn clear(&mut self) {
247 /// Returns the capacity this `OsString` can hold without reallocating.
249 /// See the main `OsString` documentation information about encoding and capacity units.
254 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
256 /// let os_string = OsString::with_capacity(10);
257 /// assert!(os_string.capacity() >= 10);
259 #[stable(feature = "osstring_simple_functions", since = "1.9.0")]
262 pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
263 self.inner.capacity()
266 /// Reserves capacity for at least `additional` more capacity to be inserted
267 /// in the given `OsString`. Does nothing if the capacity is
268 /// already sufficient.
270 /// The collection may reserve more space to speculatively avoid frequent reallocations.
272 /// See the main `OsString` documentation information about encoding and capacity units.
277 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
279 /// let mut s = OsString::new();
281 /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 10);
283 #[stable(feature = "osstring_simple_functions", since = "1.9.0")]
285 pub fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
286 self.inner.reserve(additional)
289 /// Tries to reserve capacity for at least `additional` more length units
290 /// in the given `OsString`. The string may reserve more space to speculatively avoid
291 /// frequent reallocations. After calling `try_reserve`, capacity will be
292 /// greater than or equal to `self.len() + additional` if it returns `Ok(())`.
293 /// Does nothing if capacity is already sufficient.
295 /// See the main `OsString` documentation information about encoding and capacity units.
299 /// If the capacity overflows, or the allocator reports a failure, then an error
305 /// use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
306 /// use std::collections::TryReserveError;
308 /// fn process_data(data: &str) -> Result<OsString, TryReserveError> {
309 /// let mut s = OsString::new();
311 /// // Pre-reserve the memory, exiting if we can't
312 /// s.try_reserve(OsStr::new(data).len())?;
314 /// // Now we know this can't OOM in the middle of our complex work
319 /// # process_data("123").expect("why is the test harness OOMing on 3 bytes?");
321 #[stable(feature = "try_reserve_2", since = "1.63.0")]
323 pub fn try_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) -> Result<(), TryReserveError> {
324 self.inner.try_reserve(additional)
327 /// Reserves the minimum capacity for at least `additional` more capacity to
328 /// be inserted in the given `OsString`. Does nothing if the capacity is
329 /// already sufficient.
331 /// Note that the allocator may give the collection more space than it
332 /// requests. Therefore, capacity can not be relied upon to be precisely
333 /// minimal. Prefer [`reserve`] if future insertions are expected.
335 /// [`reserve`]: OsString::reserve
337 /// See the main `OsString` documentation information about encoding and capacity units.
342 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
344 /// let mut s = OsString::new();
345 /// s.reserve_exact(10);
346 /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 10);
348 #[stable(feature = "osstring_simple_functions", since = "1.9.0")]
350 pub fn reserve_exact(&mut self, additional: usize) {
351 self.inner.reserve_exact(additional)
354 /// Tries to reserve the minimum capacity for at least `additional`
355 /// more length units in the given `OsString`. After calling
356 /// `try_reserve_exact`, capacity will be greater than or equal to
357 /// `self.len() + additional` if it returns `Ok(())`.
358 /// Does nothing if the capacity is already sufficient.
360 /// Note that the allocator may give the `OsString` more space than it
361 /// requests. Therefore, capacity can not be relied upon to be precisely
362 /// minimal. Prefer [`try_reserve`] if future insertions are expected.
364 /// [`try_reserve`]: OsString::try_reserve
366 /// See the main `OsString` documentation information about encoding and capacity units.
370 /// If the capacity overflows, or the allocator reports a failure, then an error
376 /// use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
377 /// use std::collections::TryReserveError;
379 /// fn process_data(data: &str) -> Result<OsString, TryReserveError> {
380 /// let mut s = OsString::new();
382 /// // Pre-reserve the memory, exiting if we can't
383 /// s.try_reserve_exact(OsStr::new(data).len())?;
385 /// // Now we know this can't OOM in the middle of our complex work
390 /// # process_data("123").expect("why is the test harness OOMing on 3 bytes?");
392 #[stable(feature = "try_reserve_2", since = "1.63.0")]
394 pub fn try_reserve_exact(&mut self, additional: usize) -> Result<(), TryReserveError> {
395 self.inner.try_reserve_exact(additional)
398 /// Shrinks the capacity of the `OsString` to match its length.
400 /// See the main `OsString` documentation information about encoding and capacity units.
405 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
407 /// let mut s = OsString::from("foo");
410 /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 100);
412 /// s.shrink_to_fit();
413 /// assert_eq!(3, s.capacity());
415 #[stable(feature = "osstring_shrink_to_fit", since = "1.19.0")]
417 pub fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self) {
418 self.inner.shrink_to_fit()
421 /// Shrinks the capacity of the `OsString` with a lower bound.
423 /// The capacity will remain at least as large as both the length
424 /// and the supplied value.
426 /// If the current capacity is less than the lower limit, this is a no-op.
428 /// See the main `OsString` documentation information about encoding and capacity units.
433 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
435 /// let mut s = OsString::from("foo");
438 /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 100);
441 /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 10);
443 /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 3);
446 #[stable(feature = "shrink_to", since = "1.56.0")]
447 pub fn shrink_to(&mut self, min_capacity: usize) {
448 self.inner.shrink_to(min_capacity)
451 /// Converts this `OsString` into a boxed [`OsStr`].
456 /// use std::ffi::{OsString, OsStr};
458 /// let s = OsString::from("hello");
460 /// let b: Box<OsStr> = s.into_boxed_os_str();
462 #[must_use = "`self` will be dropped if the result is not used"]
463 #[stable(feature = "into_boxed_os_str", since = "1.20.0")]
464 pub fn into_boxed_os_str(self) -> Box<OsStr> {
465 let rw = Box::into_raw(self.inner.into_box()) as *mut OsStr;
466 unsafe { Box::from_raw(rw) }
470 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
471 impl From<String> for OsString {
472 /// Converts a [`String`] into an [`OsString`].
474 /// This conversion does not allocate or copy memory.
476 fn from(s: String) -> OsString {
477 OsString { inner: Buf::from_string(s) }
481 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
482 impl<T: ?Sized + AsRef<OsStr>> From<&T> for OsString {
483 /// Copies any value implementing <code>[AsRef]<[OsStr]></code>
484 /// into a newly allocated [`OsString`].
485 fn from(s: &T) -> OsString {
486 s.as_ref().to_os_string()
490 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
491 impl ops::Index<ops::RangeFull> for OsString {
495 fn index(&self, _index: ops::RangeFull) -> &OsStr {
496 OsStr::from_inner(self.inner.as_slice())
500 #[stable(feature = "mut_osstr", since = "1.44.0")]
501 impl ops::IndexMut<ops::RangeFull> for OsString {
503 fn index_mut(&mut self, _index: ops::RangeFull) -> &mut OsStr {
504 OsStr::from_inner_mut(self.inner.as_mut_slice())
508 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
509 impl ops::Deref for OsString {
513 fn deref(&self) -> &OsStr {
518 #[stable(feature = "mut_osstr", since = "1.44.0")]
519 impl ops::DerefMut for OsString {
521 fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut OsStr {
526 #[stable(feature = "osstring_default", since = "1.9.0")]
527 impl Default for OsString {
528 /// Constructs an empty `OsString`.
530 fn default() -> OsString {
535 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
536 impl Clone for OsString {
538 fn clone(&self) -> Self {
539 OsString { inner: self.inner.clone() }
543 fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) {
544 self.inner.clone_from(&source.inner)
548 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
549 impl fmt::Debug for OsString {
550 fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
551 fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, formatter)
555 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
556 impl PartialEq for OsString {
558 fn eq(&self, other: &OsString) -> bool {
563 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
564 impl PartialEq<str> for OsString {
566 fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
571 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
572 impl PartialEq<OsString> for str {
574 fn eq(&self, other: &OsString) -> bool {
579 #[stable(feature = "os_str_str_ref_eq", since = "1.29.0")]
580 impl PartialEq<&str> for OsString {
582 fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
587 #[stable(feature = "os_str_str_ref_eq", since = "1.29.0")]
588 impl<'a> PartialEq<OsString> for &'a str {
590 fn eq(&self, other: &OsString) -> bool {
595 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
596 impl Eq for OsString {}
598 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
599 impl PartialOrd for OsString {
601 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &OsString) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
602 (&**self).partial_cmp(&**other)
605 fn lt(&self, other: &OsString) -> bool {
609 fn le(&self, other: &OsString) -> bool {
613 fn gt(&self, other: &OsString) -> bool {
617 fn ge(&self, other: &OsString) -> bool {
622 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
623 impl PartialOrd<str> for OsString {
625 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &str) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
626 (&**self).partial_cmp(other)
630 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
631 impl Ord for OsString {
633 fn cmp(&self, other: &OsString) -> cmp::Ordering {
634 (&**self).cmp(&**other)
638 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
639 impl Hash for OsString {
641 fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
642 (&**self).hash(state)
647 /// Coerces into an `OsStr` slice.
652 /// use std::ffi::OsStr;
654 /// let os_str = OsStr::new("foo");
657 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
658 pub fn new<S: AsRef<OsStr> + ?Sized>(s: &S) -> &OsStr {
663 fn from_inner(inner: &Slice) -> &OsStr {
664 // SAFETY: OsStr is just a wrapper of Slice,
665 // therefore converting &Slice to &OsStr is safe.
666 unsafe { &*(inner as *const Slice as *const OsStr) }
670 fn from_inner_mut(inner: &mut Slice) -> &mut OsStr {
671 // SAFETY: OsStr is just a wrapper of Slice,
672 // therefore converting &mut Slice to &mut OsStr is safe.
673 // Any method that mutates OsStr must be careful not to
674 // break platform-specific encoding, in particular Wtf8 on Windows.
675 unsafe { &mut *(inner as *mut Slice as *mut OsStr) }
678 /// Yields a <code>&[str]</code> slice if the `OsStr` is valid Unicode.
680 /// This conversion may entail doing a check for UTF-8 validity.
685 /// use std::ffi::OsStr;
687 /// let os_str = OsStr::new("foo");
688 /// assert_eq!(os_str.to_str(), Some("foo"));
690 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
691 #[must_use = "this returns the result of the operation, \
692 without modifying the original"]
694 pub fn to_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
698 /// Converts an `OsStr` to a <code>[Cow]<[str]></code>.
700 /// Any non-Unicode sequences are replaced with
701 /// [`U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER`][U+FFFD].
703 /// [U+FFFD]: crate::char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER
707 /// Calling `to_string_lossy` on an `OsStr` with invalid unicode:
710 /// // Note, due to differences in how Unix and Windows represent strings,
711 /// // we are forced to complicate this example, setting up example `OsStr`s
712 /// // with different source data and via different platform extensions.
713 /// // Understand that in reality you could end up with such example invalid
714 /// // sequences simply through collecting user command line arguments, for
718 /// use std::ffi::OsStr;
719 /// use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
721 /// // Here, the values 0x66 and 0x6f correspond to 'f' and 'o'
722 /// // respectively. The value 0x80 is a lone continuation byte, invalid
723 /// // in a UTF-8 sequence.
724 /// let source = [0x66, 0x6f, 0x80, 0x6f];
725 /// let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(&source[..]);
727 /// assert_eq!(os_str.to_string_lossy(), "fo�o");
729 /// #[cfg(windows)] {
730 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
731 /// use std::os::windows::prelude::*;
733 /// // Here the values 0x0066 and 0x006f correspond to 'f' and 'o'
734 /// // respectively. The value 0xD800 is a lone surrogate half, invalid
735 /// // in a UTF-16 sequence.
736 /// let source = [0x0066, 0x006f, 0xD800, 0x006f];
737 /// let os_string = OsString::from_wide(&source[..]);
738 /// let os_str = os_string.as_os_str();
740 /// assert_eq!(os_str.to_string_lossy(), "fo�o");
743 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
744 #[must_use = "this returns the result of the operation, \
745 without modifying the original"]
747 pub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str> {
748 self.inner.to_string_lossy()
751 /// Copies the slice into an owned [`OsString`].
756 /// use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
758 /// let os_str = OsStr::new("foo");
759 /// let os_string = os_str.to_os_string();
760 /// assert_eq!(os_string, OsString::from("foo"));
762 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
763 #[must_use = "this returns the result of the operation, \
764 without modifying the original"]
766 pub fn to_os_string(&self) -> OsString {
767 OsString { inner: self.inner.to_owned() }
770 /// Checks whether the `OsStr` is empty.
775 /// use std::ffi::OsStr;
777 /// let os_str = OsStr::new("");
778 /// assert!(os_str.is_empty());
780 /// let os_str = OsStr::new("foo");
781 /// assert!(!os_str.is_empty());
783 #[stable(feature = "osstring_simple_functions", since = "1.9.0")]
786 pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
787 self.inner.inner.is_empty()
790 /// Returns the length of this `OsStr`.
792 /// Note that this does **not** return the number of bytes in the string in
795 /// The length returned is that of the underlying storage used by `OsStr`.
796 /// As discussed in the [`OsString`] introduction, [`OsString`] and `OsStr`
797 /// store strings in a form best suited for cheap inter-conversion between
798 /// native-platform and Rust string forms, which may differ significantly
799 /// from both of them, including in storage size and encoding.
801 /// This number is simply useful for passing to other methods, like
802 /// [`OsString::with_capacity`] to avoid reallocations.
804 /// See the main `OsString` documentation information about encoding and capacity units.
809 /// use std::ffi::OsStr;
811 /// let os_str = OsStr::new("");
812 /// assert_eq!(os_str.len(), 0);
814 /// let os_str = OsStr::new("foo");
815 /// assert_eq!(os_str.len(), 3);
817 #[stable(feature = "osstring_simple_functions", since = "1.9.0")]
820 pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
821 self.inner.inner.len()
824 /// Converts a <code>[Box]<[OsStr]></code> into an [`OsString`] without copying or allocating.
825 #[stable(feature = "into_boxed_os_str", since = "1.20.0")]
826 #[must_use = "`self` will be dropped if the result is not used"]
827 pub fn into_os_string(self: Box<OsStr>) -> OsString {
828 let boxed = unsafe { Box::from_raw(Box::into_raw(self) as *mut Slice) };
829 OsString { inner: Buf::from_box(boxed) }
832 /// Gets the underlying byte representation.
834 /// Note: it is *crucial* that this API is not externally public, to avoid
835 /// revealing the internal, platform-specific encodings.
837 pub(crate) fn bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
838 unsafe { &*(&self.inner as *const _ as *const [u8]) }
841 /// Converts this string to its ASCII lower case equivalent in-place.
843 /// ASCII letters 'A' to 'Z' are mapped to 'a' to 'z',
844 /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
846 /// To return a new lowercased value without modifying the existing one, use
847 /// [`OsStr::to_ascii_lowercase`].
852 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
854 /// let mut s = OsString::from("GRÜßE, JÜRGEN ❤");
856 /// s.make_ascii_lowercase();
858 /// assert_eq!("grÜße, jÜrgen ❤", s);
860 #[stable(feature = "osstring_ascii", since = "1.53.0")]
862 pub fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self) {
863 self.inner.make_ascii_lowercase()
866 /// Converts this string to its ASCII upper case equivalent in-place.
868 /// ASCII letters 'a' to 'z' are mapped to 'A' to 'Z',
869 /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
871 /// To return a new uppercased value without modifying the existing one, use
872 /// [`OsStr::to_ascii_uppercase`].
877 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
879 /// let mut s = OsString::from("Grüße, Jürgen ❤");
881 /// s.make_ascii_uppercase();
883 /// assert_eq!("GRüßE, JüRGEN ❤", s);
885 #[stable(feature = "osstring_ascii", since = "1.53.0")]
887 pub fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self) {
888 self.inner.make_ascii_uppercase()
891 /// Returns a copy of this string where each character is mapped to its
892 /// ASCII lower case equivalent.
894 /// ASCII letters 'A' to 'Z' are mapped to 'a' to 'z',
895 /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
897 /// To lowercase the value in-place, use [`OsStr::make_ascii_lowercase`].
902 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
903 /// let s = OsString::from("Grüße, Jürgen ❤");
905 /// assert_eq!("grüße, jürgen ❤", s.to_ascii_lowercase());
907 #[must_use = "to lowercase the value in-place, use `make_ascii_lowercase`"]
908 #[stable(feature = "osstring_ascii", since = "1.53.0")]
909 pub fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> OsString {
910 OsString::from_inner(self.inner.to_ascii_lowercase())
913 /// Returns a copy of this string where each character is mapped to its
914 /// ASCII upper case equivalent.
916 /// ASCII letters 'a' to 'z' are mapped to 'A' to 'Z',
917 /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
919 /// To uppercase the value in-place, use [`OsStr::make_ascii_uppercase`].
924 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
925 /// let s = OsString::from("Grüße, Jürgen ❤");
927 /// assert_eq!("GRüßE, JüRGEN ❤", s.to_ascii_uppercase());
929 #[must_use = "to uppercase the value in-place, use `make_ascii_uppercase`"]
930 #[stable(feature = "osstring_ascii", since = "1.53.0")]
931 pub fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> OsString {
932 OsString::from_inner(self.inner.to_ascii_uppercase())
935 /// Checks if all characters in this string are within the ASCII range.
940 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
942 /// let ascii = OsString::from("hello!\n");
943 /// let non_ascii = OsString::from("Grüße, Jürgen ❤");
945 /// assert!(ascii.is_ascii());
946 /// assert!(!non_ascii.is_ascii());
948 #[stable(feature = "osstring_ascii", since = "1.53.0")]
951 pub fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
952 self.inner.is_ascii()
955 /// Checks that two strings are an ASCII case-insensitive match.
957 /// Same as `to_ascii_lowercase(a) == to_ascii_lowercase(b)`,
958 /// but without allocating and copying temporaries.
963 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
965 /// assert!(OsString::from("Ferris").eq_ignore_ascii_case("FERRIS"));
966 /// assert!(OsString::from("Ferrös").eq_ignore_ascii_case("FERRöS"));
967 /// assert!(!OsString::from("Ferrös").eq_ignore_ascii_case("FERRÖS"));
969 #[stable(feature = "osstring_ascii", since = "1.53.0")]
970 pub fn eq_ignore_ascii_case<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(&self, other: S) -> bool {
971 self.inner.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&other.as_ref().inner)
975 #[stable(feature = "box_from_os_str", since = "1.17.0")]
976 impl From<&OsStr> for Box<OsStr> {
977 /// Copies the string into a newly allocated <code>[Box]<[OsStr]></code>.
979 fn from(s: &OsStr) -> Box<OsStr> {
980 let rw = Box::into_raw(s.inner.into_box()) as *mut OsStr;
981 unsafe { Box::from_raw(rw) }
985 #[stable(feature = "box_from_cow", since = "1.45.0")]
986 impl From<Cow<'_, OsStr>> for Box<OsStr> {
987 /// Converts a `Cow<'a, OsStr>` into a <code>[Box]<[OsStr]></code>,
988 /// by copying the contents if they are borrowed.
990 fn from(cow: Cow<'_, OsStr>) -> Box<OsStr> {
992 Cow::Borrowed(s) => Box::from(s),
993 Cow::Owned(s) => Box::from(s),
998 #[stable(feature = "os_string_from_box", since = "1.18.0")]
999 impl From<Box<OsStr>> for OsString {
1000 /// Converts a <code>[Box]<[OsStr]></code> into an [`OsString`] without copying or
1003 fn from(boxed: Box<OsStr>) -> OsString {
1004 boxed.into_os_string()
1008 #[stable(feature = "box_from_os_string", since = "1.20.0")]
1009 impl From<OsString> for Box<OsStr> {
1010 /// Converts an [`OsString`] into a <code>[Box]<[OsStr]></code> without copying or allocating.
1012 fn from(s: OsString) -> Box<OsStr> {
1013 s.into_boxed_os_str()
1017 #[stable(feature = "more_box_slice_clone", since = "1.29.0")]
1018 impl Clone for Box<OsStr> {
1020 fn clone(&self) -> Self {
1021 self.to_os_string().into_boxed_os_str()
1025 #[stable(feature = "shared_from_slice2", since = "1.24.0")]
1026 impl From<OsString> for Arc<OsStr> {
1027 /// Converts an [`OsString`] into an <code>[Arc]<[OsStr]></code> by moving the [`OsString`]
1028 /// data into a new [`Arc`] buffer.
1030 fn from(s: OsString) -> Arc<OsStr> {
1031 let arc = s.inner.into_arc();
1032 unsafe { Arc::from_raw(Arc::into_raw(arc) as *const OsStr) }
1036 #[stable(feature = "shared_from_slice2", since = "1.24.0")]
1037 impl From<&OsStr> for Arc<OsStr> {
1038 /// Copies the string into a newly allocated <code>[Arc]<[OsStr]></code>.
1040 fn from(s: &OsStr) -> Arc<OsStr> {
1041 let arc = s.inner.into_arc();
1042 unsafe { Arc::from_raw(Arc::into_raw(arc) as *const OsStr) }
1046 #[stable(feature = "shared_from_slice2", since = "1.24.0")]
1047 impl From<OsString> for Rc<OsStr> {
1048 /// Converts an [`OsString`] into an <code>[Rc]<[OsStr]></code> by moving the [`OsString`]
1049 /// data into a new [`Rc`] buffer.
1051 fn from(s: OsString) -> Rc<OsStr> {
1052 let rc = s.inner.into_rc();
1053 unsafe { Rc::from_raw(Rc::into_raw(rc) as *const OsStr) }
1057 #[stable(feature = "shared_from_slice2", since = "1.24.0")]
1058 impl From<&OsStr> for Rc<OsStr> {
1059 /// Copies the string into a newly allocated <code>[Rc]<[OsStr]></code>.
1061 fn from(s: &OsStr) -> Rc<OsStr> {
1062 let rc = s.inner.into_rc();
1063 unsafe { Rc::from_raw(Rc::into_raw(rc) as *const OsStr) }
1067 #[stable(feature = "cow_from_osstr", since = "1.28.0")]
1068 impl<'a> From<OsString> for Cow<'a, OsStr> {
1069 /// Moves the string into a [`Cow::Owned`].
1071 fn from(s: OsString) -> Cow<'a, OsStr> {
1076 #[stable(feature = "cow_from_osstr", since = "1.28.0")]
1077 impl<'a> From<&'a OsStr> for Cow<'a, OsStr> {
1078 /// Converts the string reference into a [`Cow::Borrowed`].
1080 fn from(s: &'a OsStr) -> Cow<'a, OsStr> {
1085 #[stable(feature = "cow_from_osstr", since = "1.28.0")]
1086 impl<'a> From<&'a OsString> for Cow<'a, OsStr> {
1087 /// Converts the string reference into a [`Cow::Borrowed`].
1089 fn from(s: &'a OsString) -> Cow<'a, OsStr> {
1090 Cow::Borrowed(s.as_os_str())
1094 #[stable(feature = "osstring_from_cow_osstr", since = "1.28.0")]
1095 impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, OsStr>> for OsString {
1096 /// Converts a `Cow<'a, OsStr>` into an [`OsString`],
1097 /// by copying the contents if they are borrowed.
1099 fn from(s: Cow<'a, OsStr>) -> Self {
1104 #[stable(feature = "box_default_extra", since = "1.17.0")]
1105 impl Default for Box<OsStr> {
1107 fn default() -> Box<OsStr> {
1108 let rw = Box::into_raw(Slice::empty_box()) as *mut OsStr;
1109 unsafe { Box::from_raw(rw) }
1113 #[stable(feature = "osstring_default", since = "1.9.0")]
1114 impl Default for &OsStr {
1115 /// Creates an empty `OsStr`.
1117 fn default() -> Self {
1122 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1123 impl PartialEq for OsStr {
1125 fn eq(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool {
1126 self.bytes().eq(other.bytes())
1130 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1131 impl PartialEq<str> for OsStr {
1133 fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
1134 *self == *OsStr::new(other)
1138 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1139 impl PartialEq<OsStr> for str {
1141 fn eq(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool {
1142 *other == *OsStr::new(self)
1146 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1147 impl Eq for OsStr {}
1149 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1150 impl PartialOrd for OsStr {
1152 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &OsStr) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
1153 self.bytes().partial_cmp(other.bytes())
1156 fn lt(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool {
1157 self.bytes().lt(other.bytes())
1160 fn le(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool {
1161 self.bytes().le(other.bytes())
1164 fn gt(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool {
1165 self.bytes().gt(other.bytes())
1168 fn ge(&self, other: &OsStr) -> bool {
1169 self.bytes().ge(other.bytes())
1173 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1174 impl PartialOrd<str> for OsStr {
1176 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &str) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
1177 self.partial_cmp(OsStr::new(other))
1181 // FIXME (#19470): cannot provide PartialOrd<OsStr> for str until we
1182 // have more flexible coherence rules.
1184 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1185 impl Ord for OsStr {
1187 fn cmp(&self, other: &OsStr) -> cmp::Ordering {
1188 self.bytes().cmp(other.bytes())
1192 macro_rules! impl_cmp {
1193 ($lhs:ty, $rhs: ty) => {
1194 #[stable(feature = "cmp_os_str", since = "1.8.0")]
1195 impl<'a, 'b> PartialEq<$rhs> for $lhs {
1197 fn eq(&self, other: &$rhs) -> bool {
1198 <OsStr as PartialEq>::eq(self, other)
1202 #[stable(feature = "cmp_os_str", since = "1.8.0")]
1203 impl<'a, 'b> PartialEq<$lhs> for $rhs {
1205 fn eq(&self, other: &$lhs) -> bool {
1206 <OsStr as PartialEq>::eq(self, other)
1210 #[stable(feature = "cmp_os_str", since = "1.8.0")]
1211 impl<'a, 'b> PartialOrd<$rhs> for $lhs {
1213 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &$rhs) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
1214 <OsStr as PartialOrd>::partial_cmp(self, other)
1218 #[stable(feature = "cmp_os_str", since = "1.8.0")]
1219 impl<'a, 'b> PartialOrd<$lhs> for $rhs {
1221 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &$lhs) -> Option<cmp::Ordering> {
1222 <OsStr as PartialOrd>::partial_cmp(self, other)
1228 impl_cmp!(OsString, OsStr);
1229 impl_cmp!(OsString, &'a OsStr);
1230 impl_cmp!(Cow<'a, OsStr>, OsStr);
1231 impl_cmp!(Cow<'a, OsStr>, &'b OsStr);
1232 impl_cmp!(Cow<'a, OsStr>, OsString);
1234 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1235 impl Hash for OsStr {
1237 fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
1238 self.bytes().hash(state)
1242 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1243 impl fmt::Debug for OsStr {
1244 fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
1245 fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.inner, formatter)
1250 pub(crate) fn display(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
1251 fmt::Display::fmt(&self.inner, formatter)
1255 #[unstable(feature = "slice_concat_ext", issue = "27747")]
1256 impl<S: Borrow<OsStr>> alloc::slice::Join<&OsStr> for [S] {
1257 type Output = OsString;
1259 fn join(slice: &Self, sep: &OsStr) -> OsString {
1260 let Some((first, suffix)) = slice.split_first() else {
1261 return OsString::new();
1263 let first_owned = first.borrow().to_owned();
1264 suffix.iter().fold(first_owned, |mut a, b| {
1272 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1273 impl Borrow<OsStr> for OsString {
1275 fn borrow(&self) -> &OsStr {
1280 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1281 impl ToOwned for OsStr {
1282 type Owned = OsString;
1284 fn to_owned(&self) -> OsString {
1288 fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut OsString) {
1289 self.inner.clone_into(&mut target.inner)
1293 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1294 impl AsRef<OsStr> for OsStr {
1296 fn as_ref(&self) -> &OsStr {
1301 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1302 impl AsRef<OsStr> for OsString {
1304 fn as_ref(&self) -> &OsStr {
1309 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1310 impl AsRef<OsStr> for str {
1312 fn as_ref(&self) -> &OsStr {
1313 OsStr::from_inner(Slice::from_str(self))
1317 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1318 impl AsRef<OsStr> for String {
1320 fn as_ref(&self) -> &OsStr {
1325 impl FromInner<Buf> for OsString {
1327 fn from_inner(buf: Buf) -> OsString {
1328 OsString { inner: buf }
1332 impl IntoInner<Buf> for OsString {
1334 fn into_inner(self) -> Buf {
1339 impl AsInner<Slice> for OsStr {
1341 fn as_inner(&self) -> &Slice {
1346 #[stable(feature = "osstring_from_str", since = "1.45.0")]
1347 impl FromStr for OsString {
1348 type Err = core::convert::Infallible;
1351 fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
1352 Ok(OsString::from(s))
1356 #[stable(feature = "osstring_extend", since = "1.52.0")]
1357 impl Extend<OsString> for OsString {
1359 fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item = OsString>>(&mut self, iter: T) {
1366 #[stable(feature = "osstring_extend", since = "1.52.0")]
1367 impl<'a> Extend<&'a OsStr> for OsString {
1369 fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item = &'a OsStr>>(&mut self, iter: T) {
1376 #[stable(feature = "osstring_extend", since = "1.52.0")]
1377 impl<'a> Extend<Cow<'a, OsStr>> for OsString {
1379 fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item = Cow<'a, OsStr>>>(&mut self, iter: T) {
1386 #[stable(feature = "osstring_extend", since = "1.52.0")]
1387 impl FromIterator<OsString> for OsString {
1389 fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = OsString>>(iter: I) -> Self {
1390 let mut iterator = iter.into_iter();
1392 // Because we're iterating over `OsString`s, we can avoid at least
1393 // one allocation by getting the first string from the iterator
1394 // and appending to it all the subsequent strings.
1395 match iterator.next() {
1396 None => OsString::new(),
1398 buf.extend(iterator);
1405 #[stable(feature = "osstring_extend", since = "1.52.0")]
1406 impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a OsStr> for OsString {
1408 fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a OsStr>>(iter: I) -> Self {
1409 let mut buf = Self::new();
1417 #[stable(feature = "osstring_extend", since = "1.52.0")]
1418 impl<'a> FromIterator<Cow<'a, OsStr>> for OsString {
1420 fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = Cow<'a, OsStr>>>(iter: I) -> Self {
1421 let mut iterator = iter.into_iter();
1423 // Because we're iterating over `OsString`s, we can avoid at least
1424 // one allocation by getting the first owned string from the iterator
1425 // and appending to it all the subsequent strings.
1426 match iterator.next() {
1427 None => OsString::new(),
1428 Some(Cow::Owned(mut buf)) => {
1429 buf.extend(iterator);
1432 Some(Cow::Borrowed(buf)) => {
1433 let mut buf = OsString::from(buf);
1434 buf.extend(iterator);