1 use crate::cmp::Ordering;
2 use crate::ffi::c_char;
7 use crate::slice::memchr;
10 /// Representation of a borrowed C string.
12 /// This type represents a borrowed reference to a nul-terminated
13 /// array of bytes. It can be constructed safely from a <code>&[[u8]]</code>
14 /// slice, or unsafely from a raw `*const c_char`. It can then be
15 /// converted to a Rust <code>&[str]</code> by performing UTF-8 validation, or
16 /// into an owned [`CString`].
18 /// `&CStr` is to [`CString`] as <code>&[str]</code> is to [`String`]: the former
19 /// in each pair are borrowed references; the latter are owned
22 /// Note that this structure is **not** `repr(C)` and is not recommended to be
23 /// placed in the signatures of FFI functions. Instead, safe wrappers of FFI
24 /// functions may leverage the unsafe [`CStr::from_ptr`] constructor to provide
25 /// a safe interface to other consumers.
27 /// [`CString`]: ../../std/ffi/struct.CString.html
28 /// [`String`]: ../../std/string/struct.String.html
32 /// Inspecting a foreign C string:
34 /// ```ignore (extern-declaration)
35 /// use std::ffi::CStr;
36 /// use std::os::raw::c_char;
38 /// extern "C" { fn my_string() -> *const c_char; }
41 /// let slice = CStr::from_ptr(my_string());
42 /// println!("string buffer size without nul terminator: {}", slice.to_bytes().len());
46 /// Passing a Rust-originating C string:
48 /// ```ignore (extern-declaration)
49 /// use std::ffi::{CString, CStr};
50 /// use std::os::raw::c_char;
52 /// fn work(data: &CStr) {
53 /// extern "C" { fn work_with(data: *const c_char); }
55 /// unsafe { work_with(data.as_ptr()) }
58 /// let s = CString::new("data data data data").expect("CString::new failed");
62 /// Converting a foreign C string into a Rust `String`:
64 /// ```ignore (extern-declaration)
65 /// use std::ffi::CStr;
66 /// use std::os::raw::c_char;
68 /// extern "C" { fn my_string() -> *const c_char; }
70 /// fn my_string_safe() -> String {
71 /// let cstr = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(my_string()) };
72 /// // Get copy-on-write Cow<'_, str>, then guarantee a freshly-owned String allocation
73 /// String::from_utf8_lossy(cstr.to_bytes()).to_string()
76 /// println!("string: {}", my_string_safe());
79 /// [str]: prim@str "str"
81 #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "CStr")]
82 #[stable(feature = "core_c_str", since = "1.64.0")]
83 #[rustc_has_incoherent_inherent_impls]
85 // `fn from` in `impl From<&CStr> for Box<CStr>` current implementation relies
86 // on `CStr` being layout-compatible with `[u8]`.
87 // When attribute privacy is implemented, `CStr` should be annotated as `#[repr(transparent)]`.
88 // Anyway, `CStr` representation and layout are considered implementation detail, are
89 // not documented and must not be relied upon.
91 // FIXME: this should not be represented with a DST slice but rather with
92 // just a raw `c_char` along with some form of marker to make
93 // this an unsized type. Essentially `sizeof(&CStr)` should be the
94 // same as `sizeof(&c_char)` but `CStr` should be an unsized type.
98 /// An error indicating that a nul byte was not in the expected position.
100 /// The slice used to create a [`CStr`] must have one and only one nul byte,
101 /// positioned at the end.
103 /// This error is created by the [`CStr::from_bytes_with_nul`] method.
104 /// See its documentation for more.
109 /// use std::ffi::{CStr, FromBytesWithNulError};
111 /// let _: FromBytesWithNulError = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"f\0oo").unwrap_err();
113 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
114 #[stable(feature = "core_c_str", since = "1.64.0")]
115 pub struct FromBytesWithNulError {
116 kind: FromBytesWithNulErrorKind,
119 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
120 enum FromBytesWithNulErrorKind {
125 impl FromBytesWithNulError {
126 const fn interior_nul(pos: usize) -> FromBytesWithNulError {
127 FromBytesWithNulError { kind: FromBytesWithNulErrorKind::InteriorNul(pos) }
129 const fn not_nul_terminated() -> FromBytesWithNulError {
130 FromBytesWithNulError { kind: FromBytesWithNulErrorKind::NotNulTerminated }
134 #[unstable(feature = "cstr_internals", issue = "none")]
135 pub fn __description(&self) -> &str {
137 FromBytesWithNulErrorKind::InteriorNul(..) => {
138 "data provided contains an interior nul byte"
140 FromBytesWithNulErrorKind::NotNulTerminated => "data provided is not nul terminated",
145 /// An error indicating that no nul byte was present.
147 /// A slice used to create a [`CStr`] must contain a nul byte somewhere
148 /// within the slice.
150 /// This error is created by the [`CStr::from_bytes_until_nul`] method.
152 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
153 #[unstable(feature = "cstr_from_bytes_until_nul", issue = "95027")]
154 pub struct FromBytesUntilNulError(());
156 #[unstable(feature = "cstr_from_bytes_until_nul", issue = "95027")]
157 impl fmt::Display for FromBytesUntilNulError {
158 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
159 write!(f, "data provided does not contain a nul")
163 #[stable(feature = "cstr_debug", since = "1.3.0")]
164 impl fmt::Debug for CStr {
165 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
166 write!(f, "\"{}\"", self.to_bytes().escape_ascii())
170 #[stable(feature = "cstr_default", since = "1.10.0")]
171 impl Default for &CStr {
172 fn default() -> Self {
173 const SLICE: &[c_char] = &[0];
174 // SAFETY: `SLICE` is indeed pointing to a valid nul-terminated string.
175 unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(SLICE.as_ptr()) }
179 #[stable(feature = "frombyteswithnulerror_impls", since = "1.17.0")]
180 impl fmt::Display for FromBytesWithNulError {
181 #[allow(deprecated, deprecated_in_future)]
182 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
183 f.write_str(self.__description())?;
184 if let FromBytesWithNulErrorKind::InteriorNul(pos) = self.kind {
185 write!(f, " at byte pos {pos}")?;
192 /// Wraps a raw C string with a safe C string wrapper.
194 /// This function will wrap the provided `ptr` with a `CStr` wrapper, which
195 /// allows inspection and interoperation of non-owned C strings. The total
196 /// size of the raw C string must be smaller than `isize::MAX` **bytes**
197 /// in memory due to calling the `slice::from_raw_parts` function.
201 /// * The memory pointed to by `ptr` must contain a valid nul terminator at the
202 /// end of the string.
204 /// * `ptr` must be [valid] for reads of bytes up to and including the null terminator.
205 /// This means in particular:
207 /// * The entire memory range of this `CStr` must be contained within a single allocated object!
208 /// * `ptr` must be non-null even for a zero-length cstr.
210 /// * The memory referenced by the returned `CStr` must not be mutated for
211 /// the duration of lifetime `'a`.
213 /// > **Note**: This operation is intended to be a 0-cost cast but it is
214 /// > currently implemented with an up-front calculation of the length of
215 /// > the string. This is not guaranteed to always be the case.
219 /// The lifetime for the returned slice is inferred from its usage. To prevent accidental misuse,
220 /// it's suggested to tie the lifetime to whichever source lifetime is safe in the context,
221 /// such as by providing a helper function taking the lifetime of a host value for the slice,
222 /// or by explicit annotation.
226 /// ```ignore (extern-declaration)
227 /// use std::ffi::{c_char, CStr};
230 /// fn my_string() -> *const c_char;
234 /// let slice = CStr::from_ptr(my_string());
235 /// println!("string returned: {}", slice.to_str().unwrap());
240 /// #![feature(const_cstr_methods)]
242 /// use std::ffi::{c_char, CStr};
244 /// const HELLO_PTR: *const c_char = {
245 /// const BYTES: &[u8] = b"Hello, world!\0";
246 /// BYTES.as_ptr().cast()
248 /// const HELLO: &CStr = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(HELLO_PTR) };
251 /// [valid]: core::ptr#safety
254 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
255 #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_cstr_methods", issue = "101719")]
256 pub const unsafe fn from_ptr<'a>(ptr: *const c_char) -> &'a CStr {
257 // SAFETY: The caller has provided a pointer that points to a valid C
258 // string with a NUL terminator of size less than `isize::MAX`, whose
259 // content remain valid and doesn't change for the lifetime of the
262 // Thus computing the length is fine (a NUL byte exists), the call to
263 // from_raw_parts is safe because we know the length is at most `isize::MAX`, meaning
264 // the call to `from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked` is correct.
266 // The cast from c_char to u8 is ok because a c_char is always one byte.
268 const fn strlen_ct(s: *const c_char) -> usize {
271 // SAFETY: Outer caller has provided a pointer to a valid C string.
272 while unsafe { *s.add(len) } != 0 {
279 fn strlen_rt(s: *const c_char) -> usize {
281 /// Provided by libc or compiler_builtins.
282 fn strlen(s: *const c_char) -> usize;
285 // SAFETY: Outer caller has provided a pointer to a valid C string.
289 let len = intrinsics::const_eval_select((ptr,), strlen_ct, strlen_rt);
290 Self::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(slice::from_raw_parts(ptr.cast(), len + 1))
294 /// Creates a C string wrapper from a byte slice.
296 /// This method will create a `CStr` from any byte slice that contains at
297 /// least one nul byte. The caller does not need to know or specify where
298 /// the nul byte is located.
300 /// If the first byte is a nul character, this method will return an
301 /// empty `CStr`. If multiple nul characters are present, the `CStr` will
302 /// end at the first one.
304 /// If the slice only has a single nul byte at the end, this method is
305 /// equivalent to [`CStr::from_bytes_with_nul`].
309 /// #![feature(cstr_from_bytes_until_nul)]
311 /// use std::ffi::CStr;
313 /// let mut buffer = [0u8; 16];
315 /// // Here we might call an unsafe C function that writes a string
316 /// // into the buffer.
317 /// let buf_ptr = buffer.as_mut_ptr();
318 /// buf_ptr.write_bytes(b'A', 8);
320 /// // Attempt to extract a C nul-terminated string from the buffer.
321 /// let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_until_nul(&buffer[..]).unwrap();
322 /// assert_eq!(c_str.to_str().unwrap(), "AAAAAAAA");
325 #[unstable(feature = "cstr_from_bytes_until_nul", issue = "95027")]
326 #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "cstr_from_bytes_until_nul", issue = "95027")]
327 pub const fn from_bytes_until_nul(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<&CStr, FromBytesUntilNulError> {
328 let nul_pos = memchr::memchr(0, bytes);
331 let subslice = &bytes[..nul_pos + 1];
332 // SAFETY: We know there is a nul byte at nul_pos, so this slice
333 // (ending at the nul byte) is a well-formed C string.
334 Ok(unsafe { CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(subslice) })
336 None => Err(FromBytesUntilNulError(())),
340 /// Creates a C string wrapper from a byte slice.
342 /// This function will cast the provided `bytes` to a `CStr`
343 /// wrapper after ensuring that the byte slice is nul-terminated
344 /// and does not contain any interior nul bytes.
346 /// If the nul byte may not be at the end,
347 /// [`CStr::from_bytes_until_nul`] can be used instead.
352 /// use std::ffi::CStr;
354 /// let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"hello\0");
355 /// assert!(cstr.is_ok());
358 /// Creating a `CStr` without a trailing nul terminator is an error:
361 /// use std::ffi::CStr;
363 /// let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"hello");
364 /// assert!(cstr.is_err());
367 /// Creating a `CStr` with an interior nul byte is an error:
370 /// use std::ffi::CStr;
372 /// let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"he\0llo\0");
373 /// assert!(cstr.is_err());
375 #[stable(feature = "cstr_from_bytes", since = "1.10.0")]
376 #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_cstr_methods", issue = "101719")]
377 pub const fn from_bytes_with_nul(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<&Self, FromBytesWithNulError> {
378 let nul_pos = memchr::memchr(0, bytes);
380 Some(nul_pos) if nul_pos + 1 == bytes.len() => {
381 // SAFETY: We know there is only one nul byte, at the end
382 // of the byte slice.
383 Ok(unsafe { Self::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(bytes) })
385 Some(nul_pos) => Err(FromBytesWithNulError::interior_nul(nul_pos)),
386 None => Err(FromBytesWithNulError::not_nul_terminated()),
390 /// Unsafely creates a C string wrapper from a byte slice.
392 /// This function will cast the provided `bytes` to a `CStr` wrapper without
393 /// performing any sanity checks.
396 /// The provided slice **must** be nul-terminated and not contain any interior
402 /// use std::ffi::{CStr, CString};
405 /// let cstring = CString::new("hello").expect("CString::new failed");
406 /// let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(cstring.to_bytes_with_nul());
407 /// assert_eq!(cstr, &*cstring);
412 #[stable(feature = "cstr_from_bytes", since = "1.10.0")]
413 #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_cstr_unchecked", since = "1.59.0")]
414 #[rustc_allow_const_fn_unstable(const_eval_select)]
415 pub const unsafe fn from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(bytes: &[u8]) -> &CStr {
417 fn rt_impl(bytes: &[u8]) -> &CStr {
418 // Chance at catching some UB at runtime with debug builds.
419 debug_assert!(!bytes.is_empty() && bytes[bytes.len() - 1] == 0);
421 // SAFETY: Casting to CStr is safe because its internal representation
422 // is a [u8] too (safe only inside std).
423 // Dereferencing the obtained pointer is safe because it comes from a
424 // reference. Making a reference is then safe because its lifetime
425 // is bound by the lifetime of the given `bytes`.
426 unsafe { &*(bytes as *const [u8] as *const CStr) }
429 const fn const_impl(bytes: &[u8]) -> &CStr {
430 // Saturating so that an empty slice panics in the assert with a good
431 // message, not here due to underflow.
432 let mut i = bytes.len().saturating_sub(1);
433 assert!(!bytes.is_empty() && bytes[i] == 0, "input was not nul-terminated");
435 // Ending null byte exists, skip to the rest.
439 assert!(byte != 0, "input contained interior nul");
442 // SAFETY: See `rt_impl` cast.
443 unsafe { &*(bytes as *const [u8] as *const CStr) }
446 // SAFETY: The const and runtime versions have identical behavior
447 // unless the safety contract of `from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked` is
448 // violated, which is UB.
449 unsafe { intrinsics::const_eval_select((bytes,), const_impl, rt_impl) }
452 /// Returns the inner pointer to this C string.
454 /// The returned pointer will be valid for as long as `self` is, and points
455 /// to a contiguous region of memory terminated with a 0 byte to represent
456 /// the end of the string.
460 /// The returned pointer is read-only; writing to it (including passing it
461 /// to C code that writes to it) causes undefined behavior.
463 /// It is your responsibility to make sure that the underlying memory is not
464 /// freed too early. For example, the following code will cause undefined
465 /// behavior when `ptr` is used inside the `unsafe` block:
468 /// # #![allow(unused_must_use)] #![allow(temporary_cstring_as_ptr)]
469 /// use std::ffi::CString;
471 /// let ptr = CString::new("Hello").expect("CString::new failed").as_ptr();
473 /// // `ptr` is dangling
478 /// This happens because the pointer returned by `as_ptr` does not carry any
479 /// lifetime information and the `CString` is deallocated immediately after
480 /// the `CString::new("Hello").expect("CString::new failed").as_ptr()`
481 /// expression is evaluated.
482 /// To fix the problem, bind the `CString` to a local variable:
485 /// # #![allow(unused_must_use)]
486 /// use std::ffi::CString;
488 /// let hello = CString::new("Hello").expect("CString::new failed");
489 /// let ptr = hello.as_ptr();
491 /// // `ptr` is valid because `hello` is in scope
496 /// This way, the lifetime of the `CString` in `hello` encompasses
497 /// the lifetime of `ptr` and the `unsafe` block.
500 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
501 #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_str_as_ptr", since = "1.32.0")]
502 pub const fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const c_char {
506 /// Returns `true` if `self.to_bytes()` has a length of 0.
511 /// #![feature(cstr_is_empty)]
513 /// use std::ffi::CStr;
514 /// # use std::ffi::FromBytesWithNulError;
516 /// # fn main() { test().unwrap(); }
517 /// # fn test() -> Result<(), FromBytesWithNulError> {
518 /// let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0")?;
519 /// assert!(!cstr.is_empty());
521 /// let empty_cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\0")?;
522 /// assert!(empty_cstr.is_empty());
527 #[unstable(feature = "cstr_is_empty", issue = "102444")]
528 pub const fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
529 // SAFETY: We know there is at least one byte; for empty strings it
530 // is the NUL terminator.
531 (unsafe { self.inner.get_unchecked(0) }) == &0
534 /// Converts this C string to a byte slice.
536 /// The returned slice will **not** contain the trailing nul terminator that this C
539 /// > **Note**: This method is currently implemented as a constant-time
540 /// > cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to
541 /// > perform the length calculation whenever this method is called.
546 /// use std::ffi::CStr;
548 /// let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").expect("CStr::from_bytes_with_nul failed");
549 /// assert_eq!(cstr.to_bytes(), b"foo");
552 #[must_use = "this returns the result of the operation, \
553 without modifying the original"]
554 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
555 #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_cstr_methods", issue = "101719")]
556 pub const fn to_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
557 let bytes = self.to_bytes_with_nul();
558 // SAFETY: to_bytes_with_nul returns slice with length at least 1
559 unsafe { bytes.get_unchecked(..bytes.len() - 1) }
562 /// Converts this C string to a byte slice containing the trailing 0 byte.
564 /// This function is the equivalent of [`CStr::to_bytes`] except that it
565 /// will retain the trailing nul terminator instead of chopping it off.
567 /// > **Note**: This method is currently implemented as a 0-cost cast, but
568 /// > it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the
569 /// > length calculation whenever this method is called.
574 /// use std::ffi::CStr;
576 /// let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").expect("CStr::from_bytes_with_nul failed");
577 /// assert_eq!(cstr.to_bytes_with_nul(), b"foo\0");
580 #[must_use = "this returns the result of the operation, \
581 without modifying the original"]
582 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
583 #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_cstr_methods", issue = "101719")]
584 pub const fn to_bytes_with_nul(&self) -> &[u8] {
585 // SAFETY: Transmuting a slice of `c_char`s to a slice of `u8`s
586 // is safe on all supported targets.
587 unsafe { &*(&self.inner as *const [c_char] as *const [u8]) }
590 /// Yields a <code>&[str]</code> slice if the `CStr` contains valid UTF-8.
592 /// If the contents of the `CStr` are valid UTF-8 data, this
593 /// function will return the corresponding <code>&[str]</code> slice. Otherwise,
594 /// it will return an error with details of where UTF-8 validation failed.
596 /// [str]: prim@str "str"
601 /// use std::ffi::CStr;
603 /// let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").expect("CStr::from_bytes_with_nul failed");
604 /// assert_eq!(cstr.to_str(), Ok("foo"));
606 #[stable(feature = "cstr_to_str", since = "1.4.0")]
607 #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_cstr_methods", issue = "101719")]
608 pub const fn to_str(&self) -> Result<&str, str::Utf8Error> {
609 // N.B., when `CStr` is changed to perform the length check in `.to_bytes()`
610 // instead of in `from_ptr()`, it may be worth considering if this should
611 // be rewritten to do the UTF-8 check inline with the length calculation
612 // instead of doing it afterwards.
613 str::from_utf8(self.to_bytes())
617 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
618 impl PartialEq for CStr {
619 fn eq(&self, other: &CStr) -> bool {
620 self.to_bytes().eq(other.to_bytes())
623 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
625 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
626 impl PartialOrd for CStr {
627 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &CStr) -> Option<Ordering> {
628 self.to_bytes().partial_cmp(&other.to_bytes())
631 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
633 fn cmp(&self, other: &CStr) -> Ordering {
634 self.to_bytes().cmp(&other.to_bytes())
638 #[stable(feature = "cstr_range_from", since = "1.47.0")]
639 impl ops::Index<ops::RangeFrom<usize>> for CStr {
642 fn index(&self, index: ops::RangeFrom<usize>) -> &CStr {
643 let bytes = self.to_bytes_with_nul();
644 // we need to manually check the starting index to account for the null
645 // byte, since otherwise we could get an empty string that doesn't end
647 if index.start < bytes.len() {
648 // SAFETY: Non-empty tail of a valid `CStr` is still a valid `CStr`.
649 unsafe { CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(&bytes[index.start..]) }
652 "index out of bounds: the len is {} but the index is {}",
660 #[stable(feature = "cstring_asref", since = "1.7.0")]
661 impl AsRef<CStr> for CStr {
663 fn as_ref(&self) -> &CStr {