1 //! A contiguous growable array type with heap-allocated contents, written
4 //! Vectors have `O(1)` indexing, amortized `O(1)` push (to the end) and
5 //! `O(1)` pop (from the end).
7 //! Vectors ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes.
11 //! You can explicitly create a [`Vec`] with [`Vec::new`]:
14 //! let v: Vec<i32> = Vec::new();
17 //! ...or by using the [`vec!`] macro:
20 //! let v: Vec<i32> = vec![];
22 //! let v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
24 //! let v = vec![0; 10]; // ten zeroes
27 //! You can [`push`] values onto the end of a vector (which will grow the vector
31 //! let mut v = vec![1, 2];
36 //! Popping values works in much the same way:
39 //! let mut v = vec![1, 2];
41 //! let two = v.pop();
44 //! Vectors also support indexing (through the [`Index`] and [`IndexMut`] traits):
47 //! let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
52 //! [`push`]: Vec::push
54 #![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
56 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
58 use core::cmp::Ordering;
59 use core::convert::TryFrom;
61 use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
62 use core::intrinsics::{arith_offset, assume};
64 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
65 use core::iter::FromIterator;
66 use core::marker::PhantomData;
67 use core::mem::{self, ManuallyDrop, MaybeUninit};
68 use core::ops::{self, Index, IndexMut, Range, RangeBounds};
69 use core::ptr::{self, NonNull};
70 use core::slice::{self, SliceIndex};
72 use crate::alloc::{Allocator, Global};
73 use crate::borrow::{Cow, ToOwned};
74 use crate::boxed::Box;
75 use crate::collections::TryReserveError;
76 use crate::raw_vec::RawVec;
78 #[unstable(feature = "drain_filter", reason = "recently added", issue = "43244")]
79 pub use self::drain_filter::DrainFilter;
83 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
84 #[stable(feature = "vec_splice", since = "1.21.0")]
85 pub use self::splice::Splice;
87 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
90 #[stable(feature = "drain", since = "1.6.0")]
91 pub use self::drain::Drain;
95 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
98 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
99 pub(crate) use self::into_iter::AsIntoIter;
100 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
101 pub use self::into_iter::IntoIter;
105 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
106 use self::is_zero::IsZero;
110 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
111 mod source_iter_marker;
115 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
116 use self::spec_from_elem::SpecFromElem;
118 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
121 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
122 use self::set_len_on_drop::SetLenOnDrop;
124 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
127 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
128 use self::in_place_drop::InPlaceDrop;
130 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
133 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
134 use self::spec_from_iter_nested::SpecFromIterNested;
136 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
137 mod spec_from_iter_nested;
139 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
140 use self::spec_from_iter::SpecFromIter;
142 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
145 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
146 use self::spec_extend::SpecExtend;
148 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
151 /// A contiguous growable array type, written as `Vec<T>` and pronounced 'vector'.
156 /// let mut vec = Vec::new();
160 /// assert_eq!(vec.len(), 2);
161 /// assert_eq!(vec[0], 1);
163 /// assert_eq!(vec.pop(), Some(2));
164 /// assert_eq!(vec.len(), 1);
167 /// assert_eq!(vec[0], 7);
169 /// vec.extend([1, 2, 3].iter().copied());
172 /// println!("{}", x);
174 /// assert_eq!(vec, [7, 1, 2, 3]);
177 /// The [`vec!`] macro is provided for convenient initialization:
180 /// let mut vec1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
182 /// let vec2 = Vec::from([1, 2, 3, 4]);
183 /// assert_eq!(vec1, vec2);
186 /// It can also initialize each element of a `Vec<T>` with a given value.
187 /// This may be more efficient than performing allocation and initialization
188 /// in separate steps, especially when initializing a vector of zeros:
191 /// let vec = vec![0; 5];
192 /// assert_eq!(vec, [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
194 /// // The following is equivalent, but potentially slower:
195 /// let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(5);
196 /// vec.resize(5, 0);
197 /// assert_eq!(vec, [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
200 /// For more information, see
201 /// [Capacity and Reallocation](#capacity-and-reallocation).
203 /// Use a `Vec<T>` as an efficient stack:
206 /// let mut stack = Vec::new();
212 /// while let Some(top) = stack.pop() {
213 /// // Prints 3, 2, 1
214 /// println!("{}", top);
220 /// The `Vec` type allows to access values by index, because it implements the
221 /// [`Index`] trait. An example will be more explicit:
224 /// let v = vec![0, 2, 4, 6];
225 /// println!("{}", v[1]); // it will display '2'
228 /// However be careful: if you try to access an index which isn't in the `Vec`,
229 /// your software will panic! You cannot do this:
232 /// let v = vec![0, 2, 4, 6];
233 /// println!("{}", v[6]); // it will panic!
236 /// Use [`get`] and [`get_mut`] if you want to check whether the index is in
241 /// A `Vec` can be mutable. On the other hand, slices are read-only objects.
242 /// To get a [slice][prim@slice], use [`&`]. Example:
245 /// fn read_slice(slice: &[usize]) {
249 /// let v = vec![0, 1];
252 /// // ... and that's all!
253 /// // you can also do it like this:
254 /// let u: &[usize] = &v;
256 /// let u: &[_] = &v;
259 /// In Rust, it's more common to pass slices as arguments rather than vectors
260 /// when you just want to provide read access. The same goes for [`String`] and
263 /// # Capacity and reallocation
265 /// The capacity of a vector is the amount of space allocated for any future
266 /// elements that will be added onto the vector. This is not to be confused with
267 /// the *length* of a vector, which specifies the number of actual elements
268 /// within the vector. If a vector's length exceeds its capacity, its capacity
269 /// will automatically be increased, but its elements will have to be
272 /// For example, a vector with capacity 10 and length 0 would be an empty vector
273 /// with space for 10 more elements. Pushing 10 or fewer elements onto the
274 /// vector will not change its capacity or cause reallocation to occur. However,
275 /// if the vector's length is increased to 11, it will have to reallocate, which
276 /// can be slow. For this reason, it is recommended to use [`Vec::with_capacity`]
277 /// whenever possible to specify how big the vector is expected to get.
281 /// Due to its incredibly fundamental nature, `Vec` makes a lot of guarantees
282 /// about its design. This ensures that it's as low-overhead as possible in
283 /// the general case, and can be correctly manipulated in primitive ways
284 /// by unsafe code. Note that these guarantees refer to an unqualified `Vec<T>`.
285 /// If additional type parameters are added (e.g., to support custom allocators),
286 /// overriding their defaults may change the behavior.
288 /// Most fundamentally, `Vec` is and always will be a (pointer, capacity, length)
289 /// triplet. No more, no less. The order of these fields is completely
290 /// unspecified, and you should use the appropriate methods to modify these.
291 /// The pointer will never be null, so this type is null-pointer-optimized.
293 /// However, the pointer might not actually point to allocated memory. In particular,
294 /// if you construct a `Vec` with capacity 0 via [`Vec::new`], [`vec![]`][`vec!`],
295 /// [`Vec::with_capacity(0)`][`Vec::with_capacity`], or by calling [`shrink_to_fit`]
296 /// on an empty Vec, it will not allocate memory. Similarly, if you store zero-sized
297 /// types inside a `Vec`, it will not allocate space for them. *Note that in this case
298 /// the `Vec` might not report a [`capacity`] of 0*. `Vec` will allocate if and only
299 /// if <code>[mem::size_of::\<T>]\() * [capacity]\() > 0</code>. In general, `Vec`'s allocation
300 /// details are very subtle --- if you intend to allocate memory using a `Vec`
301 /// and use it for something else (either to pass to unsafe code, or to build your
302 /// own memory-backed collection), be sure to deallocate this memory by using
303 /// `from_raw_parts` to recover the `Vec` and then dropping it.
305 /// If a `Vec` *has* allocated memory, then the memory it points to is on the heap
306 /// (as defined by the allocator Rust is configured to use by default), and its
307 /// pointer points to [`len`] initialized, contiguous elements in order (what
308 /// you would see if you coerced it to a slice), followed by <code>[capacity] - [len]</code>
309 /// logically uninitialized, contiguous elements.
311 /// A vector containing the elements `'a'` and `'b'` with capacity 4 can be
312 /// visualized as below. The top part is the `Vec` struct, it contains a
313 /// pointer to the head of the allocation in the heap, length and capacity.
314 /// The bottom part is the allocation on the heap, a contiguous memory block.
318 /// +--------+--------+--------+
319 /// | 0x0123 | 2 | 4 |
320 /// +--------+--------+--------+
323 /// Heap +--------+--------+--------+--------+
324 /// | 'a' | 'b' | uninit | uninit |
325 /// +--------+--------+--------+--------+
328 /// - **uninit** represents memory that is not initialized, see [`MaybeUninit`].
329 /// - Note: the ABI is not stable and `Vec` makes no guarantees about its memory
330 /// layout (including the order of fields).
332 /// `Vec` will never perform a "small optimization" where elements are actually
333 /// stored on the stack for two reasons:
335 /// * It would make it more difficult for unsafe code to correctly manipulate
336 /// a `Vec`. The contents of a `Vec` wouldn't have a stable address if it were
337 /// only moved, and it would be more difficult to determine if a `Vec` had
338 /// actually allocated memory.
340 /// * It would penalize the general case, incurring an additional branch
343 /// `Vec` will never automatically shrink itself, even if completely empty. This
344 /// ensures no unnecessary allocations or deallocations occur. Emptying a `Vec`
345 /// and then filling it back up to the same [`len`] should incur no calls to
346 /// the allocator. If you wish to free up unused memory, use
347 /// [`shrink_to_fit`] or [`shrink_to`].
349 /// [`push`] and [`insert`] will never (re)allocate if the reported capacity is
350 /// sufficient. [`push`] and [`insert`] *will* (re)allocate if
351 /// <code>[len] == [capacity]</code>. That is, the reported capacity is completely
352 /// accurate, and can be relied on. It can even be used to manually free the memory
353 /// allocated by a `Vec` if desired. Bulk insertion methods *may* reallocate, even
354 /// when not necessary.
356 /// `Vec` does not guarantee any particular growth strategy when reallocating
357 /// when full, nor when [`reserve`] is called. The current strategy is basic
358 /// and it may prove desirable to use a non-constant growth factor. Whatever
359 /// strategy is used will of course guarantee *O*(1) amortized [`push`].
361 /// `vec![x; n]`, `vec![a, b, c, d]`, and
362 /// [`Vec::with_capacity(n)`][`Vec::with_capacity`], will all produce a `Vec`
363 /// with exactly the requested capacity. If <code>[len] == [capacity]</code>,
364 /// (as is the case for the [`vec!`] macro), then a `Vec<T>` can be converted to
365 /// and from a [`Box<[T]>`][owned slice] without reallocating or moving the elements.
367 /// `Vec` will not specifically overwrite any data that is removed from it,
368 /// but also won't specifically preserve it. Its uninitialized memory is
369 /// scratch space that it may use however it wants. It will generally just do
370 /// whatever is most efficient or otherwise easy to implement. Do not rely on
371 /// removed data to be erased for security purposes. Even if you drop a `Vec`, its
372 /// buffer may simply be reused by another `Vec`. Even if you zero a `Vec`'s memory
373 /// first, that might not actually happen because the optimizer does not consider
374 /// this a side-effect that must be preserved. There is one case which we will
375 /// not break, however: using `unsafe` code to write to the excess capacity,
376 /// and then increasing the length to match, is always valid.
378 /// Currently, `Vec` does not guarantee the order in which elements are dropped.
379 /// The order has changed in the past and may change again.
381 /// [`get`]: ../../std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.get
382 /// [`get_mut`]: ../../std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.get_mut
383 /// [`String`]: crate::string::String
384 /// [`&str`]: type@str
385 /// [`shrink_to_fit`]: Vec::shrink_to_fit
386 /// [`shrink_to`]: Vec::shrink_to
387 /// [capacity]: Vec::capacity
388 /// [`capacity`]: Vec::capacity
389 /// [mem::size_of::\<T>]: core::mem::size_of
391 /// [`len`]: Vec::len
392 /// [`push`]: Vec::push
393 /// [`insert`]: Vec::insert
394 /// [`reserve`]: Vec::reserve
395 /// [`MaybeUninit`]: core::mem::MaybeUninit
396 /// [owned slice]: Box
397 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
398 #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "vec_type")]
399 pub struct Vec<T, #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")] A: Allocator = Global> {
404 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
406 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
409 /// Constructs a new, empty `Vec<T>`.
411 /// The vector will not allocate until elements are pushed onto it.
416 /// # #![allow(unused_mut)]
417 /// let mut vec: Vec<i32> = Vec::new();
420 #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_vec_new", since = "1.39.0")]
421 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
422 pub const fn new() -> Self {
423 Vec { buf: RawVec::NEW, len: 0 }
426 /// Constructs a new, empty `Vec<T>` with the specified capacity.
428 /// The vector will be able to hold exactly `capacity` elements without
429 /// reallocating. If `capacity` is 0, the vector will not allocate.
431 /// It is important to note that although the returned vector has the
432 /// *capacity* specified, the vector will have a zero *length*. For an
433 /// explanation of the difference between length and capacity, see
434 /// *[Capacity and reallocation]*.
436 /// [Capacity and reallocation]: #capacity-and-reallocation
440 /// Panics if the new capacity exceeds `isize::MAX` bytes.
445 /// let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(10);
447 /// // The vector contains no items, even though it has capacity for more
448 /// assert_eq!(vec.len(), 0);
449 /// assert_eq!(vec.capacity(), 10);
451 /// // These are all done without reallocating...
455 /// assert_eq!(vec.len(), 10);
456 /// assert_eq!(vec.capacity(), 10);
458 /// // ...but this may make the vector reallocate
460 /// assert_eq!(vec.len(), 11);
461 /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 11);
463 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
465 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
466 pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Self {
467 Self::with_capacity_in(capacity, Global)
470 /// Creates a `Vec<T>` directly from the raw components of another vector.
474 /// This is highly unsafe, due to the number of invariants that aren't
477 /// * `ptr` needs to have been previously allocated via [`String`]/`Vec<T>`
478 /// (at least, it's highly likely to be incorrect if it wasn't).
479 /// * `T` needs to have the same size and alignment as what `ptr` was allocated with.
480 /// (`T` having a less strict alignment is not sufficient, the alignment really
481 /// needs to be equal to satisfy the [`dealloc`] requirement that memory must be
482 /// allocated and deallocated with the same layout.)
483 /// * `length` needs to be less than or equal to `capacity`.
484 /// * `capacity` needs to be the capacity that the pointer was allocated with.
486 /// Violating these may cause problems like corrupting the allocator's
487 /// internal data structures. For example it is **not** safe
488 /// to build a `Vec<u8>` from a pointer to a C `char` array with length `size_t`.
489 /// It's also not safe to build one from a `Vec<u16>` and its length, because
490 /// the allocator cares about the alignment, and these two types have different
491 /// alignments. The buffer was allocated with alignment 2 (for `u16`), but after
492 /// turning it into a `Vec<u8>` it'll be deallocated with alignment 1.
494 /// The ownership of `ptr` is effectively transferred to the
495 /// `Vec<T>` which may then deallocate, reallocate or change the
496 /// contents of memory pointed to by the pointer at will. Ensure
497 /// that nothing else uses the pointer after calling this
500 /// [`String`]: crate::string::String
501 /// [`dealloc`]: crate::alloc::GlobalAlloc::dealloc
509 /// let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
511 // FIXME Update this when vec_into_raw_parts is stabilized
512 /// // Prevent running `v`'s destructor so we are in complete control
513 /// // of the allocation.
514 /// let mut v = mem::ManuallyDrop::new(v);
516 /// // Pull out the various important pieces of information about `v`
517 /// let p = v.as_mut_ptr();
518 /// let len = v.len();
519 /// let cap = v.capacity();
522 /// // Overwrite memory with 4, 5, 6
523 /// for i in 0..len as isize {
524 /// ptr::write(p.offset(i), 4 + i);
527 /// // Put everything back together into a Vec
528 /// let rebuilt = Vec::from_raw_parts(p, len, cap);
529 /// assert_eq!(rebuilt, [4, 5, 6]);
533 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
534 pub unsafe fn from_raw_parts(ptr: *mut T, length: usize, capacity: usize) -> Self {
535 unsafe { Self::from_raw_parts_in(ptr, length, capacity, Global) }
539 impl<T, A: Allocator> Vec<T, A> {
540 /// Constructs a new, empty `Vec<T, A>`.
542 /// The vector will not allocate until elements are pushed onto it.
547 /// #![feature(allocator_api)]
549 /// use std::alloc::System;
551 /// # #[allow(unused_mut)]
552 /// let mut vec: Vec<i32, _> = Vec::new_in(System);
555 #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
556 pub const fn new_in(alloc: A) -> Self {
557 Vec { buf: RawVec::new_in(alloc), len: 0 }
560 /// Constructs a new, empty `Vec<T, A>` with the specified capacity with the provided
563 /// The vector will be able to hold exactly `capacity` elements without
564 /// reallocating. If `capacity` is 0, the vector will not allocate.
566 /// It is important to note that although the returned vector has the
567 /// *capacity* specified, the vector will have a zero *length*. For an
568 /// explanation of the difference between length and capacity, see
569 /// *[Capacity and reallocation]*.
571 /// [Capacity and reallocation]: #capacity-and-reallocation
575 /// Panics if the new capacity exceeds `isize::MAX` bytes.
580 /// #![feature(allocator_api)]
582 /// use std::alloc::System;
584 /// let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity_in(10, System);
586 /// // The vector contains no items, even though it has capacity for more
587 /// assert_eq!(vec.len(), 0);
588 /// assert_eq!(vec.capacity(), 10);
590 /// // These are all done without reallocating...
594 /// assert_eq!(vec.len(), 10);
595 /// assert_eq!(vec.capacity(), 10);
597 /// // ...but this may make the vector reallocate
599 /// assert_eq!(vec.len(), 11);
600 /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 11);
602 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
604 #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
605 pub fn with_capacity_in(capacity: usize, alloc: A) -> Self {
606 Vec { buf: RawVec::with_capacity_in(capacity, alloc), len: 0 }
609 /// Creates a `Vec<T, A>` directly from the raw components of another vector.
613 /// This is highly unsafe, due to the number of invariants that aren't
616 /// * `ptr` needs to have been previously allocated via [`String`]/`Vec<T>`
617 /// (at least, it's highly likely to be incorrect if it wasn't).
618 /// * `T` needs to have the same size and alignment as what `ptr` was allocated with.
619 /// (`T` having a less strict alignment is not sufficient, the alignment really
620 /// needs to be equal to satisfy the [`dealloc`] requirement that memory must be
621 /// allocated and deallocated with the same layout.)
622 /// * `length` needs to be less than or equal to `capacity`.
623 /// * `capacity` needs to be the capacity that the pointer was allocated with.
625 /// Violating these may cause problems like corrupting the allocator's
626 /// internal data structures. For example it is **not** safe
627 /// to build a `Vec<u8>` from a pointer to a C `char` array with length `size_t`.
628 /// It's also not safe to build one from a `Vec<u16>` and its length, because
629 /// the allocator cares about the alignment, and these two types have different
630 /// alignments. The buffer was allocated with alignment 2 (for `u16`), but after
631 /// turning it into a `Vec<u8>` it'll be deallocated with alignment 1.
633 /// The ownership of `ptr` is effectively transferred to the
634 /// `Vec<T>` which may then deallocate, reallocate or change the
635 /// contents of memory pointed to by the pointer at will. Ensure
636 /// that nothing else uses the pointer after calling this
639 /// [`String`]: crate::string::String
640 /// [`dealloc`]: crate::alloc::GlobalAlloc::dealloc
645 /// #![feature(allocator_api)]
647 /// use std::alloc::System;
652 /// let mut v = Vec::with_capacity_in(3, System);
657 // FIXME Update this when vec_into_raw_parts is stabilized
658 /// // Prevent running `v`'s destructor so we are in complete control
659 /// // of the allocation.
660 /// let mut v = mem::ManuallyDrop::new(v);
662 /// // Pull out the various important pieces of information about `v`
663 /// let p = v.as_mut_ptr();
664 /// let len = v.len();
665 /// let cap = v.capacity();
666 /// let alloc = v.allocator();
669 /// // Overwrite memory with 4, 5, 6
670 /// for i in 0..len as isize {
671 /// ptr::write(p.offset(i), 4 + i);
674 /// // Put everything back together into a Vec
675 /// let rebuilt = Vec::from_raw_parts_in(p, len, cap, alloc.clone());
676 /// assert_eq!(rebuilt, [4, 5, 6]);
680 #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
681 pub unsafe fn from_raw_parts_in(ptr: *mut T, length: usize, capacity: usize, alloc: A) -> Self {
682 unsafe { Vec { buf: RawVec::from_raw_parts_in(ptr, capacity, alloc), len: length } }
685 /// Decomposes a `Vec<T>` into its raw components.
687 /// Returns the raw pointer to the underlying data, the length of
688 /// the vector (in elements), and the allocated capacity of the
689 /// data (in elements). These are the same arguments in the same
690 /// order as the arguments to [`from_raw_parts`].
692 /// After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the
693 /// memory previously managed by the `Vec`. The only way to do
694 /// this is to convert the raw pointer, length, and capacity back
695 /// into a `Vec` with the [`from_raw_parts`] function, allowing
696 /// the destructor to perform the cleanup.
698 /// [`from_raw_parts`]: Vec::from_raw_parts
703 /// #![feature(vec_into_raw_parts)]
704 /// let v: Vec<i32> = vec![-1, 0, 1];
706 /// let (ptr, len, cap) = v.into_raw_parts();
708 /// let rebuilt = unsafe {
709 /// // We can now make changes to the components, such as
710 /// // transmuting the raw pointer to a compatible type.
711 /// let ptr = ptr as *mut u32;
713 /// Vec::from_raw_parts(ptr, len, cap)
715 /// assert_eq!(rebuilt, [4294967295, 0, 1]);
717 #[unstable(feature = "vec_into_raw_parts", reason = "new API", issue = "65816")]
718 pub fn into_raw_parts(self) -> (*mut T, usize, usize) {
719 let mut me = ManuallyDrop::new(self);
720 (me.as_mut_ptr(), me.len(), me.capacity())
723 /// Decomposes a `Vec<T>` into its raw components.
725 /// Returns the raw pointer to the underlying data, the length of the vector (in elements),
726 /// the allocated capacity of the data (in elements), and the allocator. These are the same
727 /// arguments in the same order as the arguments to [`from_raw_parts_in`].
729 /// After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the
730 /// memory previously managed by the `Vec`. The only way to do
731 /// this is to convert the raw pointer, length, and capacity back
732 /// into a `Vec` with the [`from_raw_parts_in`] function, allowing
733 /// the destructor to perform the cleanup.
735 /// [`from_raw_parts_in`]: Vec::from_raw_parts_in
740 /// #![feature(allocator_api, vec_into_raw_parts)]
742 /// use std::alloc::System;
744 /// let mut v: Vec<i32, System> = Vec::new_in(System);
749 /// let (ptr, len, cap, alloc) = v.into_raw_parts_with_alloc();
751 /// let rebuilt = unsafe {
752 /// // We can now make changes to the components, such as
753 /// // transmuting the raw pointer to a compatible type.
754 /// let ptr = ptr as *mut u32;
756 /// Vec::from_raw_parts_in(ptr, len, cap, alloc)
758 /// assert_eq!(rebuilt, [4294967295, 0, 1]);
760 #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
761 // #[unstable(feature = "vec_into_raw_parts", reason = "new API", issue = "65816")]
762 pub fn into_raw_parts_with_alloc(self) -> (*mut T, usize, usize, A) {
763 let mut me = ManuallyDrop::new(self);
765 let capacity = me.capacity();
766 let ptr = me.as_mut_ptr();
767 let alloc = unsafe { ptr::read(me.allocator()) };
768 (ptr, len, capacity, alloc)
771 /// Returns the number of elements the vector can hold without
777 /// let vec: Vec<i32> = Vec::with_capacity(10);
778 /// assert_eq!(vec.capacity(), 10);
781 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
782 pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
786 /// Reserves capacity for at least `additional` more elements to be inserted
787 /// in the given `Vec<T>`. The collection may reserve more space to avoid
788 /// frequent reallocations. After calling `reserve`, capacity will be
789 /// greater than or equal to `self.len() + additional`. Does nothing if
790 /// capacity is already sufficient.
794 /// Panics if the new capacity exceeds `isize::MAX` bytes.
799 /// let mut vec = vec![1];
801 /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 11);
803 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
804 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
805 pub fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
806 self.buf.reserve(self.len, additional);
809 /// Reserves the minimum capacity for exactly `additional` more elements to
810 /// be inserted in the given `Vec<T>`. After calling `reserve_exact`,
811 /// capacity will be greater than or equal to `self.len() + additional`.
812 /// Does nothing if the capacity is already sufficient.
814 /// Note that the allocator may give the collection more space than it
815 /// requests. Therefore, capacity can not be relied upon to be precisely
816 /// minimal. Prefer [`reserve`] if future insertions are expected.
818 /// [`reserve`]: Vec::reserve
822 /// Panics if the new capacity overflows `usize`.
827 /// let mut vec = vec![1];
828 /// vec.reserve_exact(10);
829 /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 11);
831 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
832 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
833 pub fn reserve_exact(&mut self, additional: usize) {
834 self.buf.reserve_exact(self.len, additional);
837 /// Tries to reserve capacity for at least `additional` more elements to be inserted
838 /// in the given `Vec<T>`. The collection may reserve more space to avoid
839 /// frequent reallocations. After calling `try_reserve`, capacity will be
840 /// greater than or equal to `self.len() + additional`. Does nothing if
841 /// capacity is already sufficient.
845 /// If the capacity overflows, or the allocator reports a failure, then an error
851 /// #![feature(try_reserve)]
852 /// use std::collections::TryReserveError;
854 /// fn process_data(data: &[u32]) -> Result<Vec<u32>, TryReserveError> {
855 /// let mut output = Vec::new();
857 /// // Pre-reserve the memory, exiting if we can't
858 /// output.try_reserve(data.len())?;
860 /// // Now we know this can't OOM in the middle of our complex work
861 /// output.extend(data.iter().map(|&val| {
862 /// val * 2 + 5 // very complicated
867 /// # process_data(&[1, 2, 3]).expect("why is the test harness OOMing on 12 bytes?");
869 #[unstable(feature = "try_reserve", reason = "new API", issue = "48043")]
870 pub fn try_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) -> Result<(), TryReserveError> {
871 self.buf.try_reserve(self.len, additional)
874 /// Tries to reserve the minimum capacity for exactly `additional`
875 /// elements to be inserted in the given `Vec<T>`. After calling
876 /// `try_reserve_exact`, capacity will be greater than or equal to
877 /// `self.len() + additional` if it returns `Ok(())`.
878 /// Does nothing if the capacity is already sufficient.
880 /// Note that the allocator may give the collection more space than it
881 /// requests. Therefore, capacity can not be relied upon to be precisely
882 /// minimal. Prefer [`reserve`] if future insertions are expected.
884 /// [`reserve`]: Vec::reserve
888 /// If the capacity overflows, or the allocator reports a failure, then an error
894 /// #![feature(try_reserve)]
895 /// use std::collections::TryReserveError;
897 /// fn process_data(data: &[u32]) -> Result<Vec<u32>, TryReserveError> {
898 /// let mut output = Vec::new();
900 /// // Pre-reserve the memory, exiting if we can't
901 /// output.try_reserve_exact(data.len())?;
903 /// // Now we know this can't OOM in the middle of our complex work
904 /// output.extend(data.iter().map(|&val| {
905 /// val * 2 + 5 // very complicated
910 /// # process_data(&[1, 2, 3]).expect("why is the test harness OOMing on 12 bytes?");
912 #[unstable(feature = "try_reserve", reason = "new API", issue = "48043")]
913 pub fn try_reserve_exact(&mut self, additional: usize) -> Result<(), TryReserveError> {
914 self.buf.try_reserve_exact(self.len, additional)
917 /// Shrinks the capacity of the vector as much as possible.
919 /// It will drop down as close as possible to the length but the allocator
920 /// may still inform the vector that there is space for a few more elements.
925 /// let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(10);
926 /// vec.extend([1, 2, 3]);
927 /// assert_eq!(vec.capacity(), 10);
928 /// vec.shrink_to_fit();
929 /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 3);
931 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
932 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
933 pub fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self) {
934 // The capacity is never less than the length, and there's nothing to do when
935 // they are equal, so we can avoid the panic case in `RawVec::shrink_to_fit`
936 // by only calling it with a greater capacity.
937 if self.capacity() > self.len {
938 self.buf.shrink_to_fit(self.len);
942 /// Shrinks the capacity of the vector with a lower bound.
944 /// The capacity will remain at least as large as both the length
945 /// and the supplied value.
947 /// If the current capacity is less than the lower limit, this is a no-op.
952 /// let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(10);
953 /// vec.extend([1, 2, 3]);
954 /// assert_eq!(vec.capacity(), 10);
955 /// vec.shrink_to(4);
956 /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 4);
957 /// vec.shrink_to(0);
958 /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 3);
960 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
961 #[stable(feature = "shrink_to", since = "1.56.0")]
962 pub fn shrink_to(&mut self, min_capacity: usize) {
963 if self.capacity() > min_capacity {
964 self.buf.shrink_to_fit(cmp::max(self.len, min_capacity));
968 /// Converts the vector into [`Box<[T]>`][owned slice].
970 /// Note that this will drop any excess capacity.
972 /// [owned slice]: Box
977 /// let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
979 /// let slice = v.into_boxed_slice();
982 /// Any excess capacity is removed:
985 /// let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(10);
986 /// vec.extend([1, 2, 3]);
988 /// assert_eq!(vec.capacity(), 10);
989 /// let slice = vec.into_boxed_slice();
990 /// assert_eq!(slice.into_vec().capacity(), 3);
992 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
993 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
994 pub fn into_boxed_slice(mut self) -> Box<[T], A> {
996 self.shrink_to_fit();
997 let me = ManuallyDrop::new(self);
998 let buf = ptr::read(&me.buf);
1000 buf.into_box(len).assume_init()
1004 /// Shortens the vector, keeping the first `len` elements and dropping
1007 /// If `len` is greater than the vector's current length, this has no
1010 /// The [`drain`] method can emulate `truncate`, but causes the excess
1011 /// elements to be returned instead of dropped.
1013 /// Note that this method has no effect on the allocated capacity
1018 /// Truncating a five element vector to two elements:
1021 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
1022 /// vec.truncate(2);
1023 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2]);
1026 /// No truncation occurs when `len` is greater than the vector's current
1030 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
1031 /// vec.truncate(8);
1032 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3]);
1035 /// Truncating when `len == 0` is equivalent to calling the [`clear`]
1039 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
1040 /// vec.truncate(0);
1041 /// assert_eq!(vec, []);
1044 /// [`clear`]: Vec::clear
1045 /// [`drain`]: Vec::drain
1046 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1047 pub fn truncate(&mut self, len: usize) {
1048 // This is safe because:
1050 // * the slice passed to `drop_in_place` is valid; the `len > self.len`
1051 // case avoids creating an invalid slice, and
1052 // * the `len` of the vector is shrunk before calling `drop_in_place`,
1053 // such that no value will be dropped twice in case `drop_in_place`
1054 // were to panic once (if it panics twice, the program aborts).
1056 // Note: It's intentional that this is `>` and not `>=`.
1057 // Changing it to `>=` has negative performance
1058 // implications in some cases. See #78884 for more.
1062 let remaining_len = self.len - len;
1063 let s = ptr::slice_from_raw_parts_mut(self.as_mut_ptr().add(len), remaining_len);
1065 ptr::drop_in_place(s);
1069 /// Extracts a slice containing the entire vector.
1071 /// Equivalent to `&s[..]`.
1076 /// use std::io::{self, Write};
1077 /// let buffer = vec![1, 2, 3, 5, 8];
1078 /// io::sink().write(buffer.as_slice()).unwrap();
1081 #[stable(feature = "vec_as_slice", since = "1.7.0")]
1082 pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[T] {
1086 /// Extracts a mutable slice of the entire vector.
1088 /// Equivalent to `&mut s[..]`.
1093 /// use std::io::{self, Read};
1094 /// let mut buffer = vec![0; 3];
1095 /// io::repeat(0b101).read_exact(buffer.as_mut_slice()).unwrap();
1098 #[stable(feature = "vec_as_slice", since = "1.7.0")]
1099 pub fn as_mut_slice(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
1103 /// Returns a raw pointer to the vector's buffer.
1105 /// The caller must ensure that the vector outlives the pointer this
1106 /// function returns, or else it will end up pointing to garbage.
1107 /// Modifying the vector may cause its buffer to be reallocated,
1108 /// which would also make any pointers to it invalid.
1110 /// The caller must also ensure that the memory the pointer (non-transitively) points to
1111 /// is never written to (except inside an `UnsafeCell`) using this pointer or any pointer
1112 /// derived from it. If you need to mutate the contents of the slice, use [`as_mut_ptr`].
1117 /// let x = vec![1, 2, 4];
1118 /// let x_ptr = x.as_ptr();
1121 /// for i in 0..x.len() {
1122 /// assert_eq!(*x_ptr.add(i), 1 << i);
1127 /// [`as_mut_ptr`]: Vec::as_mut_ptr
1128 #[stable(feature = "vec_as_ptr", since = "1.37.0")]
1130 pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const T {
1131 // We shadow the slice method of the same name to avoid going through
1132 // `deref`, which creates an intermediate reference.
1133 let ptr = self.buf.ptr();
1135 assume(!ptr.is_null());
1140 /// Returns an unsafe mutable pointer to the vector's buffer.
1142 /// The caller must ensure that the vector outlives the pointer this
1143 /// function returns, or else it will end up pointing to garbage.
1144 /// Modifying the vector may cause its buffer to be reallocated,
1145 /// which would also make any pointers to it invalid.
1150 /// // Allocate vector big enough for 4 elements.
1152 /// let mut x: Vec<i32> = Vec::with_capacity(size);
1153 /// let x_ptr = x.as_mut_ptr();
1155 /// // Initialize elements via raw pointer writes, then set length.
1157 /// for i in 0..size {
1158 /// *x_ptr.add(i) = i as i32;
1160 /// x.set_len(size);
1162 /// assert_eq!(&*x, &[0, 1, 2, 3]);
1164 #[stable(feature = "vec_as_ptr", since = "1.37.0")]
1166 pub fn as_mut_ptr(&mut self) -> *mut T {
1167 // We shadow the slice method of the same name to avoid going through
1168 // `deref_mut`, which creates an intermediate reference.
1169 let ptr = self.buf.ptr();
1171 assume(!ptr.is_null());
1176 /// Returns a reference to the underlying allocator.
1177 #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
1179 pub fn allocator(&self) -> &A {
1180 self.buf.allocator()
1183 /// Forces the length of the vector to `new_len`.
1185 /// This is a low-level operation that maintains none of the normal
1186 /// invariants of the type. Normally changing the length of a vector
1187 /// is done using one of the safe operations instead, such as
1188 /// [`truncate`], [`resize`], [`extend`], or [`clear`].
1190 /// [`truncate`]: Vec::truncate
1191 /// [`resize`]: Vec::resize
1192 /// [`extend`]: Extend::extend
1193 /// [`clear`]: Vec::clear
1197 /// - `new_len` must be less than or equal to [`capacity()`].
1198 /// - The elements at `old_len..new_len` must be initialized.
1200 /// [`capacity()`]: Vec::capacity
1204 /// This method can be useful for situations in which the vector
1205 /// is serving as a buffer for other code, particularly over FFI:
1208 /// # #![allow(dead_code)]
1209 /// # // This is just a minimal skeleton for the doc example;
1210 /// # // don't use this as a starting point for a real library.
1211 /// # pub struct StreamWrapper { strm: *mut std::ffi::c_void }
1212 /// # const Z_OK: i32 = 0;
1214 /// # fn deflateGetDictionary(
1215 /// # strm: *mut std::ffi::c_void,
1216 /// # dictionary: *mut u8,
1217 /// # dictLength: *mut usize,
1220 /// # impl StreamWrapper {
1221 /// pub fn get_dictionary(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
1222 /// // Per the FFI method's docs, "32768 bytes is always enough".
1223 /// let mut dict = Vec::with_capacity(32_768);
1224 /// let mut dict_length = 0;
1225 /// // SAFETY: When `deflateGetDictionary` returns `Z_OK`, it holds that:
1226 /// // 1. `dict_length` elements were initialized.
1227 /// // 2. `dict_length` <= the capacity (32_768)
1228 /// // which makes `set_len` safe to call.
1230 /// // Make the FFI call...
1231 /// let r = deflateGetDictionary(self.strm, dict.as_mut_ptr(), &mut dict_length);
1233 /// // ...and update the length to what was initialized.
1234 /// dict.set_len(dict_length);
1244 /// While the following example is sound, there is a memory leak since
1245 /// the inner vectors were not freed prior to the `set_len` call:
1248 /// let mut vec = vec![vec![1, 0, 0],
1252 /// // 1. `old_len..0` is empty so no elements need to be initialized.
1253 /// // 2. `0 <= capacity` always holds whatever `capacity` is.
1259 /// Normally, here, one would use [`clear`] instead to correctly drop
1260 /// the contents and thus not leak memory.
1262 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1263 pub unsafe fn set_len(&mut self, new_len: usize) {
1264 debug_assert!(new_len <= self.capacity());
1269 /// Removes an element from the vector and returns it.
1271 /// The removed element is replaced by the last element of the vector.
1273 /// This does not preserve ordering, but is O(1).
1277 /// Panics if `index` is out of bounds.
1282 /// let mut v = vec!["foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"];
1284 /// assert_eq!(v.swap_remove(1), "bar");
1285 /// assert_eq!(v, ["foo", "qux", "baz"]);
1287 /// assert_eq!(v.swap_remove(0), "foo");
1288 /// assert_eq!(v, ["baz", "qux"]);
1291 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1292 pub fn swap_remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> T {
1295 fn assert_failed(index: usize, len: usize) -> ! {
1296 panic!("swap_remove index (is {}) should be < len (is {})", index, len);
1299 let len = self.len();
1301 assert_failed(index, len);
1304 // We replace self[index] with the last element. Note that if the
1305 // bounds check above succeeds there must be a last element (which
1306 // can be self[index] itself).
1307 let last = ptr::read(self.as_ptr().add(len - 1));
1308 let hole = self.as_mut_ptr().add(index);
1309 self.set_len(len - 1);
1310 ptr::replace(hole, last)
1314 /// Inserts an element at position `index` within the vector, shifting all
1315 /// elements after it to the right.
1319 /// Panics if `index > len`.
1324 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
1325 /// vec.insert(1, 4);
1326 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 4, 2, 3]);
1327 /// vec.insert(4, 5);
1328 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 4, 2, 3, 5]);
1330 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
1331 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1332 pub fn insert(&mut self, index: usize, element: T) {
1335 fn assert_failed(index: usize, len: usize) -> ! {
1336 panic!("insertion index (is {}) should be <= len (is {})", index, len);
1339 let len = self.len();
1341 assert_failed(index, len);
1344 // space for the new element
1345 if len == self.buf.capacity() {
1351 // The spot to put the new value
1353 let p = self.as_mut_ptr().add(index);
1354 // Shift everything over to make space. (Duplicating the
1355 // `index`th element into two consecutive places.)
1356 ptr::copy(p, p.offset(1), len - index);
1357 // Write it in, overwriting the first copy of the `index`th
1359 ptr::write(p, element);
1361 self.set_len(len + 1);
1365 /// Removes and returns the element at position `index` within the vector,
1366 /// shifting all elements after it to the left.
1368 /// Note: Because this shifts over the remaining elements, it has a
1369 /// worst-case performance of O(n). If you don't need the order of elements
1370 /// to be preserved, use [`swap_remove`] instead.
1372 /// [`swap_remove`]: Vec::swap_remove
1376 /// Panics if `index` is out of bounds.
1381 /// let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
1382 /// assert_eq!(v.remove(1), 2);
1383 /// assert_eq!(v, [1, 3]);
1385 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1387 pub fn remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> T {
1391 fn assert_failed(index: usize, len: usize) -> ! {
1392 panic!("removal index (is {}) should be < len (is {})", index, len);
1395 let len = self.len();
1397 assert_failed(index, len);
1403 // the place we are taking from.
1404 let ptr = self.as_mut_ptr().add(index);
1405 // copy it out, unsafely having a copy of the value on
1406 // the stack and in the vector at the same time.
1407 ret = ptr::read(ptr);
1409 // Shift everything down to fill in that spot.
1410 ptr::copy(ptr.offset(1), ptr, len - index - 1);
1412 self.set_len(len - 1);
1417 /// Retains only the elements specified by the predicate.
1419 /// In other words, remove all elements `e` such that `f(&e)` returns `false`.
1420 /// This method operates in place, visiting each element exactly once in the
1421 /// original order, and preserves the order of the retained elements.
1426 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
1427 /// vec.retain(|&x| x % 2 == 0);
1428 /// assert_eq!(vec, [2, 4]);
1431 /// Because the elements are visited exactly once in the original order,
1432 /// external state may be used to decide which elements to keep.
1435 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
1436 /// let keep = [false, true, true, false, true];
1437 /// let mut iter = keep.iter();
1438 /// vec.retain(|_| *iter.next().unwrap());
1439 /// assert_eq!(vec, [2, 3, 5]);
1441 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1442 pub fn retain<F>(&mut self, mut f: F)
1444 F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,
1446 let original_len = self.len();
1447 // Avoid double drop if the drop guard is not executed,
1448 // since we may make some holes during the process.
1449 unsafe { self.set_len(0) };
1451 // Vec: [Kept, Kept, Hole, Hole, Hole, Hole, Unchecked, Unchecked]
1452 // |<- processed len ->| ^- next to check
1453 // |<- deleted cnt ->|
1454 // |<- original_len ->|
1455 // Kept: Elements which predicate returns true on.
1456 // Hole: Moved or dropped element slot.
1457 // Unchecked: Unchecked valid elements.
1459 // This drop guard will be invoked when predicate or `drop` of element panicked.
1460 // It shifts unchecked elements to cover holes and `set_len` to the correct length.
1461 // In cases when predicate and `drop` never panick, it will be optimized out.
1462 struct BackshiftOnDrop<'a, T, A: Allocator> {
1463 v: &'a mut Vec<T, A>,
1464 processed_len: usize,
1466 original_len: usize,
1469 impl<T, A: Allocator> Drop for BackshiftOnDrop<'_, T, A> {
1470 fn drop(&mut self) {
1471 if self.deleted_cnt > 0 {
1472 // SAFETY: Trailing unchecked items must be valid since we never touch them.
1475 self.v.as_ptr().add(self.processed_len),
1476 self.v.as_mut_ptr().add(self.processed_len - self.deleted_cnt),
1477 self.original_len - self.processed_len,
1481 // SAFETY: After filling holes, all items are in contiguous memory.
1483 self.v.set_len(self.original_len - self.deleted_cnt);
1488 let mut g = BackshiftOnDrop { v: self, processed_len: 0, deleted_cnt: 0, original_len };
1490 while g.processed_len < original_len {
1491 // SAFETY: Unchecked element must be valid.
1492 let cur = unsafe { &mut *g.v.as_mut_ptr().add(g.processed_len) };
1494 // Advance early to avoid double drop if `drop_in_place` panicked.
1495 g.processed_len += 1;
1497 // SAFETY: We never touch this element again after dropped.
1498 unsafe { ptr::drop_in_place(cur) };
1499 // We already advanced the counter.
1502 if g.deleted_cnt > 0 {
1503 // SAFETY: `deleted_cnt` > 0, so the hole slot must not overlap with current element.
1504 // We use copy for move, and never touch this element again.
1506 let hole_slot = g.v.as_mut_ptr().add(g.processed_len - g.deleted_cnt);
1507 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(cur, hole_slot, 1);
1510 g.processed_len += 1;
1513 // All item are processed. This can be optimized to `set_len` by LLVM.
1517 /// Removes all but the first of consecutive elements in the vector that resolve to the same
1520 /// If the vector is sorted, this removes all duplicates.
1525 /// let mut vec = vec![10, 20, 21, 30, 20];
1527 /// vec.dedup_by_key(|i| *i / 10);
1529 /// assert_eq!(vec, [10, 20, 30, 20]);
1531 #[stable(feature = "dedup_by", since = "1.16.0")]
1533 pub fn dedup_by_key<F, K>(&mut self, mut key: F)
1535 F: FnMut(&mut T) -> K,
1538 self.dedup_by(|a, b| key(a) == key(b))
1541 /// Removes all but the first of consecutive elements in the vector satisfying a given equality
1544 /// The `same_bucket` function is passed references to two elements from the vector and
1545 /// must determine if the elements compare equal. The elements are passed in opposite order
1546 /// from their order in the slice, so if `same_bucket(a, b)` returns `true`, `a` is removed.
1548 /// If the vector is sorted, this removes all duplicates.
1553 /// let mut vec = vec!["foo", "bar", "Bar", "baz", "bar"];
1555 /// vec.dedup_by(|a, b| a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b));
1557 /// assert_eq!(vec, ["foo", "bar", "baz", "bar"]);
1559 #[stable(feature = "dedup_by", since = "1.16.0")]
1560 pub fn dedup_by<F>(&mut self, mut same_bucket: F)
1562 F: FnMut(&mut T, &mut T) -> bool,
1564 let len = self.len();
1569 /* INVARIANT: vec.len() > read >= write > write-1 >= 0 */
1570 struct FillGapOnDrop<'a, T, A: core::alloc::Allocator> {
1571 /* Offset of the element we want to check if it is duplicate */
1574 /* Offset of the place where we want to place the non-duplicate
1575 * when we find it. */
1578 /* The Vec that would need correction if `same_bucket` panicked */
1579 vec: &'a mut Vec<T, A>,
1582 impl<'a, T, A: core::alloc::Allocator> Drop for FillGapOnDrop<'a, T, A> {
1583 fn drop(&mut self) {
1584 /* This code gets executed when `same_bucket` panics */
1586 /* SAFETY: invariant guarantees that `read - write`
1587 * and `len - read` never overflow and that the copy is always
1590 let ptr = self.vec.as_mut_ptr();
1591 let len = self.vec.len();
1593 /* How many items were left when `same_bucket` paniced.
1594 * Basically vec[read..].len() */
1595 let items_left = len.wrapping_sub(self.read);
1597 /* Pointer to first item in vec[write..write+items_left] slice */
1598 let dropped_ptr = ptr.add(self.write);
1599 /* Pointer to first item in vec[read..] slice */
1600 let valid_ptr = ptr.add(self.read);
1602 /* Copy `vec[read..]` to `vec[write..write+items_left]`.
1603 * The slices can overlap, so `copy_nonoverlapping` cannot be used */
1604 ptr::copy(valid_ptr, dropped_ptr, items_left);
1606 /* How many items have been already dropped
1607 * Basically vec[read..write].len() */
1608 let dropped = self.read.wrapping_sub(self.write);
1610 self.vec.set_len(len - dropped);
1615 let mut gap = FillGapOnDrop { read: 1, write: 1, vec: self };
1616 let ptr = gap.vec.as_mut_ptr();
1618 /* Drop items while going through Vec, it should be more efficient than
1619 * doing slice partition_dedup + truncate */
1621 /* SAFETY: Because of the invariant, read_ptr, prev_ptr and write_ptr
1622 * are always in-bounds and read_ptr never aliases prev_ptr */
1624 while gap.read < len {
1625 let read_ptr = ptr.add(gap.read);
1626 let prev_ptr = ptr.add(gap.write.wrapping_sub(1));
1628 if same_bucket(&mut *read_ptr, &mut *prev_ptr) {
1629 // Increase `gap.read` now since the drop may panic.
1631 /* We have found duplicate, drop it in-place */
1632 ptr::drop_in_place(read_ptr);
1634 let write_ptr = ptr.add(gap.write);
1636 /* Because `read_ptr` can be equal to `write_ptr`, we either
1637 * have to use `copy` or conditional `copy_nonoverlapping`.
1638 * Looks like the first option is faster. */
1639 ptr::copy(read_ptr, write_ptr, 1);
1641 /* We have filled that place, so go further */
1647 /* Technically we could let `gap` clean up with its Drop, but
1648 * when `same_bucket` is guaranteed to not panic, this bloats a little
1649 * the codegen, so we just do it manually */
1650 gap.vec.set_len(gap.write);
1655 /// Appends an element to the back of a collection.
1659 /// Panics if the new capacity exceeds `isize::MAX` bytes.
1664 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2];
1666 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3]);
1668 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
1670 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1671 pub fn push(&mut self, value: T) {
1672 // This will panic or abort if we would allocate > isize::MAX bytes
1673 // or if the length increment would overflow for zero-sized types.
1674 if self.len == self.buf.capacity() {
1678 let end = self.as_mut_ptr().add(self.len);
1679 ptr::write(end, value);
1684 /// Removes the last element from a vector and returns it, or [`None`] if it
1690 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
1691 /// assert_eq!(vec.pop(), Some(3));
1692 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2]);
1695 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1696 pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
1702 Some(ptr::read(self.as_ptr().add(self.len())))
1707 /// Moves all the elements of `other` into `Self`, leaving `other` empty.
1711 /// Panics if the number of elements in the vector overflows a `usize`.
1716 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
1717 /// let mut vec2 = vec![4, 5, 6];
1718 /// vec.append(&mut vec2);
1719 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
1720 /// assert_eq!(vec2, []);
1722 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
1724 #[stable(feature = "append", since = "1.4.0")]
1725 pub fn append(&mut self, other: &mut Self) {
1727 self.append_elements(other.as_slice() as _);
1732 /// Appends elements to `Self` from other buffer.
1733 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
1735 unsafe fn append_elements(&mut self, other: *const [T]) {
1736 let count = unsafe { (*other).len() };
1737 self.reserve(count);
1738 let len = self.len();
1739 unsafe { ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(other as *const T, self.as_mut_ptr().add(len), count) };
1743 /// Creates a draining iterator that removes the specified range in the vector
1744 /// and yields the removed items.
1746 /// When the iterator **is** dropped, all elements in the range are removed
1747 /// from the vector, even if the iterator was not fully consumed. If the
1748 /// iterator **is not** dropped (with [`mem::forget`] for example), it is
1749 /// unspecified how many elements are removed.
1753 /// Panics if the starting point is greater than the end point or if
1754 /// the end point is greater than the length of the vector.
1759 /// let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
1760 /// let u: Vec<_> = v.drain(1..).collect();
1761 /// assert_eq!(v, &[1]);
1762 /// assert_eq!(u, &[2, 3]);
1764 /// // A full range clears the vector
1766 /// assert_eq!(v, &[]);
1768 #[stable(feature = "drain", since = "1.6.0")]
1769 pub fn drain<R>(&mut self, range: R) -> Drain<'_, T, A>
1771 R: RangeBounds<usize>,
1775 // When the Drain is first created, it shortens the length of
1776 // the source vector to make sure no uninitialized or moved-from elements
1777 // are accessible at all if the Drain's destructor never gets to run.
1779 // Drain will ptr::read out the values to remove.
1780 // When finished, remaining tail of the vec is copied back to cover
1781 // the hole, and the vector length is restored to the new length.
1783 let len = self.len();
1784 let Range { start, end } = slice::range(range, ..len);
1787 // set self.vec length's to start, to be safe in case Drain is leaked
1788 self.set_len(start);
1789 // Use the borrow in the IterMut to indicate borrowing behavior of the
1790 // whole Drain iterator (like &mut T).
1791 let range_slice = slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.as_mut_ptr().add(start), end - start);
1794 tail_len: len - end,
1795 iter: range_slice.iter(),
1796 vec: NonNull::from(self),
1801 /// Clears the vector, removing all values.
1803 /// Note that this method has no effect on the allocated capacity
1809 /// let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
1813 /// assert!(v.is_empty());
1816 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1817 pub fn clear(&mut self) {
1821 /// Returns the number of elements in the vector, also referred to
1822 /// as its 'length'.
1827 /// let a = vec![1, 2, 3];
1828 /// assert_eq!(a.len(), 3);
1831 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1832 pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
1836 /// Returns `true` if the vector contains no elements.
1841 /// let mut v = Vec::new();
1842 /// assert!(v.is_empty());
1845 /// assert!(!v.is_empty());
1847 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1848 pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
1852 /// Splits the collection into two at the given index.
1854 /// Returns a newly allocated vector containing the elements in the range
1855 /// `[at, len)`. After the call, the original vector will be left containing
1856 /// the elements `[0, at)` with its previous capacity unchanged.
1860 /// Panics if `at > len`.
1865 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
1866 /// let vec2 = vec.split_off(1);
1867 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1]);
1868 /// assert_eq!(vec2, [2, 3]);
1870 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
1872 #[must_use = "use `.truncate()` if you don't need the other half"]
1873 #[stable(feature = "split_off", since = "1.4.0")]
1874 pub fn split_off(&mut self, at: usize) -> Self
1880 fn assert_failed(at: usize, len: usize) -> ! {
1881 panic!("`at` split index (is {}) should be <= len (is {})", at, len);
1884 if at > self.len() {
1885 assert_failed(at, self.len());
1889 // the new vector can take over the original buffer and avoid the copy
1890 return mem::replace(
1892 Vec::with_capacity_in(self.capacity(), self.allocator().clone()),
1896 let other_len = self.len - at;
1897 let mut other = Vec::with_capacity_in(other_len, self.allocator().clone());
1899 // Unsafely `set_len` and copy items to `other`.
1902 other.set_len(other_len);
1904 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(self.as_ptr().add(at), other.as_mut_ptr(), other.len());
1909 /// Resizes the `Vec` in-place so that `len` is equal to `new_len`.
1911 /// If `new_len` is greater than `len`, the `Vec` is extended by the
1912 /// difference, with each additional slot filled with the result of
1913 /// calling the closure `f`. The return values from `f` will end up
1914 /// in the `Vec` in the order they have been generated.
1916 /// If `new_len` is less than `len`, the `Vec` is simply truncated.
1918 /// This method uses a closure to create new values on every push. If
1919 /// you'd rather [`Clone`] a given value, use [`Vec::resize`]. If you
1920 /// want to use the [`Default`] trait to generate values, you can
1921 /// pass [`Default::default`] as the second argument.
1926 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
1927 /// vec.resize_with(5, Default::default);
1928 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 0, 0]);
1930 /// let mut vec = vec![];
1932 /// vec.resize_with(4, || { p *= 2; p });
1933 /// assert_eq!(vec, [2, 4, 8, 16]);
1935 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
1936 #[stable(feature = "vec_resize_with", since = "1.33.0")]
1937 pub fn resize_with<F>(&mut self, new_len: usize, f: F)
1941 let len = self.len();
1943 self.extend_with(new_len - len, ExtendFunc(f));
1945 self.truncate(new_len);
1949 /// Consumes and leaks the `Vec`, returning a mutable reference to the contents,
1950 /// `&'a mut [T]`. Note that the type `T` must outlive the chosen lifetime
1951 /// `'a`. If the type has only static references, or none at all, then this
1952 /// may be chosen to be `'static`.
1954 /// This function is similar to the [`leak`][Box::leak] function on [`Box`]
1955 /// except that there is no way to recover the leaked memory.
1957 /// This function is mainly useful for data that lives for the remainder of
1958 /// the program's life. Dropping the returned reference will cause a memory
1966 /// let x = vec![1, 2, 3];
1967 /// let static_ref: &'static mut [usize] = x.leak();
1968 /// static_ref[0] += 1;
1969 /// assert_eq!(static_ref, &[2, 2, 3]);
1971 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
1972 #[stable(feature = "vec_leak", since = "1.47.0")]
1974 pub fn leak<'a>(self) -> &'a mut [T]
1978 Box::leak(self.into_boxed_slice())
1981 /// Returns the remaining spare capacity of the vector as a slice of
1982 /// `MaybeUninit<T>`.
1984 /// The returned slice can be used to fill the vector with data (e.g. by
1985 /// reading from a file) before marking the data as initialized using the
1986 /// [`set_len`] method.
1988 /// [`set_len`]: Vec::set_len
1993 /// #![feature(vec_spare_capacity, maybe_uninit_extra)]
1995 /// // Allocate vector big enough for 10 elements.
1996 /// let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(10);
1998 /// // Fill in the first 3 elements.
1999 /// let uninit = v.spare_capacity_mut();
2000 /// uninit[0].write(0);
2001 /// uninit[1].write(1);
2002 /// uninit[2].write(2);
2004 /// // Mark the first 3 elements of the vector as being initialized.
2009 /// assert_eq!(&v, &[0, 1, 2]);
2011 #[unstable(feature = "vec_spare_capacity", issue = "75017")]
2013 pub fn spare_capacity_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [MaybeUninit<T>] {
2015 // This method is not implemented in terms of `split_at_spare_mut`,
2016 // to prevent invalidation of pointers to the buffer.
2018 slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
2019 self.as_mut_ptr().add(self.len) as *mut MaybeUninit<T>,
2020 self.buf.capacity() - self.len,
2025 /// Returns vector content as a slice of `T`, along with the remaining spare
2026 /// capacity of the vector as a slice of `MaybeUninit<T>`.
2028 /// The returned spare capacity slice can be used to fill the vector with data
2029 /// (e.g. by reading from a file) before marking the data as initialized using
2030 /// the [`set_len`] method.
2032 /// [`set_len`]: Vec::set_len
2034 /// Note that this is a low-level API, which should be used with care for
2035 /// optimization purposes. If you need to append data to a `Vec`
2036 /// you can use [`push`], [`extend`], [`extend_from_slice`],
2037 /// [`extend_from_within`], [`insert`], [`append`], [`resize`] or
2038 /// [`resize_with`], depending on your exact needs.
2040 /// [`push`]: Vec::push
2041 /// [`extend`]: Vec::extend
2042 /// [`extend_from_slice`]: Vec::extend_from_slice
2043 /// [`extend_from_within`]: Vec::extend_from_within
2044 /// [`insert`]: Vec::insert
2045 /// [`append`]: Vec::append
2046 /// [`resize`]: Vec::resize
2047 /// [`resize_with`]: Vec::resize_with
2052 /// #![feature(vec_split_at_spare, maybe_uninit_extra)]
2054 /// let mut v = vec![1, 1, 2];
2056 /// // Reserve additional space big enough for 10 elements.
2059 /// let (init, uninit) = v.split_at_spare_mut();
2060 /// let sum = init.iter().copied().sum::<u32>();
2062 /// // Fill in the next 4 elements.
2063 /// uninit[0].write(sum);
2064 /// uninit[1].write(sum * 2);
2065 /// uninit[2].write(sum * 3);
2066 /// uninit[3].write(sum * 4);
2068 /// // Mark the 4 elements of the vector as being initialized.
2070 /// let len = v.len();
2071 /// v.set_len(len + 4);
2074 /// assert_eq!(&v, &[1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16]);
2076 #[unstable(feature = "vec_split_at_spare", issue = "81944")]
2078 pub fn split_at_spare_mut(&mut self) -> (&mut [T], &mut [MaybeUninit<T>]) {
2080 // - len is ignored and so never changed
2081 let (init, spare, _) = unsafe { self.split_at_spare_mut_with_len() };
2085 /// Safety: changing returned .2 (&mut usize) is considered the same as calling `.set_len(_)`.
2087 /// This method provides unique access to all vec parts at once in `extend_from_within`.
2088 unsafe fn split_at_spare_mut_with_len(
2090 ) -> (&mut [T], &mut [MaybeUninit<T>], &mut usize) {
2091 let Range { start: ptr, end: spare_ptr } = self.as_mut_ptr_range();
2092 let spare_ptr = spare_ptr.cast::<MaybeUninit<T>>();
2093 let spare_len = self.buf.capacity() - self.len;
2096 // - `ptr` is guaranteed to be valid for `len` elements
2097 // - `spare_ptr` is pointing one element past the buffer, so it doesn't overlap with `initialized`
2099 let initialized = slice::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr, self.len);
2100 let spare = slice::from_raw_parts_mut(spare_ptr, spare_len);
2102 (initialized, spare, &mut self.len)
2107 impl<T: Clone, A: Allocator> Vec<T, A> {
2108 /// Resizes the `Vec` in-place so that `len` is equal to `new_len`.
2110 /// If `new_len` is greater than `len`, the `Vec` is extended by the
2111 /// difference, with each additional slot filled with `value`.
2112 /// If `new_len` is less than `len`, the `Vec` is simply truncated.
2114 /// This method requires `T` to implement [`Clone`],
2115 /// in order to be able to clone the passed value.
2116 /// If you need more flexibility (or want to rely on [`Default`] instead of
2117 /// [`Clone`]), use [`Vec::resize_with`].
2122 /// let mut vec = vec!["hello"];
2123 /// vec.resize(3, "world");
2124 /// assert_eq!(vec, ["hello", "world", "world"]);
2126 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
2127 /// vec.resize(2, 0);
2128 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2]);
2130 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2131 #[stable(feature = "vec_resize", since = "1.5.0")]
2132 pub fn resize(&mut self, new_len: usize, value: T) {
2133 let len = self.len();
2136 self.extend_with(new_len - len, ExtendElement(value))
2138 self.truncate(new_len);
2142 /// Clones and appends all elements in a slice to the `Vec`.
2144 /// Iterates over the slice `other`, clones each element, and then appends
2145 /// it to this `Vec`. The `other` vector is traversed in-order.
2147 /// Note that this function is same as [`extend`] except that it is
2148 /// specialized to work with slices instead. If and when Rust gets
2149 /// specialization this function will likely be deprecated (but still
2155 /// let mut vec = vec![1];
2156 /// vec.extend_from_slice(&[2, 3, 4]);
2157 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
2160 /// [`extend`]: Vec::extend
2161 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2162 #[stable(feature = "vec_extend_from_slice", since = "1.6.0")]
2163 pub fn extend_from_slice(&mut self, other: &[T]) {
2164 self.spec_extend(other.iter())
2167 /// Copies elements from `src` range to the end of the vector.
2172 /// let mut vec = vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
2174 /// vec.extend_from_within(2..);
2175 /// assert_eq!(vec, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4]);
2177 /// vec.extend_from_within(..2);
2178 /// assert_eq!(vec, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1]);
2180 /// vec.extend_from_within(4..8);
2181 /// assert_eq!(vec, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 4, 2, 3, 4]);
2183 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2184 #[stable(feature = "vec_extend_from_within", since = "1.53.0")]
2185 pub fn extend_from_within<R>(&mut self, src: R)
2187 R: RangeBounds<usize>,
2189 let range = slice::range(src, ..self.len());
2190 self.reserve(range.len());
2193 // - `slice::range` guarantees that the given range is valid for indexing self
2195 self.spec_extend_from_within(range);
2200 // This code generalizes `extend_with_{element,default}`.
2201 trait ExtendWith<T> {
2202 fn next(&mut self) -> T;
2206 struct ExtendElement<T>(T);
2207 impl<T: Clone> ExtendWith<T> for ExtendElement<T> {
2208 fn next(&mut self) -> T {
2211 fn last(self) -> T {
2216 struct ExtendDefault;
2217 impl<T: Default> ExtendWith<T> for ExtendDefault {
2218 fn next(&mut self) -> T {
2221 fn last(self) -> T {
2226 struct ExtendFunc<F>(F);
2227 impl<T, F: FnMut() -> T> ExtendWith<T> for ExtendFunc<F> {
2228 fn next(&mut self) -> T {
2231 fn last(mut self) -> T {
2236 impl<T, A: Allocator> Vec<T, A> {
2237 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2238 /// Extend the vector by `n` values, using the given generator.
2239 fn extend_with<E: ExtendWith<T>>(&mut self, n: usize, mut value: E) {
2243 let mut ptr = self.as_mut_ptr().add(self.len());
2244 // Use SetLenOnDrop to work around bug where compiler
2245 // might not realize the store through `ptr` through self.set_len()
2247 let mut local_len = SetLenOnDrop::new(&mut self.len);
2249 // Write all elements except the last one
2251 ptr::write(ptr, value.next());
2252 ptr = ptr.offset(1);
2253 // Increment the length in every step in case next() panics
2254 local_len.increment_len(1);
2258 // We can write the last element directly without cloning needlessly
2259 ptr::write(ptr, value.last());
2260 local_len.increment_len(1);
2263 // len set by scope guard
2268 impl<T: PartialEq, A: Allocator> Vec<T, A> {
2269 /// Removes consecutive repeated elements in the vector according to the
2270 /// [`PartialEq`] trait implementation.
2272 /// If the vector is sorted, this removes all duplicates.
2277 /// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 2, 3, 2];
2281 /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 2]);
2283 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2285 pub fn dedup(&mut self) {
2286 self.dedup_by(|a, b| a == b)
2290 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
2291 // Internal methods and functions
2292 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
2295 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2296 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2297 pub fn from_elem<T: Clone>(elem: T, n: usize) -> Vec<T> {
2298 <T as SpecFromElem>::from_elem(elem, n, Global)
2302 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2303 #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
2304 pub fn from_elem_in<T: Clone, A: Allocator>(elem: T, n: usize, alloc: A) -> Vec<T, A> {
2305 <T as SpecFromElem>::from_elem(elem, n, alloc)
2308 trait ExtendFromWithinSpec {
2311 /// - `src` needs to be valid index
2312 /// - `self.capacity() - self.len()` must be `>= src.len()`
2313 unsafe fn spec_extend_from_within(&mut self, src: Range<usize>);
2316 impl<T: Clone, A: Allocator> ExtendFromWithinSpec for Vec<T, A> {
2317 default unsafe fn spec_extend_from_within(&mut self, src: Range<usize>) {
2319 // - len is increased only after initializing elements
2320 let (this, spare, len) = unsafe { self.split_at_spare_mut_with_len() };
2323 // - caller guaratees that src is a valid index
2324 let to_clone = unsafe { this.get_unchecked(src) };
2326 iter::zip(to_clone, spare)
2327 .map(|(src, dst)| dst.write(src.clone()))
2329 // - Element was just initialized with `MaybeUninit::write`, so it's ok to increase len
2330 // - len is increased after each element to prevent leaks (see issue #82533)
2331 .for_each(|_| *len += 1);
2335 impl<T: Copy, A: Allocator> ExtendFromWithinSpec for Vec<T, A> {
2336 unsafe fn spec_extend_from_within(&mut self, src: Range<usize>) {
2337 let count = src.len();
2339 let (init, spare) = self.split_at_spare_mut();
2342 // - caller guaratees that `src` is a valid index
2343 let source = unsafe { init.get_unchecked(src) };
2346 // - Both pointers are created from unique slice references (`&mut [_]`)
2347 // so they are valid and do not overlap.
2348 // - Elements are :Copy so it's OK to to copy them, without doing
2349 // anything with the original values
2350 // - `count` is equal to the len of `source`, so source is valid for
2352 // - `.reserve(count)` guarantees that `spare.len() >= count` so spare
2353 // is valid for `count` writes
2354 unsafe { ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(source.as_ptr(), spare.as_mut_ptr() as _, count) };
2358 // - The elements were just initialized by `copy_nonoverlapping`
2363 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
2364 // Common trait implementations for Vec
2365 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
2367 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2368 impl<T, A: Allocator> ops::Deref for Vec<T, A> {
2371 fn deref(&self) -> &[T] {
2372 unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(self.as_ptr(), self.len) }
2376 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2377 impl<T, A: Allocator> ops::DerefMut for Vec<T, A> {
2378 fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
2379 unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.as_mut_ptr(), self.len) }
2383 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2384 trait SpecCloneFrom {
2385 fn clone_from(this: &mut Self, other: &Self);
2388 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2389 impl<T: Clone, A: Allocator> SpecCloneFrom for Vec<T, A> {
2390 default fn clone_from(this: &mut Self, other: &Self) {
2391 // drop anything that will not be overwritten
2392 this.truncate(other.len());
2394 // self.len <= other.len due to the truncate above, so the
2395 // slices here are always in-bounds.
2396 let (init, tail) = other.split_at(this.len());
2398 // reuse the contained values' allocations/resources.
2399 this.clone_from_slice(init);
2400 this.extend_from_slice(tail);
2404 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2405 impl<T: Copy, A: Allocator> SpecCloneFrom for Vec<T, A> {
2406 fn clone_from(this: &mut Self, other: &Self) {
2408 this.extend_from_slice(other);
2412 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2413 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2414 impl<T: Clone, A: Allocator + Clone> Clone for Vec<T, A> {
2416 fn clone(&self) -> Self {
2417 let alloc = self.allocator().clone();
2418 <[T]>::to_vec_in(&**self, alloc)
2421 // HACK(japaric): with cfg(test) the inherent `[T]::to_vec` method, which is
2422 // required for this method definition, is not available. Instead use the
2423 // `slice::to_vec` function which is only available with cfg(test)
2424 // NB see the slice::hack module in slice.rs for more information
2426 fn clone(&self) -> Self {
2427 let alloc = self.allocator().clone();
2428 crate::slice::to_vec(&**self, alloc)
2431 fn clone_from(&mut self, other: &Self) {
2432 SpecCloneFrom::clone_from(self, other)
2436 /// The hash of a vector is the same as that of the corresponding slice,
2437 /// as required by the `core::borrow::Borrow` implementation.
2440 /// #![feature(build_hasher_simple_hash_one)]
2441 /// use std::hash::BuildHasher;
2443 /// let b = std::collections::hash_map::RandomState::new();
2444 /// let v: Vec<u8> = vec![0xa8, 0x3c, 0x09];
2445 /// let s: &[u8] = &[0xa8, 0x3c, 0x09];
2446 /// assert_eq!(b.hash_one(v), b.hash_one(s));
2448 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2449 impl<T: Hash, A: Allocator> Hash for Vec<T, A> {
2451 fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
2452 Hash::hash(&**self, state)
2456 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2457 #[rustc_on_unimplemented(
2458 message = "vector indices are of type `usize` or ranges of `usize`",
2459 label = "vector indices are of type `usize` or ranges of `usize`"
2461 impl<T, I: SliceIndex<[T]>, A: Allocator> Index<I> for Vec<T, A> {
2462 type Output = I::Output;
2465 fn index(&self, index: I) -> &Self::Output {
2466 Index::index(&**self, index)
2470 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2471 #[rustc_on_unimplemented(
2472 message = "vector indices are of type `usize` or ranges of `usize`",
2473 label = "vector indices are of type `usize` or ranges of `usize`"
2475 impl<T, I: SliceIndex<[T]>, A: Allocator> IndexMut<I> for Vec<T, A> {
2477 fn index_mut(&mut self, index: I) -> &mut Self::Output {
2478 IndexMut::index_mut(&mut **self, index)
2482 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2483 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2484 impl<T> FromIterator<T> for Vec<T> {
2486 fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(iter: I) -> Vec<T> {
2487 <Self as SpecFromIter<T, I::IntoIter>>::from_iter(iter.into_iter())
2491 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2492 impl<T, A: Allocator> IntoIterator for Vec<T, A> {
2494 type IntoIter = IntoIter<T, A>;
2496 /// Creates a consuming iterator, that is, one that moves each value out of
2497 /// the vector (from start to end). The vector cannot be used after calling
2503 /// let v = vec!["a".to_string(), "b".to_string()];
2504 /// for s in v.into_iter() {
2505 /// // s has type String, not &String
2506 /// println!("{}", s);
2510 fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter<T, A> {
2512 let mut me = ManuallyDrop::new(self);
2513 let alloc = ptr::read(me.allocator());
2514 let begin = me.as_mut_ptr();
2515 let end = if mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
2516 arith_offset(begin as *const i8, me.len() as isize) as *const T
2518 begin.add(me.len()) as *const T
2520 let cap = me.buf.capacity();
2522 buf: NonNull::new_unchecked(begin),
2523 phantom: PhantomData,
2533 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2534 impl<'a, T, A: Allocator> IntoIterator for &'a Vec<T, A> {
2536 type IntoIter = slice::Iter<'a, T>;
2538 fn into_iter(self) -> slice::Iter<'a, T> {
2543 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2544 impl<'a, T, A: Allocator> IntoIterator for &'a mut Vec<T, A> {
2545 type Item = &'a mut T;
2546 type IntoIter = slice::IterMut<'a, T>;
2548 fn into_iter(self) -> slice::IterMut<'a, T> {
2553 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2554 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2555 impl<T, A: Allocator> Extend<T> for Vec<T, A> {
2557 fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
2558 <Self as SpecExtend<T, I::IntoIter>>::spec_extend(self, iter.into_iter())
2562 fn extend_one(&mut self, item: T) {
2567 fn extend_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
2568 self.reserve(additional);
2572 impl<T, A: Allocator> Vec<T, A> {
2573 // leaf method to which various SpecFrom/SpecExtend implementations delegate when
2574 // they have no further optimizations to apply
2575 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2576 fn extend_desugared<I: Iterator<Item = T>>(&mut self, mut iterator: I) {
2577 // This is the case for a general iterator.
2579 // This function should be the moral equivalent of:
2581 // for item in iterator {
2584 while let Some(element) = iterator.next() {
2585 let len = self.len();
2586 if len == self.capacity() {
2587 let (lower, _) = iterator.size_hint();
2588 self.reserve(lower.saturating_add(1));
2591 ptr::write(self.as_mut_ptr().add(len), element);
2592 // Since next() executes user code which can panic we have to bump the length
2594 // NB can't overflow since we would have had to alloc the address space
2595 self.set_len(len + 1);
2600 /// Creates a splicing iterator that replaces the specified range in the vector
2601 /// with the given `replace_with` iterator and yields the removed items.
2602 /// `replace_with` does not need to be the same length as `range`.
2604 /// `range` is removed even if the iterator is not consumed until the end.
2606 /// It is unspecified how many elements are removed from the vector
2607 /// if the `Splice` value is leaked.
2609 /// The input iterator `replace_with` is only consumed when the `Splice` value is dropped.
2611 /// This is optimal if:
2613 /// * The tail (elements in the vector after `range`) is empty,
2614 /// * or `replace_with` yields fewer or equal elements than `range`’s length
2615 /// * or the lower bound of its `size_hint()` is exact.
2617 /// Otherwise, a temporary vector is allocated and the tail is moved twice.
2621 /// Panics if the starting point is greater than the end point or if
2622 /// the end point is greater than the length of the vector.
2627 /// let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
2628 /// let new = [7, 8];
2629 /// let u: Vec<_> = v.splice(..2, new).collect();
2630 /// assert_eq!(v, &[7, 8, 3]);
2631 /// assert_eq!(u, &[1, 2]);
2633 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2635 #[stable(feature = "vec_splice", since = "1.21.0")]
2636 pub fn splice<R, I>(&mut self, range: R, replace_with: I) -> Splice<'_, I::IntoIter, A>
2638 R: RangeBounds<usize>,
2639 I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
2641 Splice { drain: self.drain(range), replace_with: replace_with.into_iter() }
2644 /// Creates an iterator which uses a closure to determine if an element should be removed.
2646 /// If the closure returns true, then the element is removed and yielded.
2647 /// If the closure returns false, the element will remain in the vector and will not be yielded
2648 /// by the iterator.
2650 /// Using this method is equivalent to the following code:
2653 /// # let some_predicate = |x: &mut i32| { *x == 2 || *x == 3 || *x == 6 };
2654 /// # let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
2656 /// while i < vec.len() {
2657 /// if some_predicate(&mut vec[i]) {
2658 /// let val = vec.remove(i);
2659 /// // your code here
2665 /// # assert_eq!(vec, vec![1, 4, 5]);
2668 /// But `drain_filter` is easier to use. `drain_filter` is also more efficient,
2669 /// because it can backshift the elements of the array in bulk.
2671 /// Note that `drain_filter` also lets you mutate every element in the filter closure,
2672 /// regardless of whether you choose to keep or remove it.
2676 /// Splitting an array into evens and odds, reusing the original allocation:
2679 /// #![feature(drain_filter)]
2680 /// let mut numbers = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15];
2682 /// let evens = numbers.drain_filter(|x| *x % 2 == 0).collect::<Vec<_>>();
2683 /// let odds = numbers;
2685 /// assert_eq!(evens, vec![2, 4, 6, 8, 14]);
2686 /// assert_eq!(odds, vec![1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15]);
2688 #[unstable(feature = "drain_filter", reason = "recently added", issue = "43244")]
2689 pub fn drain_filter<F>(&mut self, filter: F) -> DrainFilter<'_, T, F, A>
2691 F: FnMut(&mut T) -> bool,
2693 let old_len = self.len();
2695 // Guard against us getting leaked (leak amplification)
2700 DrainFilter { vec: self, idx: 0, del: 0, old_len, pred: filter, panic_flag: false }
2704 /// Extend implementation that copies elements out of references before pushing them onto the Vec.
2706 /// This implementation is specialized for slice iterators, where it uses [`copy_from_slice`] to
2707 /// append the entire slice at once.
2709 /// [`copy_from_slice`]: slice::copy_from_slice
2710 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2711 #[stable(feature = "extend_ref", since = "1.2.0")]
2712 impl<'a, T: Copy + 'a, A: Allocator + 'a> Extend<&'a T> for Vec<T, A> {
2713 fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a T>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
2714 self.spec_extend(iter.into_iter())
2718 fn extend_one(&mut self, &item: &'a T) {
2723 fn extend_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
2724 self.reserve(additional);
2728 /// Implements comparison of vectors, [lexicographically](core::cmp::Ord#lexicographical-comparison).
2729 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2730 impl<T: PartialOrd, A: Allocator> PartialOrd for Vec<T, A> {
2732 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
2733 PartialOrd::partial_cmp(&**self, &**other)
2737 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2738 impl<T: Eq, A: Allocator> Eq for Vec<T, A> {}
2740 /// Implements ordering of vectors, [lexicographically](core::cmp::Ord#lexicographical-comparison).
2741 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2742 impl<T: Ord, A: Allocator> Ord for Vec<T, A> {
2744 fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
2745 Ord::cmp(&**self, &**other)
2749 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2750 unsafe impl<#[may_dangle] T, A: Allocator> Drop for Vec<T, A> {
2751 fn drop(&mut self) {
2754 // use a raw slice to refer to the elements of the vector as weakest necessary type;
2755 // could avoid questions of validity in certain cases
2756 ptr::drop_in_place(ptr::slice_from_raw_parts_mut(self.as_mut_ptr(), self.len))
2758 // RawVec handles deallocation
2762 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2763 #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_default_impls", issue = "87864")]
2764 impl<T> const Default for Vec<T> {
2765 /// Creates an empty `Vec<T>`.
2766 fn default() -> Vec<T> {
2771 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2772 impl<T: fmt::Debug, A: Allocator> fmt::Debug for Vec<T, A> {
2773 fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
2774 fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
2778 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2779 impl<T, A: Allocator> AsRef<Vec<T, A>> for Vec<T, A> {
2780 fn as_ref(&self) -> &Vec<T, A> {
2785 #[stable(feature = "vec_as_mut", since = "1.5.0")]
2786 impl<T, A: Allocator> AsMut<Vec<T, A>> for Vec<T, A> {
2787 fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Vec<T, A> {
2792 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2793 impl<T, A: Allocator> AsRef<[T]> for Vec<T, A> {
2794 fn as_ref(&self) -> &[T] {
2799 #[stable(feature = "vec_as_mut", since = "1.5.0")]
2800 impl<T, A: Allocator> AsMut<[T]> for Vec<T, A> {
2801 fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
2806 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2807 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2808 impl<T: Clone> From<&[T]> for Vec<T> {
2809 /// Allocate a `Vec<T>` and fill it by cloning `s`'s items.
2814 /// assert_eq!(Vec::from(&[1, 2, 3][..]), vec![1, 2, 3]);
2817 fn from(s: &[T]) -> Vec<T> {
2821 fn from(s: &[T]) -> Vec<T> {
2822 crate::slice::to_vec(s, Global)
2826 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2827 #[stable(feature = "vec_from_mut", since = "1.19.0")]
2828 impl<T: Clone> From<&mut [T]> for Vec<T> {
2829 /// Allocate a `Vec<T>` and fill it by cloning `s`'s items.
2834 /// assert_eq!(Vec::from(&mut [1, 2, 3][..]), vec![1, 2, 3]);
2837 fn from(s: &mut [T]) -> Vec<T> {
2841 fn from(s: &mut [T]) -> Vec<T> {
2842 crate::slice::to_vec(s, Global)
2846 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2847 #[stable(feature = "vec_from_array", since = "1.44.0")]
2848 impl<T, const N: usize> From<[T; N]> for Vec<T> {
2850 fn from(s: [T; N]) -> Vec<T> {
2851 <[T]>::into_vec(box s)
2853 /// Allocate a `Vec<T>` and move `s`'s items into it.
2858 /// assert_eq!(Vec::from([1, 2, 3]), vec![1, 2, 3]);
2861 fn from(s: [T; N]) -> Vec<T> {
2862 crate::slice::into_vec(box s)
2866 #[stable(feature = "vec_from_cow_slice", since = "1.14.0")]
2867 impl<'a, T> From<Cow<'a, [T]>> for Vec<T>
2869 [T]: ToOwned<Owned = Vec<T>>,
2871 /// Convert a clone-on-write slice into a vector.
2873 /// If `s` already owns a `Vec<T>`, it will be returned directly.
2874 /// If `s` is borrowing a slice, a new `Vec<T>` will be allocated and
2875 /// filled by cloning `s`'s items into it.
2880 /// # use std::borrow::Cow;
2881 /// let o: Cow<[i32]> = Cow::Owned(vec![1, 2, 3]);
2882 /// let b: Cow<[i32]> = Cow::Borrowed(&[1, 2, 3]);
2883 /// assert_eq!(Vec::from(o), Vec::from(b));
2885 fn from(s: Cow<'a, [T]>) -> Vec<T> {
2890 // note: test pulls in libstd, which causes errors here
2892 #[stable(feature = "vec_from_box", since = "1.18.0")]
2893 impl<T, A: Allocator> From<Box<[T], A>> for Vec<T, A> {
2894 /// Convert a boxed slice into a vector by transferring ownership of
2895 /// the existing heap allocation.
2900 /// let b: Box<[i32]> = vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice();
2901 /// assert_eq!(Vec::from(b), vec![1, 2, 3]);
2903 fn from(s: Box<[T], A>) -> Self {
2908 // note: test pulls in libstd, which causes errors here
2909 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2911 #[stable(feature = "box_from_vec", since = "1.20.0")]
2912 impl<T, A: Allocator> From<Vec<T, A>> for Box<[T], A> {
2913 /// Convert a vector into a boxed slice.
2915 /// If `v` has excess capacity, its items will be moved into a
2916 /// newly-allocated buffer with exactly the right capacity.
2921 /// assert_eq!(Box::from(vec![1, 2, 3]), vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice());
2923 fn from(v: Vec<T, A>) -> Self {
2924 v.into_boxed_slice()
2928 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
2929 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
2930 impl From<&str> for Vec<u8> {
2931 /// Allocate a `Vec<u8>` and fill it with a UTF-8 string.
2936 /// assert_eq!(Vec::from("123"), vec![b'1', b'2', b'3']);
2938 fn from(s: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
2939 From::from(s.as_bytes())
2943 #[stable(feature = "array_try_from_vec", since = "1.48.0")]
2944 impl<T, A: Allocator, const N: usize> TryFrom<Vec<T, A>> for [T; N] {
2945 type Error = Vec<T, A>;
2947 /// Gets the entire contents of the `Vec<T>` as an array,
2948 /// if its size exactly matches that of the requested array.
2953 /// use std::convert::TryInto;
2954 /// assert_eq!(vec![1, 2, 3].try_into(), Ok([1, 2, 3]));
2955 /// assert_eq!(<Vec<i32>>::new().try_into(), Ok([]));
2958 /// If the length doesn't match, the input comes back in `Err`:
2960 /// use std::convert::TryInto;
2961 /// let r: Result<[i32; 4], _> = (0..10).collect::<Vec<_>>().try_into();
2962 /// assert_eq!(r, Err(vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]));
2965 /// If you're fine with just getting a prefix of the `Vec<T>`,
2966 /// you can call [`.truncate(N)`](Vec::truncate) first.
2968 /// use std::convert::TryInto;
2969 /// let mut v = String::from("hello world").into_bytes();
2972 /// let [a, b]: [_; 2] = v.try_into().unwrap();
2973 /// assert_eq!(a, b' ');
2974 /// assert_eq!(b, b'd');
2976 fn try_from(mut vec: Vec<T, A>) -> Result<[T; N], Vec<T, A>> {
2981 // SAFETY: `.set_len(0)` is always sound.
2982 unsafe { vec.set_len(0) };
2984 // SAFETY: A `Vec`'s pointer is always aligned properly, and
2985 // the alignment the array needs is the same as the items.
2986 // We checked earlier that we have sufficient items.
2987 // The items will not double-drop as the `set_len`
2988 // tells the `Vec` not to also drop them.
2989 let array = unsafe { ptr::read(vec.as_ptr() as *const [T; N]) };