1 //! A dynamically-sized view into a contiguous sequence, `[T]`.
3 //! *[See also the slice primitive type](slice).*
5 //! Slices are a view into a block of memory represented as a pointer and a
10 //! let vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
11 //! let int_slice = &vec[..];
12 //! // coercing an array to a slice
13 //! let str_slice: &[&str] = &["one", "two", "three"];
16 //! Slices are either mutable or shared. The shared slice type is `&[T]`,
17 //! while the mutable slice type is `&mut [T]`, where `T` represents the element
18 //! type. For example, you can mutate the block of memory that a mutable slice
22 //! let x = &mut [1, 2, 3];
24 //! assert_eq!(x, &[1, 7, 3]);
27 //! Here are some of the things this module contains:
31 //! There are several structs that are useful for slices, such as [`Iter`], which
32 //! represents iteration over a slice.
34 //! ## Trait Implementations
36 //! There are several implementations of common traits for slices. Some examples
40 //! * [`Eq`], [`Ord`] - for slices whose element type are [`Eq`] or [`Ord`].
41 //! * [`Hash`] - for slices whose element type is [`Hash`].
45 //! The slices implement `IntoIterator`. The iterator yields references to the
49 //! let numbers = &[0, 1, 2];
50 //! for n in numbers {
51 //! println!("{n} is a number!");
55 //! The mutable slice yields mutable references to the elements:
58 //! let mut scores = [7, 8, 9];
59 //! for score in &mut scores[..] {
64 //! This iterator yields mutable references to the slice's elements, so while
65 //! the element type of the slice is `i32`, the element type of the iterator is
68 //! * [`.iter`] and [`.iter_mut`] are the explicit methods to return the default
70 //! * Further methods that return iterators are [`.split`], [`.splitn`],
71 //! [`.chunks`], [`.windows`] and more.
73 //! [`Hash`]: core::hash::Hash
74 //! [`.iter`]: slice::iter
75 //! [`.iter_mut`]: slice::iter_mut
76 //! [`.split`]: slice::split
77 //! [`.splitn`]: slice::splitn
78 //! [`.chunks`]: slice::chunks
79 //! [`.windows`]: slice::windows
80 #![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
81 // Many of the usings in this module are only used in the test configuration.
82 // It's cleaner to just turn off the unused_imports warning than to fix them.
83 #![cfg_attr(test, allow(unused_imports, dead_code))]
85 use core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut};
86 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
87 use core::cmp::Ordering::{self, Less};
88 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
90 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
91 use core::mem::size_of;
92 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
95 use crate::alloc::Allocator;
96 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
97 use crate::alloc::Global;
98 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
99 use crate::borrow::ToOwned;
100 use crate::boxed::Box;
103 #[unstable(feature = "slice_range", issue = "76393")]
104 pub use core::slice::range;
105 #[unstable(feature = "array_chunks", issue = "74985")]
106 pub use core::slice::ArrayChunks;
107 #[unstable(feature = "array_chunks", issue = "74985")]
108 pub use core::slice::ArrayChunksMut;
109 #[unstable(feature = "array_windows", issue = "75027")]
110 pub use core::slice::ArrayWindows;
111 #[stable(feature = "inherent_ascii_escape", since = "1.60.0")]
112 pub use core::slice::EscapeAscii;
113 #[stable(feature = "slice_get_slice", since = "1.28.0")]
114 pub use core::slice::SliceIndex;
115 #[stable(feature = "from_ref", since = "1.28.0")]
116 pub use core::slice::{from_mut, from_ref};
117 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
118 pub use core::slice::{from_raw_parts, from_raw_parts_mut};
119 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
120 pub use core::slice::{Chunks, Windows};
121 #[stable(feature = "chunks_exact", since = "1.31.0")]
122 pub use core::slice::{ChunksExact, ChunksExactMut};
123 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
124 pub use core::slice::{ChunksMut, Split, SplitMut};
125 #[unstable(feature = "slice_group_by", issue = "80552")]
126 pub use core::slice::{GroupBy, GroupByMut};
127 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
128 pub use core::slice::{Iter, IterMut};
129 #[stable(feature = "rchunks", since = "1.31.0")]
130 pub use core::slice::{RChunks, RChunksExact, RChunksExactMut, RChunksMut};
131 #[stable(feature = "slice_rsplit", since = "1.27.0")]
132 pub use core::slice::{RSplit, RSplitMut};
133 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
134 pub use core::slice::{RSplitN, RSplitNMut, SplitN, SplitNMut};
135 #[stable(feature = "split_inclusive", since = "1.51.0")]
136 pub use core::slice::{SplitInclusive, SplitInclusiveMut};
138 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
139 // Basic slice extension methods
140 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
142 // HACK(japaric) needed for the implementation of `vec!` macro during testing
143 // N.B., see the `hack` module in this file for more details.
145 pub use hack::into_vec;
147 // HACK(japaric) needed for the implementation of `Vec::clone` during testing
148 // N.B., see the `hack` module in this file for more details.
150 pub use hack::to_vec;
152 // HACK(japaric): With cfg(test) `impl [T]` is not available, these three
153 // functions are actually methods that are in `impl [T]` but not in
154 // `core::slice::SliceExt` - we need to supply these functions for the
155 // `test_permutations` test
156 pub(crate) mod hack {
157 use core::alloc::Allocator;
159 use crate::boxed::Box;
162 // We shouldn't add inline attribute to this since this is used in
163 // `vec!` macro mostly and causes perf regression. See #71204 for
164 // discussion and perf results.
165 pub fn into_vec<T, A: Allocator>(b: Box<[T], A>) -> Vec<T, A> {
168 let (b, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(b);
169 Vec::from_raw_parts_in(b as *mut T, len, len, alloc)
173 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
175 pub fn to_vec<T: ConvertVec, A: Allocator>(s: &[T], alloc: A) -> Vec<T, A> {
179 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
180 pub trait ConvertVec {
181 fn to_vec<A: Allocator>(s: &[Self], alloc: A) -> Vec<Self, A>
186 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
187 impl<T: Clone> ConvertVec for T {
189 default fn to_vec<A: Allocator>(s: &[Self], alloc: A) -> Vec<Self, A> {
190 struct DropGuard<'a, T, A: Allocator> {
191 vec: &'a mut Vec<T, A>,
194 impl<'a, T, A: Allocator> Drop for DropGuard<'a, T, A> {
198 // items were marked initialized in the loop below
200 self.vec.set_len(self.num_init);
204 let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity_in(s.len(), alloc);
205 let mut guard = DropGuard { vec: &mut vec, num_init: 0 };
206 let slots = guard.vec.spare_capacity_mut();
207 // .take(slots.len()) is necessary for LLVM to remove bounds checks
208 // and has better codegen than zip.
209 for (i, b) in s.iter().enumerate().take(slots.len()) {
211 slots[i].write(b.clone());
213 core::mem::forget(guard);
215 // the vec was allocated and initialized above to at least this length.
217 vec.set_len(s.len());
223 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
224 impl<T: Copy> ConvertVec for T {
226 fn to_vec<A: Allocator>(s: &[Self], alloc: A) -> Vec<Self, A> {
227 let mut v = Vec::with_capacity_in(s.len(), alloc);
229 // allocated above with the capacity of `s`, and initialize to `s.len()` in
230 // ptr::copy_to_non_overlapping below.
232 s.as_ptr().copy_to_nonoverlapping(v.as_mut_ptr(), s.len());
244 /// This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements) and *O*(*n* \* log(*n*)) worst-case.
246 /// When applicable, unstable sorting is preferred because it is generally faster than stable
247 /// sorting and it doesn't allocate auxiliary memory.
248 /// See [`sort_unstable`](slice::sort_unstable).
250 /// # Current implementation
252 /// The current algorithm is an adaptive, iterative merge sort inspired by
253 /// [timsort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsort).
254 /// It is designed to be very fast in cases where the slice is nearly sorted, or consists of
255 /// two or more sorted sequences concatenated one after another.
257 /// Also, it allocates temporary storage half the size of `self`, but for short slices a
258 /// non-allocating insertion sort is used instead.
263 /// let mut v = [-5, 4, 1, -3, 2];
266 /// assert!(v == [-5, -3, 1, 2, 4]);
268 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
269 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
270 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
272 pub fn sort(&mut self)
276 merge_sort(self, |a, b| a.lt(b));
279 /// Sorts the slice with a comparator function.
281 /// This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements) and *O*(*n* \* log(*n*)) worst-case.
283 /// The comparator function must define a total ordering for the elements in the slice. If
284 /// the ordering is not total, the order of the elements is unspecified. An order is a
285 /// total order if it is (for all `a`, `b` and `c`):
287 /// * total and antisymmetric: exactly one of `a < b`, `a == b` or `a > b` is true, and
288 /// * transitive, `a < b` and `b < c` implies `a < c`. The same must hold for both `==` and `>`.
290 /// For example, while [`f64`] doesn't implement [`Ord`] because `NaN != NaN`, we can use
291 /// `partial_cmp` as our sort function when we know the slice doesn't contain a `NaN`.
294 /// let mut floats = [5f64, 4.0, 1.0, 3.0, 2.0];
295 /// floats.sort_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap());
296 /// assert_eq!(floats, [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0]);
299 /// When applicable, unstable sorting is preferred because it is generally faster than stable
300 /// sorting and it doesn't allocate auxiliary memory.
301 /// See [`sort_unstable_by`](slice::sort_unstable_by).
303 /// # Current implementation
305 /// The current algorithm is an adaptive, iterative merge sort inspired by
306 /// [timsort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsort).
307 /// It is designed to be very fast in cases where the slice is nearly sorted, or consists of
308 /// two or more sorted sequences concatenated one after another.
310 /// Also, it allocates temporary storage half the size of `self`, but for short slices a
311 /// non-allocating insertion sort is used instead.
316 /// let mut v = [5, 4, 1, 3, 2];
317 /// v.sort_by(|a, b| a.cmp(b));
318 /// assert!(v == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
320 /// // reverse sorting
321 /// v.sort_by(|a, b| b.cmp(a));
322 /// assert!(v == [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
324 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
325 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
326 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
328 pub fn sort_by<F>(&mut self, mut compare: F)
330 F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> Ordering,
332 merge_sort(self, |a, b| compare(a, b) == Less);
335 /// Sorts the slice with a key extraction function.
337 /// This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements) and *O*(*m* \* *n* \* log(*n*))
338 /// worst-case, where the key function is *O*(*m*).
340 /// For expensive key functions (e.g. functions that are not simple property accesses or
341 /// basic operations), [`sort_by_cached_key`](slice::sort_by_cached_key) is likely to be
342 /// significantly faster, as it does not recompute element keys.
344 /// When applicable, unstable sorting is preferred because it is generally faster than stable
345 /// sorting and it doesn't allocate auxiliary memory.
346 /// See [`sort_unstable_by_key`](slice::sort_unstable_by_key).
348 /// # Current implementation
350 /// The current algorithm is an adaptive, iterative merge sort inspired by
351 /// [timsort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsort).
352 /// It is designed to be very fast in cases where the slice is nearly sorted, or consists of
353 /// two or more sorted sequences concatenated one after another.
355 /// Also, it allocates temporary storage half the size of `self`, but for short slices a
356 /// non-allocating insertion sort is used instead.
361 /// let mut v = [-5i32, 4, 1, -3, 2];
363 /// v.sort_by_key(|k| k.abs());
364 /// assert!(v == [1, 2, -3, 4, -5]);
366 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
367 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
368 #[stable(feature = "slice_sort_by_key", since = "1.7.0")]
370 pub fn sort_by_key<K, F>(&mut self, mut f: F)
375 merge_sort(self, |a, b| f(a).lt(&f(b)));
378 /// Sorts the slice with a key extraction function.
380 /// During sorting, the key function is called at most once per element, by using
381 /// temporary storage to remember the results of key evaluation.
382 /// The order of calls to the key function is unspecified and may change in future versions
383 /// of the standard library.
385 /// This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements) and *O*(*m* \* *n* + *n* \* log(*n*))
386 /// worst-case, where the key function is *O*(*m*).
388 /// For simple key functions (e.g., functions that are property accesses or
389 /// basic operations), [`sort_by_key`](slice::sort_by_key) is likely to be
392 /// # Current implementation
394 /// The current algorithm is based on [pattern-defeating quicksort][pdqsort] by Orson Peters,
395 /// which combines the fast average case of randomized quicksort with the fast worst case of
396 /// heapsort, while achieving linear time on slices with certain patterns. It uses some
397 /// randomization to avoid degenerate cases, but with a fixed seed to always provide
398 /// deterministic behavior.
400 /// In the worst case, the algorithm allocates temporary storage in a `Vec<(K, usize)>` the
401 /// length of the slice.
406 /// let mut v = [-5i32, 4, 32, -3, 2];
408 /// v.sort_by_cached_key(|k| k.to_string());
409 /// assert!(v == [-3, -5, 2, 32, 4]);
412 /// [pdqsort]: https://github.com/orlp/pdqsort
413 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
414 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
415 #[stable(feature = "slice_sort_by_cached_key", since = "1.34.0")]
417 pub fn sort_by_cached_key<K, F>(&mut self, f: F)
422 // Helper macro for indexing our vector by the smallest possible type, to reduce allocation.
423 macro_rules! sort_by_key {
424 ($t:ty, $slice:ident, $f:ident) => {{
425 let mut indices: Vec<_> =
426 $slice.iter().map($f).enumerate().map(|(i, k)| (k, i as $t)).collect();
427 // The elements of `indices` are unique, as they are indexed, so any sort will be
428 // stable with respect to the original slice. We use `sort_unstable` here because
429 // it requires less memory allocation.
430 indices.sort_unstable();
431 for i in 0..$slice.len() {
432 let mut index = indices[i].1;
433 while (index as usize) < i {
434 index = indices[index as usize].1;
436 indices[i].1 = index;
437 $slice.swap(i, index as usize);
442 let sz_u8 = mem::size_of::<(K, u8)>();
443 let sz_u16 = mem::size_of::<(K, u16)>();
444 let sz_u32 = mem::size_of::<(K, u32)>();
445 let sz_usize = mem::size_of::<(K, usize)>();
447 let len = self.len();
451 if sz_u8 < sz_u16 && len <= (u8::MAX as usize) {
452 return sort_by_key!(u8, self, f);
454 if sz_u16 < sz_u32 && len <= (u16::MAX as usize) {
455 return sort_by_key!(u16, self, f);
457 if sz_u32 < sz_usize && len <= (u32::MAX as usize) {
458 return sort_by_key!(u32, self, f);
460 sort_by_key!(usize, self, f)
463 /// Copies `self` into a new `Vec`.
468 /// let s = [10, 40, 30];
469 /// let x = s.to_vec();
470 /// // Here, `s` and `x` can be modified independently.
472 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
473 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
474 #[rustc_conversion_suggestion]
475 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
477 pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<T>
481 self.to_vec_in(Global)
484 /// Copies `self` into a new `Vec` with an allocator.
489 /// #![feature(allocator_api)]
491 /// use std::alloc::System;
493 /// let s = [10, 40, 30];
494 /// let x = s.to_vec_in(System);
495 /// // Here, `s` and `x` can be modified independently.
497 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
498 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
500 #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
501 pub fn to_vec_in<A: Allocator>(&self, alloc: A) -> Vec<T, A>
505 // N.B., see the `hack` module in this file for more details.
506 hack::to_vec(self, alloc)
509 /// Converts `self` into a vector without clones or allocation.
511 /// The resulting vector can be converted back into a box via
512 /// `Vec<T>`'s `into_boxed_slice` method.
517 /// let s: Box<[i32]> = Box::new([10, 40, 30]);
518 /// let x = s.into_vec();
519 /// // `s` cannot be used anymore because it has been converted into `x`.
521 /// assert_eq!(x, vec![10, 40, 30]);
523 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
524 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
526 pub fn into_vec<A: Allocator>(self: Box<Self, A>) -> Vec<T, A> {
527 // N.B., see the `hack` module in this file for more details.
531 /// Creates a vector by repeating a slice `n` times.
535 /// This function will panic if the capacity would overflow.
542 /// assert_eq!([1, 2].repeat(3), vec![1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]);
545 /// A panic upon overflow:
548 /// // this will panic at runtime
549 /// b"0123456789abcdef".repeat(usize::MAX);
551 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
552 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
553 #[stable(feature = "repeat_generic_slice", since = "1.40.0")]
554 pub fn repeat(&self, n: usize) -> Vec<T>
562 // If `n` is larger than zero, it can be split as
563 // `n = 2^expn + rem (2^expn > rem, expn >= 0, rem >= 0)`.
564 // `2^expn` is the number represented by the leftmost '1' bit of `n`,
565 // and `rem` is the remaining part of `n`.
567 // Using `Vec` to access `set_len()`.
568 let capacity = self.len().checked_mul(n).expect("capacity overflow");
569 let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(capacity);
571 // `2^expn` repetition is done by doubling `buf` `expn`-times.
575 // If `m > 0`, there are remaining bits up to the leftmost '1'.
577 // `buf.extend(buf)`:
579 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
581 (buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut T).add(buf.len()),
584 // `buf` has capacity of `self.len() * n`.
585 let buf_len = buf.len();
586 buf.set_len(buf_len * 2);
593 // `rem` (`= n - 2^expn`) repetition is done by copying
594 // first `rem` repetitions from `buf` itself.
595 let rem_len = capacity - buf.len(); // `self.len() * rem`
597 // `buf.extend(buf[0 .. rem_len])`:
599 // This is non-overlapping since `2^expn > rem`.
600 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
602 (buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut T).add(buf.len()),
605 // `buf.len() + rem_len` equals to `buf.capacity()` (`= self.len() * n`).
606 buf.set_len(capacity);
612 /// Flattens a slice of `T` into a single value `Self::Output`.
617 /// assert_eq!(["hello", "world"].concat(), "helloworld");
618 /// assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].concat(), [1, 2, 3, 4]);
620 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
621 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
622 pub fn concat<Item: ?Sized>(&self) -> <Self as Concat<Item>>::Output
629 /// Flattens a slice of `T` into a single value `Self::Output`, placing a
630 /// given separator between each.
635 /// assert_eq!(["hello", "world"].join(" "), "hello world");
636 /// assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].join(&0), [1, 2, 0, 3, 4]);
637 /// assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].join(&[0, 0][..]), [1, 2, 0, 0, 3, 4]);
639 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
640 #[stable(feature = "rename_connect_to_join", since = "1.3.0")]
641 pub fn join<Separator>(&self, sep: Separator) -> <Self as Join<Separator>>::Output
643 Self: Join<Separator>,
645 Join::join(self, sep)
648 /// Flattens a slice of `T` into a single value `Self::Output`, placing a
649 /// given separator between each.
654 /// # #![allow(deprecated)]
655 /// assert_eq!(["hello", "world"].connect(" "), "hello world");
656 /// assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].connect(&0), [1, 2, 0, 3, 4]);
658 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
659 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
660 #[deprecated(since = "1.3.0", note = "renamed to join")]
661 pub fn connect<Separator>(&self, sep: Separator) -> <Self as Join<Separator>>::Output
663 Self: Join<Separator>,
665 Join::join(self, sep)
671 /// Returns a vector containing a copy of this slice where each byte
672 /// is mapped to its ASCII upper case equivalent.
674 /// ASCII letters 'a' to 'z' are mapped to 'A' to 'Z',
675 /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
677 /// To uppercase the value in-place, use [`make_ascii_uppercase`].
679 /// [`make_ascii_uppercase`]: slice::make_ascii_uppercase
680 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
681 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
682 #[must_use = "this returns the uppercase bytes as a new Vec, \
683 without modifying the original"]
684 #[stable(feature = "ascii_methods_on_intrinsics", since = "1.23.0")]
686 pub fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
687 let mut me = self.to_vec();
688 me.make_ascii_uppercase();
692 /// Returns a vector containing a copy of this slice where each byte
693 /// is mapped to its ASCII lower case equivalent.
695 /// ASCII letters 'A' to 'Z' are mapped to 'a' to 'z',
696 /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
698 /// To lowercase the value in-place, use [`make_ascii_lowercase`].
700 /// [`make_ascii_lowercase`]: slice::make_ascii_lowercase
701 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
702 #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
703 #[must_use = "this returns the lowercase bytes as a new Vec, \
704 without modifying the original"]
705 #[stable(feature = "ascii_methods_on_intrinsics", since = "1.23.0")]
707 pub fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
708 let mut me = self.to_vec();
709 me.make_ascii_lowercase();
714 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
715 // Extension traits for slices over specific kinds of data
716 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
718 /// Helper trait for [`[T]::concat`](slice::concat).
720 /// Note: the `Item` type parameter is not used in this trait,
721 /// but it allows impls to be more generic.
722 /// Without it, we get this error:
725 /// error[E0207]: the type parameter `T` is not constrained by the impl trait, self type, or predica
726 /// --> src/liballoc/slice.rs:608:6
728 /// 608 | impl<T: Clone, V: Borrow<[T]>> Concat for [V] {
729 /// | ^ unconstrained type parameter
732 /// This is because there could exist `V` types with multiple `Borrow<[_]>` impls,
733 /// such that multiple `T` types would apply:
736 /// # #[allow(dead_code)]
737 /// pub struct Foo(Vec<u32>, Vec<String>);
739 /// impl std::borrow::Borrow<[u32]> for Foo {
740 /// fn borrow(&self) -> &[u32] { &self.0 }
743 /// impl std::borrow::Borrow<[String]> for Foo {
744 /// fn borrow(&self) -> &[String] { &self.1 }
747 #[unstable(feature = "slice_concat_trait", issue = "27747")]
748 pub trait Concat<Item: ?Sized> {
749 #[unstable(feature = "slice_concat_trait", issue = "27747")]
750 /// The resulting type after concatenation
753 /// Implementation of [`[T]::concat`](slice::concat)
754 #[unstable(feature = "slice_concat_trait", issue = "27747")]
755 fn concat(slice: &Self) -> Self::Output;
758 /// Helper trait for [`[T]::join`](slice::join)
759 #[unstable(feature = "slice_concat_trait", issue = "27747")]
760 pub trait Join<Separator> {
761 #[unstable(feature = "slice_concat_trait", issue = "27747")]
762 /// The resulting type after concatenation
765 /// Implementation of [`[T]::join`](slice::join)
766 #[unstable(feature = "slice_concat_trait", issue = "27747")]
767 fn join(slice: &Self, sep: Separator) -> Self::Output;
770 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
771 #[unstable(feature = "slice_concat_ext", issue = "27747")]
772 impl<T: Clone, V: Borrow<[T]>> Concat<T> for [V] {
773 type Output = Vec<T>;
775 fn concat(slice: &Self) -> Vec<T> {
776 let size = slice.iter().map(|slice| slice.borrow().len()).sum();
777 let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(size);
779 result.extend_from_slice(v.borrow())
785 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
786 #[unstable(feature = "slice_concat_ext", issue = "27747")]
787 impl<T: Clone, V: Borrow<[T]>> Join<&T> for [V] {
788 type Output = Vec<T>;
790 fn join(slice: &Self, sep: &T) -> Vec<T> {
791 let mut iter = slice.iter();
792 let first = match iter.next() {
793 Some(first) => first,
794 None => return vec![],
796 let size = slice.iter().map(|v| v.borrow().len()).sum::<usize>() + slice.len() - 1;
797 let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(size);
798 result.extend_from_slice(first.borrow());
801 result.push(sep.clone());
802 result.extend_from_slice(v.borrow())
808 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
809 #[unstable(feature = "slice_concat_ext", issue = "27747")]
810 impl<T: Clone, V: Borrow<[T]>> Join<&[T]> for [V] {
811 type Output = Vec<T>;
813 fn join(slice: &Self, sep: &[T]) -> Vec<T> {
814 let mut iter = slice.iter();
815 let first = match iter.next() {
816 Some(first) => first,
817 None => return vec![],
820 slice.iter().map(|v| v.borrow().len()).sum::<usize>() + sep.len() * (slice.len() - 1);
821 let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(size);
822 result.extend_from_slice(first.borrow());
825 result.extend_from_slice(sep);
826 result.extend_from_slice(v.borrow())
832 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
833 // Standard trait implementations for slices
834 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
836 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
837 impl<T> Borrow<[T]> for Vec<T> {
838 fn borrow(&self) -> &[T] {
843 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
844 impl<T> BorrowMut<[T]> for Vec<T> {
845 fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
850 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
851 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
852 impl<T: Clone> ToOwned for [T] {
855 fn to_owned(&self) -> Vec<T> {
860 fn to_owned(&self) -> Vec<T> {
861 hack::to_vec(self, Global)
864 fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut Vec<T>) {
865 // drop anything in target that will not be overwritten
866 target.truncate(self.len());
868 // target.len <= self.len due to the truncate above, so the
869 // slices here are always in-bounds.
870 let (init, tail) = self.split_at(target.len());
872 // reuse the contained values' allocations/resources.
873 target.clone_from_slice(init);
874 target.extend_from_slice(tail);
878 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
880 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
882 /// Inserts `v[0]` into pre-sorted sequence `v[1..]` so that whole `v[..]` becomes sorted.
884 /// This is the integral subroutine of insertion sort.
885 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
886 fn insert_head<T, F>(v: &mut [T], is_less: &mut F)
888 F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> bool,
890 if v.len() >= 2 && is_less(&v[1], &v[0]) {
892 // There are three ways to implement insertion here:
894 // 1. Swap adjacent elements until the first one gets to its final destination.
895 // However, this way we copy data around more than is necessary. If elements are big
896 // structures (costly to copy), this method will be slow.
898 // 2. Iterate until the right place for the first element is found. Then shift the
899 // elements succeeding it to make room for it and finally place it into the
900 // remaining hole. This is a good method.
902 // 3. Copy the first element into a temporary variable. Iterate until the right place
903 // for it is found. As we go along, copy every traversed element into the slot
904 // preceding it. Finally, copy data from the temporary variable into the remaining
905 // hole. This method is very good. Benchmarks demonstrated slightly better
906 // performance than with the 2nd method.
908 // All methods were benchmarked, and the 3rd showed best results. So we chose that one.
909 let tmp = mem::ManuallyDrop::new(ptr::read(&v[0]));
911 // Intermediate state of the insertion process is always tracked by `hole`, which
912 // serves two purposes:
913 // 1. Protects integrity of `v` from panics in `is_less`.
914 // 2. Fills the remaining hole in `v` in the end.
918 // If `is_less` panics at any point during the process, `hole` will get dropped and
919 // fill the hole in `v` with `tmp`, thus ensuring that `v` still holds every object it
920 // initially held exactly once.
921 let mut hole = InsertionHole { src: &*tmp, dest: &mut v[1] };
922 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(&v[1], &mut v[0], 1);
924 for i in 2..v.len() {
925 if !is_less(&v[i], &*tmp) {
928 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(&v[i], &mut v[i - 1], 1);
929 hole.dest = &mut v[i];
931 // `hole` gets dropped and thus copies `tmp` into the remaining hole in `v`.
935 // When dropped, copies from `src` into `dest`.
936 struct InsertionHole<T> {
941 impl<T> Drop for InsertionHole<T> {
944 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(self.src, self.dest, 1);
950 /// Merges non-decreasing runs `v[..mid]` and `v[mid..]` using `buf` as temporary storage, and
951 /// stores the result into `v[..]`.
955 /// The two slices must be non-empty and `mid` must be in bounds. Buffer `buf` must be long enough
956 /// to hold a copy of the shorter slice. Also, `T` must not be a zero-sized type.
957 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
958 unsafe fn merge<T, F>(v: &mut [T], mid: usize, buf: *mut T, is_less: &mut F)
960 F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> bool,
963 let v = v.as_mut_ptr();
964 let (v_mid, v_end) = unsafe { (v.add(mid), v.add(len)) };
966 // The merge process first copies the shorter run into `buf`. Then it traces the newly copied
967 // run and the longer run forwards (or backwards), comparing their next unconsumed elements and
968 // copying the lesser (or greater) one into `v`.
970 // As soon as the shorter run is fully consumed, the process is done. If the longer run gets
971 // consumed first, then we must copy whatever is left of the shorter run into the remaining
974 // Intermediate state of the process is always tracked by `hole`, which serves two purposes:
975 // 1. Protects integrity of `v` from panics in `is_less`.
976 // 2. Fills the remaining hole in `v` if the longer run gets consumed first.
980 // If `is_less` panics at any point during the process, `hole` will get dropped and fill the
981 // hole in `v` with the unconsumed range in `buf`, thus ensuring that `v` still holds every
982 // object it initially held exactly once.
985 if mid <= len - mid {
986 // The left run is shorter.
988 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(v, buf, mid);
989 hole = MergeHole { start: buf, end: buf.add(mid), dest: v };
992 // Initially, these pointers point to the beginnings of their arrays.
993 let left = &mut hole.start;
994 let mut right = v_mid;
995 let out = &mut hole.dest;
997 while *left < hole.end && right < v_end {
998 // Consume the lesser side.
999 // If equal, prefer the left run to maintain stability.
1001 let to_copy = if is_less(&*right, &**left) {
1002 get_and_increment(&mut right)
1004 get_and_increment(left)
1006 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(to_copy, get_and_increment(out), 1);
1010 // The right run is shorter.
1012 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(v_mid, buf, len - mid);
1013 hole = MergeHole { start: buf, end: buf.add(len - mid), dest: v_mid };
1016 // Initially, these pointers point past the ends of their arrays.
1017 let left = &mut hole.dest;
1018 let right = &mut hole.end;
1019 let mut out = v_end;
1021 while v < *left && buf < *right {
1022 // Consume the greater side.
1023 // If equal, prefer the right run to maintain stability.
1025 let to_copy = if is_less(&*right.offset(-1), &*left.offset(-1)) {
1026 decrement_and_get(left)
1028 decrement_and_get(right)
1030 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(to_copy, decrement_and_get(&mut out), 1);
1034 // Finally, `hole` gets dropped. If the shorter run was not fully consumed, whatever remains of
1035 // it will now be copied into the hole in `v`.
1037 unsafe fn get_and_increment<T>(ptr: &mut *mut T) -> *mut T {
1039 *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(1) };
1043 unsafe fn decrement_and_get<T>(ptr: &mut *mut T) -> *mut T {
1044 *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(-1) };
1048 // When dropped, copies the range `start..end` into `dest..`.
1049 struct MergeHole<T> {
1055 impl<T> Drop for MergeHole<T> {
1056 fn drop(&mut self) {
1057 // `T` is not a zero-sized type, and these are pointers into a slice's elements.
1059 let len = self.end.sub_ptr(self.start);
1060 ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(self.start, self.dest, len);
1066 /// This merge sort borrows some (but not all) ideas from TimSort, which is described in detail
1067 /// [here](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Objects/listsort.txt).
1069 /// The algorithm identifies strictly descending and non-descending subsequences, which are called
1070 /// natural runs. There is a stack of pending runs yet to be merged. Each newly found run is pushed
1071 /// onto the stack, and then some pairs of adjacent runs are merged until these two invariants are
1074 /// 1. for every `i` in `1..runs.len()`: `runs[i - 1].len > runs[i].len`
1075 /// 2. for every `i` in `2..runs.len()`: `runs[i - 2].len > runs[i - 1].len + runs[i].len`
1077 /// The invariants ensure that the total running time is *O*(*n* \* log(*n*)) worst-case.
1078 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
1079 fn merge_sort<T, F>(v: &mut [T], mut is_less: F)
1081 F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> bool,
1083 // Slices of up to this length get sorted using insertion sort.
1084 const MAX_INSERTION: usize = 20;
1085 // Very short runs are extended using insertion sort to span at least this many elements.
1086 const MIN_RUN: usize = 10;
1088 // Sorting has no meaningful behavior on zero-sized types.
1089 if size_of::<T>() == 0 {
1095 // Short arrays get sorted in-place via insertion sort to avoid allocations.
1096 if len <= MAX_INSERTION {
1098 for i in (0..len - 1).rev() {
1099 insert_head(&mut v[i..], &mut is_less);
1105 // Allocate a buffer to use as scratch memory. We keep the length 0 so we can keep in it
1106 // shallow copies of the contents of `v` without risking the dtors running on copies if
1107 // `is_less` panics. When merging two sorted runs, this buffer holds a copy of the shorter run,
1108 // which will always have length at most `len / 2`.
1109 let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(len / 2);
1111 // In order to identify natural runs in `v`, we traverse it backwards. That might seem like a
1112 // strange decision, but consider the fact that merges more often go in the opposite direction
1113 // (forwards). According to benchmarks, merging forwards is slightly faster than merging
1114 // backwards. To conclude, identifying runs by traversing backwards improves performance.
1115 let mut runs = vec![];
1118 // Find the next natural run, and reverse it if it's strictly descending.
1119 let mut start = end - 1;
1123 if is_less(v.get_unchecked(start + 1), v.get_unchecked(start)) {
1124 while start > 0 && is_less(v.get_unchecked(start), v.get_unchecked(start - 1)) {
1127 v[start..end].reverse();
1129 while start > 0 && !is_less(v.get_unchecked(start), v.get_unchecked(start - 1))
1137 // Insert some more elements into the run if it's too short. Insertion sort is faster than
1138 // merge sort on short sequences, so this significantly improves performance.
1139 while start > 0 && end - start < MIN_RUN {
1141 insert_head(&mut v[start..end], &mut is_less);
1144 // Push this run onto the stack.
1145 runs.push(Run { start, len: end - start });
1148 // Merge some pairs of adjacent runs to satisfy the invariants.
1149 while let Some(r) = collapse(&runs) {
1150 let left = runs[r + 1];
1151 let right = runs[r];
1154 &mut v[left.start..right.start + right.len],
1160 runs[r] = Run { start: left.start, len: left.len + right.len };
1165 // Finally, exactly one run must remain in the stack.
1166 debug_assert!(runs.len() == 1 && runs[0].start == 0 && runs[0].len == len);
1168 // Examines the stack of runs and identifies the next pair of runs to merge. More specifically,
1169 // if `Some(r)` is returned, that means `runs[r]` and `runs[r + 1]` must be merged next. If the
1170 // algorithm should continue building a new run instead, `None` is returned.
1172 // TimSort is infamous for its buggy implementations, as described here:
1173 // http://envisage-project.eu/timsort-specification-and-verification/
1175 // The gist of the story is: we must enforce the invariants on the top four runs on the stack.
1176 // Enforcing them on just top three is not sufficient to ensure that the invariants will still
1177 // hold for *all* runs in the stack.
1179 // This function correctly checks invariants for the top four runs. Additionally, if the top
1180 // run starts at index 0, it will always demand a merge operation until the stack is fully
1181 // collapsed, in order to complete the sort.
1183 fn collapse(runs: &[Run]) -> Option<usize> {
1186 && (runs[n - 1].start == 0
1187 || runs[n - 2].len <= runs[n - 1].len
1188 || (n >= 3 && runs[n - 3].len <= runs[n - 2].len + runs[n - 1].len)
1189 || (n >= 4 && runs[n - 4].len <= runs[n - 3].len + runs[n - 2].len))
1191 if n >= 3 && runs[n - 3].len < runs[n - 1].len { Some(n - 3) } else { Some(n - 2) }
1197 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]