compiler/rustc_typeck/src/check/cast.rs

   1 //! Code for type-checking cast expressions.
   2 //!
   3 //! A cast `e as U` is valid if one of the following holds:
   4 //! * `e` has type `T` and `T` coerces to `U`; *coercion-cast*
   5 //! * `e` has type `*T`, `U` is `*U_0`, and either `U_0: Sized` or
   6 //!    pointer_kind(`T`) = pointer_kind(`U_0`); *ptr-ptr-cast*
   7 //! * `e` has type `*T` and `U` is a numeric type, while `T: Sized`; *ptr-addr-cast*
   8 //! * `e` is an integer and `U` is `*U_0`, while `U_0: Sized`; *addr-ptr-cast*
   9 //! * `e` has type `T` and `T` and `U` are any numeric types; *numeric-cast*
  10 //! * `e` is a C-like enum and `U` is an integer type; *enum-cast*
  11 //! * `e` has type `bool` or `char` and `U` is an integer; *prim-int-cast*
  12 //! * `e` has type `u8` and `U` is `char`; *u8-char-cast*
  13 //! * `e` has type `&[T; n]` and `U` is `*const T`; *array-ptr-cast*
  14 //! * `e` is a function pointer type and `U` has type `*T`,
  15 //!   while `T: Sized`; *fptr-ptr-cast*
  16 //! * `e` is a function pointer type and `U` is an integer; *fptr-addr-cast*
  17 //!
  18 //! where `&.T` and `*T` are references of either mutability,
  19 //! and where pointer_kind(`T`) is the kind of the unsize info
  20 //! in `T` - the vtable for a trait definition (e.g., `fmt::Display` or
  21 //! `Iterator`, not `Iterator<Item=u8>`) or a length (or `()` if `T: Sized`).
  22 //!
  23 //! Note that lengths are not adjusted when casting raw slices -
  24 //! `T: *const [u16] as *const [u8]` creates a slice that only includes
  25 //! half of the original memory.
  26 //!
  27 //! Casting is not transitive, that is, even if `e as U1 as U2` is a valid
  28 //! expression, `e as U2` is not necessarily so (in fact it will only be valid if
  29 //! `U1` coerces to `U2`).
  30
  31 use super::FnCtxt;
  32
  33 use crate::hir::def_id::DefId;
  34 use crate::type_error_struct;
  35 use rustc_errors::{struct_span_err, Applicability, DiagnosticBuilder, ErrorReported};
  36 use rustc_hir as hir;
  37 use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
  38 use rustc_middle::mir::Mutability;
  39 use rustc_middle::ty::adjustment::AllowTwoPhase;
  40 use rustc_middle::ty::cast::{CastKind, CastTy};
  41 use rustc_middle::ty::error::TypeError;
  42 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::SubstsRef;
  43 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TypeAndMut, TypeFoldable};
  44 use rustc_session::lint;
  45 use rustc_session::Session;
  46 use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
  47 use rustc_span::Span;
  48 use rustc_trait_selection::traits;
  49 use rustc_trait_selection::traits::error_reporting::report_object_safety_error;
  50
  51 /// Reifies a cast check to be checked once we have full type information for
  52 /// a function context.
  53 pub struct CastCheck<'tcx> {
  54     expr: &'tcx hir::Expr<'tcx>,
  55     expr_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
  56     cast_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
  57     cast_span: Span,
  58     span: Span,
  59 }
  60
  61 /// The kind of pointer and associated metadata (thin, length or vtable) - we
  62 /// only allow casts between fat pointers if their metadata have the same
  63 /// kind.
  64 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
  65 enum PointerKind<'tcx> {
  66     /// No metadata attached, ie pointer to sized type or foreign type
  67     Thin,
  68     /// A trait object
  69     Vtable(Option<DefId>),
  70     /// Slice
  71     Length,
  72     /// The unsize info of this projection
  73     OfProjection(&'tcx ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>),
  74     /// The unsize info of this opaque ty
  75     OfOpaque(DefId, SubstsRef<'tcx>),
  76     /// The unsize info of this parameter
  77     OfParam(&'tcx ty::ParamTy),
  78 }
  79
  80 impl<'a, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
  81     /// Returns the kind of unsize information of t, or None
  82     /// if t is unknown.
  83     fn pointer_kind(
  84         &self,
  85         t: Ty<'tcx>,
  86         span: Span,
  87     ) -> Result<Option<PointerKind<'tcx>>, ErrorReported> {
  88         debug!("pointer_kind({:?}, {:?})", t, span);
  89
  90         let t = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(t);
  91
  92         if t.references_error() {
  93             return Err(ErrorReported);
  94         }
  95
  96         if self.type_is_known_to_be_sized_modulo_regions(t, span) {
  97             return Ok(Some(PointerKind::Thin));
  98         }
  99
 100         Ok(match *t.kind() {
 101             ty::Slice(_) | ty::Str => Some(PointerKind::Length),
 102             ty::Dynamic(ref tty, ..) => Some(PointerKind::Vtable(tty.principal_def_id())),
 103             ty::Adt(def, substs) if def.is_struct() => match def.non_enum_variant().fields.last() {
 104                 None => Some(PointerKind::Thin),
 105                 Some(f) => {
 106                     let field_ty = self.field_ty(span, f, substs);
 107                     self.pointer_kind(field_ty, span)?
 108                 }
 109             },
 110             ty::Tuple(fields) => match fields.last() {
 111                 None => Some(PointerKind::Thin),
 112                 Some(f) => self.pointer_kind(f.expect_ty(), span)?,
 113             },
 114
 115             // Pointers to foreign types are thin, despite being unsized
 116             ty::Foreign(..) => Some(PointerKind::Thin),
 117             // We should really try to normalize here.
 118             ty::Projection(ref pi) => Some(PointerKind::OfProjection(pi)),
 119             ty::Opaque(def_id, substs) => Some(PointerKind::OfOpaque(def_id, substs)),
 120             ty::Param(ref p) => Some(PointerKind::OfParam(p)),
 121             // Insufficient type information.
 122             ty::Placeholder(..) | ty::Bound(..) | ty::Infer(_) => None,
 123
 124             ty::Bool
 125             | ty::Char
 126             | ty::Int(..)
 127             | ty::Uint(..)
 128             | ty::Float(_)
 129             | ty::Array(..)
 130             | ty::GeneratorWitness(..)
 131             | ty::RawPtr(_)
 132             | ty::Ref(..)
 133             | ty::FnDef(..)
 134             | ty::FnPtr(..)
 135             | ty::Closure(..)
 136             | ty::Generator(..)
 137             | ty::Adt(..)
 138             | ty::Never
 139             | ty::Error(_) => {
 140                 self.tcx
 141                     .sess
 142                     .delay_span_bug(span, &format!("`{:?}` should be sized but is not?", t));
 143                 return Err(ErrorReported);
 144             }
 145         })
 146     }
 147 }
 148
 149 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 150 pub enum CastError {
 151     ErrorReported,
 152
 153     CastToBool,
 154     CastToChar,
 155     DifferingKinds,
 156     /// Cast of thin to fat raw ptr (e.g., `*const () as *const [u8]`).
 157     SizedUnsizedCast,
 158     IllegalCast,
 159     NeedDeref,
 160     NeedViaPtr,
 161     NeedViaThinPtr,
 162     NeedViaInt,
 163     NonScalar,
 164     UnknownExprPtrKind,
 165     UnknownCastPtrKind,
 166 }
 167
 168 impl From<ErrorReported> for CastError {
 169     fn from(ErrorReported: ErrorReported) -> Self {
 170         CastError::ErrorReported
 171     }
 172 }
 173
 174 fn make_invalid_casting_error<'a, 'tcx>(
 175     sess: &'a Session,
 176     span: Span,
 177     expr_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
 178     cast_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
 179     fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
 180 ) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'a> {
 181     type_error_struct!(
 182         sess,
 183         span,
 184         expr_ty,
 185         E0606,
 186         "casting `{}` as `{}` is invalid",
 187         fcx.ty_to_string(expr_ty),
 188         fcx.ty_to_string(cast_ty)
 189     )
 190 }
 191
 192 impl<'a, 'tcx> CastCheck<'tcx> {
 193     pub fn new(
 194         fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
 195         expr: &'tcx hir::Expr<'tcx>,
 196         expr_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
 197         cast_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
 198         cast_span: Span,
 199         span: Span,
 200     ) -> Result<CastCheck<'tcx>, ErrorReported> {
 201         let check = CastCheck { expr, expr_ty, cast_ty, cast_span, span };
 202
 203         // For better error messages, check for some obviously unsized
 204         // cases now. We do a more thorough check at the end, once
 205         // inference is more completely known.
 206         match cast_ty.kind() {
 207             ty::Dynamic(..) | ty::Slice(..) => {
 208                 check.report_cast_to_unsized_type(fcx);
 209                 Err(ErrorReported)
 210             }
 211             _ => Ok(check),
 212         }
 213     }
 214
 215     fn report_cast_error(&self, fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>, e: CastError) {
 216         match e {
 217             CastError::ErrorReported => {
 218                 // an error has already been reported
 219             }
 220             CastError::NeedDeref => {
 221                 let error_span = self.span;
 222                 let mut err = make_invalid_casting_error(
 223                     fcx.tcx.sess,
 224                     self.span,
 225                     self.expr_ty,
 226                     self.cast_ty,
 227                     fcx,
 228                 );
 229                 let cast_ty = fcx.ty_to_string(self.cast_ty);
 230                 err.span_label(
 231                     error_span,
 232                     format!("cannot cast `{}` as `{}`", fcx.ty_to_string(self.expr_ty), cast_ty),
 233                 );
 234                 if let Ok(snippet) = fcx.sess().source_map().span_to_snippet(self.expr.span) {
 235                     err.span_suggestion(
 236                         self.expr.span,
 237                         "dereference the expression",
 238                         format!("*{}", snippet),
 239                         Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
 240                     );
 241                 } else {
 242                     err.span_help(self.expr.span, "dereference the expression with `*`");
 243                 }
 244                 err.emit();
 245             }
 246             CastError::NeedViaThinPtr | CastError::NeedViaPtr => {
 247                 let mut err = make_invalid_casting_error(
 248                     fcx.tcx.sess,
 249                     self.span,
 250                     self.expr_ty,
 251                     self.cast_ty,
 252                     fcx,
 253                 );
 254                 if self.cast_ty.is_integral() {
 255                     err.help(&format!(
 256                         "cast through {} first",
 257                         match e {
 258                             CastError::NeedViaPtr => "a raw pointer",
 259                             CastError::NeedViaThinPtr => "a thin pointer",
 260                             _ => bug!(),
 261                         }
 262                     ));
 263                 }
 264                 err.emit();
 265             }
 266             CastError::NeedViaInt => {
 267                 make_invalid_casting_error(
 268                     fcx.tcx.sess,
 269                     self.span,
 270                     self.expr_ty,
 271                     self.cast_ty,
 272                     fcx,
 273                 )
 274                 .help(&format!(
 275                     "cast through {} first",
 276                     match e {
 277                         CastError::NeedViaInt => "an integer",
 278                         _ => bug!(),
 279                     }
 280                 ))
 281                 .emit();
 282             }
 283             CastError::IllegalCast => {
 284                 make_invalid_casting_error(
 285                     fcx.tcx.sess,
 286                     self.span,
 287                     self.expr_ty,
 288                     self.cast_ty,
 289                     fcx,
 290                 )
 291                 .emit();
 292             }
 293             CastError::DifferingKinds => {
 294                 make_invalid_casting_error(
 295                     fcx.tcx.sess,
 296                     self.span,
 297                     self.expr_ty,
 298                     self.cast_ty,
 299                     fcx,
 300                 )
 301                 .note("vtable kinds may not match")
 302                 .emit();
 303             }
 304             CastError::CastToBool => {
 305                 let mut err =
 306                     struct_span_err!(fcx.tcx.sess, self.span, E0054, "cannot cast as `bool`");
 307
 308                 if self.expr_ty.is_numeric() {
 309                     match fcx.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(self.expr.span) {
 310                         Ok(snippet) => {
 311                             err.span_suggestion(
 312                                 self.span,
 313                                 "compare with zero instead",
 314                                 format!("{} != 0", snippet),
 315                                 Applicability::MachineApplicable,
 316                             );
 317                         }
 318                         Err(_) => {
 319                             err.span_help(self.span, "compare with zero instead");
 320                         }
 321                     }
 322                 } else {
 323                     err.span_label(self.span, "unsupported cast");
 324                 }
 325
 326                 err.emit();
 327             }
 328             CastError::CastToChar => {
 329                 type_error_struct!(
 330                     fcx.tcx.sess,
 331                     self.span,
 332                     self.expr_ty,
 333                     E0604,
 334                     "only `u8` can be cast as `char`, not `{}`",
 335                     self.expr_ty
 336                 )
 337                 .span_label(self.span, "invalid cast")
 338                 .emit();
 339             }
 340             CastError::NonScalar => {
 341                 let mut err = type_error_struct!(
 342                     fcx.tcx.sess,
 343                     self.span,
 344                     self.expr_ty,
 345                     E0605,
 346                     "non-primitive cast: `{}` as `{}`",
 347                     self.expr_ty,
 348                     fcx.ty_to_string(self.cast_ty)
 349                 );
 350                 let mut sugg = None;
 351                 let mut sugg_mutref = false;
 352                 if let ty::Ref(reg, _, mutbl) = *self.cast_ty.kind() {
 353                     if let ty::RawPtr(TypeAndMut { ty: expr_ty, .. }) = *self.expr_ty.kind() {
 354                         if fcx
 355                             .try_coerce(
 356                                 self.expr,
 357                                 fcx.tcx.mk_ref(
 358                                     &ty::RegionKind::ReErased,
 359                                     TypeAndMut { ty: expr_ty, mutbl },
 360                                 ),
 361                                 self.cast_ty,
 362                                 AllowTwoPhase::No,
 363                             )
 364                             .is_ok()
 365                         {
 366                             sugg = Some(format!("&{}*", mutbl.prefix_str()));
 367                         }
 368                     } else if let ty::Ref(expr_reg, expr_ty, expr_mutbl) = *self.expr_ty.kind() {
 369                         if expr_mutbl == Mutability::Not
 370                             && mutbl == Mutability::Mut
 371                             && fcx
 372                                 .try_coerce(
 373                                     self.expr,
 374                                     fcx.tcx.mk_ref(
 375                                         expr_reg,
 376                                         TypeAndMut { ty: expr_ty, mutbl: Mutability::Mut },
 377                                     ),
 378                                     self.cast_ty,
 379                                     AllowTwoPhase::No,
 380                                 )
 381                                 .is_ok()
 382                         {
 383                             sugg_mutref = true;
 384                         }
 385                     }
 386
 387                     if !sugg_mutref
 388                         && sugg == None
 389                         && fcx
 390                             .try_coerce(
 391                                 self.expr,
 392                                 fcx.tcx.mk_ref(reg, TypeAndMut { ty: self.expr_ty, mutbl }),
 393                                 self.cast_ty,
 394                                 AllowTwoPhase::No,
 395                             )
 396                             .is_ok()
 397                     {
 398                         sugg = Some(format!("&{}", mutbl.prefix_str()));
 399                     }
 400                 } else if let ty::RawPtr(TypeAndMut { mutbl, .. }) = *self.cast_ty.kind() {
 401                     if fcx
 402                         .try_coerce(
 403                             self.expr,
 404                             fcx.tcx.mk_ref(
 405                                 &ty::RegionKind::ReErased,
 406                                 TypeAndMut { ty: self.expr_ty, mutbl },
 407                             ),
 408                             self.cast_ty,
 409                             AllowTwoPhase::No,
 410                         )
 411                         .is_ok()
 412                     {
 413                         sugg = Some(format!("&{}", mutbl.prefix_str()));
 414                     }
 415                 }
 416                 if sugg_mutref {
 417                     err.span_label(self.span, "invalid cast");
 418                     err.span_note(self.expr.span, "this reference is immutable");
 419                     err.span_note(self.cast_span, "trying to cast to a mutable reference type");
 420                 } else if let Some(sugg) = sugg {
 421                     err.span_label(self.span, "invalid cast");
 422                     err.span_suggestion_verbose(
 423                         self.expr.span.shrink_to_lo(),
 424                         "consider borrowing the value",
 425                         sugg,
 426                         Applicability::MachineApplicable,
 427                     );
 428                 } else if !matches!(
 429                     self.cast_ty.kind(),
 430                     ty::FnDef(..) | ty::FnPtr(..) | ty::Closure(..)
 431                 ) {
 432                     let mut label = true;
 433                     // Check `impl From<self.expr_ty> for self.cast_ty {}` for accurate suggestion:
 434                     if let Ok(snippet) = fcx.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(self.expr.span) {
 435                         if let Some(from_trait) = fcx.tcx.get_diagnostic_item(sym::from_trait) {
 436                             let ty = fcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(self.cast_ty);
 437                             // Erase regions to avoid panic in `prove_value` when calling
 438                             // `type_implements_trait`.
 439                             let ty = fcx.tcx.erase_regions(ty);
 440                             let expr_ty = fcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(self.expr_ty);
 441                             let expr_ty = fcx.tcx.erase_regions(expr_ty);
 442                             let ty_params = fcx.tcx.mk_substs_trait(expr_ty, &[]);
 443                             // Check for infer types because cases like `Option<{integer}>` would
 444                             // panic otherwise.
 445                             if !expr_ty.has_infer_types()
 446                                 && !ty.has_infer_types()
 447                                 && fcx
 448                                     .tcx
 449                                     .type_implements_trait((
 450                                         from_trait,
 451                                         ty,
 452                                         ty_params,
 453                                         fcx.param_env,
 454                                     ))
 455                                     .must_apply_modulo_regions()
 456                             {
 457                                 label = false;
 458                                 err.span_suggestion(
 459                                     self.span,
 460                                     "consider using the `From` trait instead",
 461                                     format!("{}::from({})", self.cast_ty, snippet),
 462                                     Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
 463                                 );
 464                             }
 465                         }
 466                     }
 467                     let msg = "an `as` expression can only be used to convert between primitive \
 468                                types or to coerce to a specific trait object";
 469                     if label {
 470                         err.span_label(self.span, msg);
 471                     } else {
 472                         err.note(msg);
 473                     }
 474                 } else {
 475                     err.span_label(self.span, "invalid cast");
 476                 }
 477                 err.emit();
 478             }
 479             CastError::SizedUnsizedCast => {
 480                 use crate::structured_errors::{SizedUnsizedCast, StructuredDiagnostic};
 481
 482                 SizedUnsizedCast {
 483                     sess: &fcx.tcx.sess,
 484                     span: self.span,
 485                     expr_ty: self.expr_ty,
 486                     cast_ty: fcx.ty_to_string(self.cast_ty),
 487                 }
 488                 .diagnostic()
 489                 .emit();
 490             }
 491             CastError::UnknownCastPtrKind | CastError::UnknownExprPtrKind => {
 492                 let unknown_cast_to = match e {
 493                     CastError::UnknownCastPtrKind => true,
 494                     CastError::UnknownExprPtrKind => false,
 495                     _ => bug!(),
 496                 };
 497                 let mut err = struct_span_err!(
 498                     fcx.tcx.sess,
 499                     if unknown_cast_to { self.cast_span } else { self.span },
 500                     E0641,
 501                     "cannot cast {} a pointer of an unknown kind",
 502                     if unknown_cast_to { "to" } else { "from" }
 503                 );
 504                 if unknown_cast_to {
 505                     err.span_label(self.cast_span, "needs more type information");
 506                     err.note(
 507                         "the type information given here is insufficient to check whether \
 508                         the pointer cast is valid",
 509                     );
 510                 } else {
 511                     err.span_label(
 512                         self.span,
 513                         "the type information given here is insufficient to check whether \
 514                         the pointer cast is valid",
 515                     );
 516                 }
 517                 err.emit();
 518             }
 519         }
 520     }
 521
 522     fn report_cast_to_unsized_type(&self, fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>) {
 523         if self.cast_ty.references_error() || self.expr_ty.references_error() {
 524             return;
 525         }
 526
 527         let tstr = fcx.ty_to_string(self.cast_ty);
 528         let mut err = type_error_struct!(
 529             fcx.tcx.sess,
 530             self.span,
 531             self.expr_ty,
 532             E0620,
 533             "cast to unsized type: `{}` as `{}`",
 534             fcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(self.expr_ty),
 535             tstr
 536         );
 537         match self.expr_ty.kind() {
 538             ty::Ref(_, _, mt) => {
 539                 let mtstr = mt.prefix_str();
 540                 if self.cast_ty.is_trait() {
 541                     match fcx.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(self.cast_span) {
 542                         Ok(s) => {
 543                             err.span_suggestion(
 544                                 self.cast_span,
 545                                 "try casting to a reference instead",
 546                                 format!("&{}{}", mtstr, s),
 547                                 Applicability::MachineApplicable,
 548                             );
 549                         }
 550                         Err(_) => {
 551                             let msg = &format!("did you mean `&{}{}`?", mtstr, tstr);
 552                             err.span_help(self.cast_span, msg);
 553                         }
 554                     }
 555                 } else {
 556                     let msg = &format!(
 557                         "consider using an implicit coercion to `&{}{}` instead",
 558                         mtstr, tstr
 559                     );
 560                     err.span_help(self.span, msg);
 561                 }
 562             }
 563             ty::Adt(def, ..) if def.is_box() => {
 564                 match fcx.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(self.cast_span) {
 565                     Ok(s) => {
 566                         err.span_suggestion(
 567                             self.cast_span,
 568                             "you can cast to a `Box` instead",
 569                             format!("Box<{}>", s),
 570                             Applicability::MachineApplicable,
 571                         );
 572                     }
 573                     Err(_) => {
 574                         err.span_help(
 575                             self.cast_span,
 576                             &format!("you might have meant `Box<{}>`", tstr),
 577                         );
 578                     }
 579                 }
 580             }
 581             _ => {
 582                 err.span_help(self.expr.span, "consider using a box or reference as appropriate");
 583             }
 584         }
 585         err.emit();
 586     }
 587
 588     fn trivial_cast_lint(&self, fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>) {
 589         let t_cast = self.cast_ty;
 590         let t_expr = self.expr_ty;
 591         let type_asc_or =
 592             if fcx.tcx.features().type_ascription { "type ascription or " } else { "" };
 593         let (adjective, lint) = if t_cast.is_numeric() && t_expr.is_numeric() {
 594             ("numeric ", lint::builtin::TRIVIAL_NUMERIC_CASTS)
 595         } else {
 596             ("", lint::builtin::TRIVIAL_CASTS)
 597         };
 598         fcx.tcx.struct_span_lint_hir(lint, self.expr.hir_id, self.span, |err| {
 599             err.build(&format!(
 600                 "trivial {}cast: `{}` as `{}`",
 601                 adjective,
 602                 fcx.ty_to_string(t_expr),
 603                 fcx.ty_to_string(t_cast)
 604             ))
 605             .help(&format!(
 606                 "cast can be replaced by coercion; this might \
 607                                    require {}a temporary variable",
 608                 type_asc_or
 609             ))
 610             .emit();
 611         });
 612     }
 613
 614     pub fn check(mut self, fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>) {
 615         self.expr_ty = fcx.structurally_resolved_type(self.span, self.expr_ty);
 616         self.cast_ty = fcx.structurally_resolved_type(self.span, self.cast_ty);
 617
 618         debug!("check_cast({}, {:?} as {:?})", self.expr.hir_id, self.expr_ty, self.cast_ty);
 619
 620         if !fcx.type_is_known_to_be_sized_modulo_regions(self.cast_ty, self.span) {
 621             self.report_cast_to_unsized_type(fcx);
 622         } else if self.expr_ty.references_error() || self.cast_ty.references_error() {
 623             // No sense in giving duplicate error messages
 624         } else {
 625             match self.try_coercion_cast(fcx) {
 626                 Ok(()) => {
 627                     self.trivial_cast_lint(fcx);
 628                     debug!(" -> CoercionCast");
 629                     fcx.typeck_results.borrow_mut().set_coercion_cast(self.expr.hir_id.local_id);
 630                 }
 631                 Err(ty::error::TypeError::ObjectUnsafeCoercion(did)) => {
 632                     self.report_object_unsafe_cast(&fcx, did);
 633                 }
 634                 Err(_) => {
 635                     match self.do_check(fcx) {
 636                         Ok(k) => {
 637                             debug!(" -> {:?}", k);
 638                         }
 639                         Err(e) => self.report_cast_error(fcx, e),
 640                     };
 641                 }
 642             };
 643         }
 644     }
 645
 646     fn report_object_unsafe_cast(&self, fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>, did: DefId) {
 647         let violations = fcx.tcx.object_safety_violations(did);
 648         let mut err = report_object_safety_error(fcx.tcx, self.cast_span, did, violations);
 649         err.note(&format!("required by cast to type '{}'", fcx.ty_to_string(self.cast_ty)));
 650         err.emit();
 651     }
 652
 653     /// Checks a cast, and report an error if one exists. In some cases, this
 654     /// can return Ok and create type errors in the fcx rather than returning
 655     /// directly. coercion-cast is handled in check instead of here.
 656     pub fn do_check(&self, fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>) -> Result<CastKind, CastError> {
 657         use rustc_middle::ty::cast::CastTy::*;
 658         use rustc_middle::ty::cast::IntTy::*;
 659
 660         let (t_from, t_cast) = match (CastTy::from_ty(self.expr_ty), CastTy::from_ty(self.cast_ty))
 661         {
 662             (Some(t_from), Some(t_cast)) => (t_from, t_cast),
 663             // Function item types may need to be reified before casts.
 664             (None, Some(t_cast)) => {
 665                 match *self.expr_ty.kind() {
 666                     ty::FnDef(..) => {
 667                         // Attempt a coercion to a fn pointer type.
 668                         let f = fcx.normalize_associated_types_in(
 669                             self.expr.span,
 670                             self.expr_ty.fn_sig(fcx.tcx),
 671                         );
 672                         let res = fcx.try_coerce(
 673                             self.expr,
 674                             self.expr_ty,
 675                             fcx.tcx.mk_fn_ptr(f),
 676                             AllowTwoPhase::No,
 677                         );
 678                         if let Err(TypeError::IntrinsicCast) = res {
 679                             return Err(CastError::IllegalCast);
 680                         }
 681                         if res.is_err() {
 682                             return Err(CastError::NonScalar);
 683                         }
 684                         (FnPtr, t_cast)
 685                     }
 686                     // Special case some errors for references, and check for
 687                     // array-ptr-casts. `Ref` is not a CastTy because the cast
 688                     // is split into a coercion to a pointer type, followed by
 689                     // a cast.
 690                     ty::Ref(_, inner_ty, mutbl) => {
 691                         return match t_cast {
 692                             Int(_) | Float => match *inner_ty.kind() {
 693                                 ty::Int(_)
 694                                 | ty::Uint(_)
 695                                 | ty::Float(_)
 696                                 | ty::Infer(ty::InferTy::IntVar(_) | ty::InferTy::FloatVar(_)) => {
 697                                     Err(CastError::NeedDeref)
 698                                 }
 699                                 _ => Err(CastError::NeedViaPtr),
 700                             },
 701                             // array-ptr-cast
 702                             Ptr(mt) => {
 703                                 self.check_ref_cast(fcx, TypeAndMut { mutbl, ty: inner_ty }, mt)
 704                             }
 705                             _ => Err(CastError::NonScalar),
 706                         };
 707                     }
 708                     _ => return Err(CastError::NonScalar),
 709                 }
 710             }
 711             _ => return Err(CastError::NonScalar),
 712         };
 713
 714         match (t_from, t_cast) {
 715             // These types have invariants! can't cast into them.
 716             (_, Int(CEnum) | FnPtr) => Err(CastError::NonScalar),
 717
 718             // * -> Bool
 719             (_, Int(Bool)) => Err(CastError::CastToBool),
 720
 721             // * -> Char
 722             (Int(U(ty::UintTy::U8)), Int(Char)) => Ok(CastKind::U8CharCast), // u8-char-cast
 723             (_, Int(Char)) => Err(CastError::CastToChar),
 724
 725             // prim -> float,ptr
 726             (Int(Bool) | Int(CEnum) | Int(Char), Float) => Err(CastError::NeedViaInt),
 727
 728             (Int(Bool) | Int(CEnum) | Int(Char) | Float, Ptr(_)) | (Ptr(_) | FnPtr, Float) => {
 729                 Err(CastError::IllegalCast)
 730             }
 731
 732             // ptr -> *
 733             (Ptr(m_e), Ptr(m_c)) => self.check_ptr_ptr_cast(fcx, m_e, m_c), // ptr-ptr-cast
 734             (Ptr(m_expr), Int(_)) => self.check_ptr_addr_cast(fcx, m_expr), // ptr-addr-cast
 735             (FnPtr, Int(_)) => Ok(CastKind::FnPtrAddrCast),
 736
 737             // * -> ptr
 738             (Int(_), Ptr(mt)) => self.check_addr_ptr_cast(fcx, mt), // addr-ptr-cast
 739             (FnPtr, Ptr(mt)) => self.check_fptr_ptr_cast(fcx, mt),
 740
 741             // prim -> prim
 742             (Int(CEnum), Int(_)) => {
 743                 self.cenum_impl_drop_lint(fcx);
 744                 Ok(CastKind::EnumCast)
 745             }
 746             (Int(Char) | Int(Bool), Int(_)) => Ok(CastKind::PrimIntCast),
 747
 748             (Int(_) | Float, Int(_) | Float) => Ok(CastKind::NumericCast),
 749         }
 750     }
 751
 752     fn check_ptr_ptr_cast(
 753         &self,
 754         fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
 755         m_expr: ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>,
 756         m_cast: ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>,
 757     ) -> Result<CastKind, CastError> {
 758         debug!("check_ptr_ptr_cast m_expr={:?} m_cast={:?}", m_expr, m_cast);
 759         // ptr-ptr cast. vtables must match.
 760
 761         let expr_kind = fcx.pointer_kind(m_expr.ty, self.span)?;
 762         let cast_kind = fcx.pointer_kind(m_cast.ty, self.span)?;
 763
 764         let cast_kind = match cast_kind {
 765             // We can't cast if target pointer kind is unknown
 766             None => return Err(CastError::UnknownCastPtrKind),
 767             Some(cast_kind) => cast_kind,
 768         };
 769
 770         // Cast to thin pointer is OK
 771         if cast_kind == PointerKind::Thin {
 772             return Ok(CastKind::PtrPtrCast);
 773         }
 774
 775         let expr_kind = match expr_kind {
 776             // We can't cast to fat pointer if source pointer kind is unknown
 777             None => return Err(CastError::UnknownExprPtrKind),
 778             Some(expr_kind) => expr_kind,
 779         };
 780
 781         // thin -> fat? report invalid cast (don't complain about vtable kinds)
 782         if expr_kind == PointerKind::Thin {
 783             return Err(CastError::SizedUnsizedCast);
 784         }
 785
 786         // vtable kinds must match
 787         if cast_kind == expr_kind {
 788             Ok(CastKind::PtrPtrCast)
 789         } else {
 790             Err(CastError::DifferingKinds)
 791         }
 792     }
 793
 794     fn check_fptr_ptr_cast(
 795         &self,
 796         fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
 797         m_cast: ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>,
 798     ) -> Result<CastKind, CastError> {
 799         // fptr-ptr cast. must be to thin ptr
 800
 801         match fcx.pointer_kind(m_cast.ty, self.span)? {
 802             None => Err(CastError::UnknownCastPtrKind),
 803             Some(PointerKind::Thin) => Ok(CastKind::FnPtrPtrCast),
 804             _ => Err(CastError::IllegalCast),
 805         }
 806     }
 807
 808     fn check_ptr_addr_cast(
 809         &self,
 810         fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
 811         m_expr: ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>,
 812     ) -> Result<CastKind, CastError> {
 813         // ptr-addr cast. must be from thin ptr
 814
 815         match fcx.pointer_kind(m_expr.ty, self.span)? {
 816             None => Err(CastError::UnknownExprPtrKind),
 817             Some(PointerKind::Thin) => Ok(CastKind::PtrAddrCast),
 818             _ => Err(CastError::NeedViaThinPtr),
 819         }
 820     }
 821
 822     fn check_ref_cast(
 823         &self,
 824         fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
 825         m_expr: ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>,
 826         m_cast: ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>,
 827     ) -> Result<CastKind, CastError> {
 828         // array-ptr-cast: allow mut-to-mut, mut-to-const, const-to-const
 829         if m_expr.mutbl == hir::Mutability::Mut || m_cast.mutbl == hir::Mutability::Not {
 830             if let ty::Array(ety, _) = m_expr.ty.kind() {
 831                 // Due to the limitations of LLVM global constants,
 832                 // region pointers end up pointing at copies of
 833                 // vector elements instead of the original values.
 834                 // To allow raw pointers to work correctly, we
 835                 // need to special-case obtaining a raw pointer
 836                 // from a region pointer to a vector.
 837
 838                 // Coerce to a raw pointer so that we generate AddressOf in MIR.
 839                 let array_ptr_type = fcx.tcx.mk_ptr(m_expr);
 840                 fcx.try_coerce(self.expr, self.expr_ty, array_ptr_type, AllowTwoPhase::No)
 841                     .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
 842                         bug!(
 843                         "could not cast from reference to array to pointer to array ({:?} to {:?})",
 844                         self.expr_ty,
 845                         array_ptr_type,
 846                     )
 847                     });
 848
 849                 // this will report a type mismatch if needed
 850                 fcx.demand_eqtype(self.span, ety, m_cast.ty);
 851                 return Ok(CastKind::ArrayPtrCast);
 852             }
 853         }
 854
 855         Err(CastError::IllegalCast)
 856     }
 857
 858     fn check_addr_ptr_cast(
 859         &self,
 860         fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
 861         m_cast: TypeAndMut<'tcx>,
 862     ) -> Result<CastKind, CastError> {
 863         // ptr-addr cast. pointer must be thin.
 864         match fcx.pointer_kind(m_cast.ty, self.span)? {
 865             None => Err(CastError::UnknownCastPtrKind),
 866             Some(PointerKind::Thin) => Ok(CastKind::AddrPtrCast),
 867             _ => Err(CastError::IllegalCast),
 868         }
 869     }
 870
 871     fn try_coercion_cast(&self, fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>) -> Result<(), ty::error::TypeError<'_>> {
 872         match fcx.try_coerce(self.expr, self.expr_ty, self.cast_ty, AllowTwoPhase::No) {
 873             Ok(_) => Ok(()),
 874             Err(err) => Err(err),
 875         }
 876     }
 877
 878     fn cenum_impl_drop_lint(&self, fcx: &FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx>) {
 879         if let ty::Adt(d, _) = self.expr_ty.kind() {
 880             if d.has_dtor(fcx.tcx) {
 881                 fcx.tcx.struct_span_lint_hir(
 882                     lint::builtin::CENUM_IMPL_DROP_CAST,
 883                     self.expr.hir_id,
 884                     self.span,
 885                     |err| {
 886                         err.build(&format!(
 887                             "cannot cast enum `{}` into integer `{}` because it implements `Drop`",
 888                             self.expr_ty, self.cast_ty
 889                         ))
 890                         .emit();
 891                     },
 892                 );
 893             }
 894         }
 895     }
 896 }
 897
 898 impl<'a, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
 899     fn type_is_known_to_be_sized_modulo_regions(&self, ty: Ty<'tcx>, span: Span) -> bool {
 900         let lang_item = self.tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Sized, None);
 901         traits::type_known_to_meet_bound_modulo_regions(self, self.param_env, ty, lang_item, span)
 902     }
 903 }