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1 //! Method lookup: the secret sauce of Rust. See the [rustc dev guide] for more information.
2 //!
3 //! [rustc dev guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/method-lookup.html
4
5 mod confirm;
6 mod prelude2021;
7 pub mod probe;
8 mod suggest;
9
10 pub use self::suggest::SelfSource;
11 pub use self::MethodError::*;
12
13 use crate::errors::OpMethodGenericParams;
14 use crate::{Expectation, FnCtxt};
15 use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
16 use rustc_errors::{Applicability, Diagnostic};
17 use rustc_hir as hir;
18 use rustc_hir::def::{CtorOf, DefKind, Namespace};
19 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
20 use rustc_infer::infer::{self, InferOk};
21 use rustc_middle::traits::ObligationCause;
22 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{InternalSubsts, SubstsRef};
23 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, DefIdTree, GenericParamDefKind, ToPredicate, Ty, TypeVisitable};
24 use rustc_span::symbol::Ident;
25 use rustc_span::Span;
26 use rustc_trait_selection::traits;
27 use rustc_trait_selection::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt;
28
29 use self::probe::{IsSuggestion, ProbeScope};
30
31 pub fn provide(providers: &mut ty::query::Providers) {
32     probe::provide(providers);
33 }
34
35 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
36 pub struct MethodCallee<'tcx> {
37     /// Impl method ID, for inherent methods, or trait method ID, otherwise.
38     pub def_id: DefId,
39     pub substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
40
41     /// Instantiated method signature, i.e., it has been
42     /// substituted, normalized, and has had late-bound
43     /// lifetimes replaced with inference variables.
44     pub sig: ty::FnSig<'tcx>,
45 }
46
47 #[derive(Debug)]
48 pub enum MethodError<'tcx> {
49     // Did not find an applicable method, but we did find various near-misses that may work.
50     NoMatch(NoMatchData<'tcx>),
51
52     // Multiple methods might apply.
53     Ambiguity(Vec<CandidateSource>),
54
55     // Found an applicable method, but it is not visible. The third argument contains a list of
56     // not-in-scope traits which may work.
57     PrivateMatch(DefKind, DefId, Vec<DefId>),
58
59     // Found a `Self: Sized` bound where `Self` is a trait object.
60     IllegalSizedBound(Vec<DefId>, bool, Span),
61
62     // Found a match, but the return type is wrong
63     BadReturnType,
64 }
65
66 // Contains a list of static methods that may apply, a list of unsatisfied trait predicates which
67 // could lead to matches if satisfied, and a list of not-in-scope traits which may work.
68 #[derive(Debug)]
69 pub struct NoMatchData<'tcx> {
70     pub static_candidates: Vec<CandidateSource>,
71     pub unsatisfied_predicates:
72         Vec<(ty::Predicate<'tcx>, Option<ty::Predicate<'tcx>>, Option<ObligationCause<'tcx>>)>,
73     pub out_of_scope_traits: Vec<DefId>,
74     pub lev_candidate: Option<ty::AssocItem>,
75     pub mode: probe::Mode,
76 }
77
78 // A pared down enum describing just the places from which a method
79 // candidate can arise. Used for error reporting only.
80 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
81 pub enum CandidateSource {
82     Impl(DefId),
83     Trait(DefId /* trait id */),
84 }
85
86 impl<'a, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
87     /// Determines whether the type `self_ty` supports a method name `method_name` or not.
88     #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
89     pub fn method_exists(
90         &self,
91         method_name: Ident,
92         self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
93         call_expr_id: hir::HirId,
94         allow_private: bool,
95     ) -> bool {
96         match self.probe_for_name(
97             probe::Mode::MethodCall,
98             method_name,
99             IsSuggestion(false),
100             self_ty,
101             call_expr_id,
102             ProbeScope::TraitsInScope,
103         ) {
104             Ok(pick) => {
105                 pick.maybe_emit_unstable_name_collision_hint(
106                     self.tcx,
107                     method_name.span,
108                     call_expr_id,
109                 );
110                 true
111             }
112             Err(NoMatch(..)) => false,
113             Err(Ambiguity(..)) => true,
114             Err(PrivateMatch(..)) => allow_private,
115             Err(IllegalSizedBound(..)) => true,
116             Err(BadReturnType) => bug!("no return type expectations but got BadReturnType"),
117         }
118     }
119
120     /// Adds a suggestion to call the given method to the provided diagnostic.
121     #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, err, call_expr))]
122     pub(crate) fn suggest_method_call(
123         &self,
124         err: &mut Diagnostic,
125         msg: &str,
126         method_name: Ident,
127         self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
128         call_expr: &hir::Expr<'_>,
129         span: Option<Span>,
130     ) {
131         let params = self
132             .probe_for_name(
133                 probe::Mode::MethodCall,
134                 method_name,
135                 IsSuggestion(true),
136                 self_ty,
137                 call_expr.hir_id,
138                 ProbeScope::TraitsInScope,
139             )
140             .map(|pick| {
141                 let sig = self.tcx.fn_sig(pick.item.def_id);
142                 sig.inputs().skip_binder().len().saturating_sub(1)
143             })
144             .unwrap_or(0);
145
146         // Account for `foo.bar<T>`;
147         let sugg_span = span.unwrap_or(call_expr.span).shrink_to_hi();
148         let (suggestion, applicability) = (
149             format!("({})", (0..params).map(|_| "_").collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")),
150             if params > 0 { Applicability::HasPlaceholders } else { Applicability::MaybeIncorrect },
151         );
152
153         err.span_suggestion_verbose(sugg_span, msg, suggestion, applicability);
154     }
155
156     /// Performs method lookup. If lookup is successful, it will return the callee
157     /// and store an appropriate adjustment for the self-expr. In some cases it may
158     /// report an error (e.g., invoking the `drop` method).
159     ///
160     /// # Arguments
161     ///
162     /// Given a method call like `foo.bar::<T1,...Tn>(a, b + 1, ...)`:
163     ///
164     /// * `self`:                  the surrounding `FnCtxt` (!)
165     /// * `self_ty`:               the (unadjusted) type of the self expression (`foo`)
166     /// * `segment`:               the name and generic arguments of the method (`bar::<T1, ...Tn>`)
167     /// * `span`:                  the span for the method call
168     /// * `call_expr`:             the complete method call: (`foo.bar::<T1,...Tn>(...)`)
169     /// * `self_expr`:             the self expression (`foo`)
170     /// * `args`:                  the expressions of the arguments (`a, b + 1, ...`)
171     #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
172     pub fn lookup_method(
173         &self,
174         self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
175         segment: &hir::PathSegment<'_>,
176         span: Span,
177         call_expr: &'tcx hir::Expr<'tcx>,
178         self_expr: &'tcx hir::Expr<'tcx>,
179         args: &'tcx [hir::Expr<'tcx>],
180     ) -> Result<MethodCallee<'tcx>, MethodError<'tcx>> {
181         let pick =
182             self.lookup_probe(segment.ident, self_ty, call_expr, ProbeScope::TraitsInScope)?;
183
184         self.lint_dot_call_from_2018(self_ty, segment, span, call_expr, self_expr, &pick, args);
185
186         for import_id in &pick.import_ids {
187             debug!("used_trait_import: {:?}", import_id);
188             Lrc::get_mut(&mut self.typeck_results.borrow_mut().used_trait_imports)
189                 .unwrap()
190                 .insert(*import_id);
191         }
192
193         self.tcx.check_stability(pick.item.def_id, Some(call_expr.hir_id), span, None);
194
195         let result =
196             self.confirm_method(span, self_expr, call_expr, self_ty, pick.clone(), segment);
197         debug!("result = {:?}", result);
198
199         if let Some(span) = result.illegal_sized_bound {
200             let mut needs_mut = false;
201             if let ty::Ref(region, t_type, mutability) = self_ty.kind() {
202                 let trait_type = self
203                     .tcx
204                     .mk_ref(*region, ty::TypeAndMut { ty: *t_type, mutbl: mutability.invert() });
205                 // We probe again to see if there might be a borrow mutability discrepancy.
206                 match self.lookup_probe(
207                     segment.ident,
208                     trait_type,
209                     call_expr,
210                     ProbeScope::TraitsInScope,
211                 ) {
212                     Ok(ref new_pick) if pick.differs_from(new_pick) => {
213                         needs_mut = true;
214                     }
215                     _ => {}
216                 }
217             }
218
219             // We probe again, taking all traits into account (not only those in scope).
220             let mut candidates =
221                 match self.lookup_probe(segment.ident, self_ty, call_expr, ProbeScope::AllTraits) {
222                     // If we find a different result the caller probably forgot to import a trait.
223                     Ok(ref new_pick) if pick.differs_from(new_pick) => {
224                         vec![new_pick.item.container_id(self.tcx)]
225                     }
226                     Err(Ambiguity(ref sources)) => sources
227                         .iter()
228                         .filter_map(|source| {
229                             match *source {
230                                 // Note: this cannot come from an inherent impl,
231                                 // because the first probing succeeded.
232                                 CandidateSource::Impl(def) => self.tcx.trait_id_of_impl(def),
233                                 CandidateSource::Trait(_) => None,
234                             }
235                         })
236                         .collect(),
237                     _ => Vec::new(),
238                 };
239             candidates.retain(|candidate| *candidate != self.tcx.parent(result.callee.def_id));
240
241             return Err(IllegalSizedBound(candidates, needs_mut, span));
242         }
243
244         Ok(result.callee)
245     }
246
247     #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, call_expr))]
248     pub fn lookup_probe(
249         &self,
250         method_name: Ident,
251         self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
252         call_expr: &'tcx hir::Expr<'tcx>,
253         scope: ProbeScope,
254     ) -> probe::PickResult<'tcx> {
255         let pick = self.probe_for_name(
256             probe::Mode::MethodCall,
257             method_name,
258             IsSuggestion(false),
259             self_ty,
260             call_expr.hir_id,
261             scope,
262         )?;
263         pick.maybe_emit_unstable_name_collision_hint(self.tcx, method_name.span, call_expr.hir_id);
264         Ok(pick)
265     }
266
267     pub(super) fn obligation_for_method(
268         &self,
269         span: Span,
270         trait_def_id: DefId,
271         self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
272         opt_input_types: Option<&[Ty<'tcx>]>,
273     ) -> (traits::Obligation<'tcx, ty::Predicate<'tcx>>, &'tcx ty::List<ty::subst::GenericArg<'tcx>>)
274     {
275         // Construct a trait-reference `self_ty : Trait<input_tys>`
276         let substs = InternalSubsts::for_item(self.tcx, trait_def_id, |param, _| {
277             match param.kind {
278                 GenericParamDefKind::Lifetime | GenericParamDefKind::Const { .. } => {}
279                 GenericParamDefKind::Type { .. } => {
280                     if param.index == 0 {
281                         return self_ty.into();
282                     } else if let Some(input_types) = opt_input_types {
283                         return input_types[param.index as usize - 1].into();
284                     }
285                 }
286             }
287             self.var_for_def(span, param)
288         });
289
290         let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef::new(trait_def_id, substs);
291
292         // Construct an obligation
293         let poly_trait_ref = ty::Binder::dummy(trait_ref);
294         (
295             traits::Obligation::misc(
296                 span,
297                 self.body_id,
298                 self.param_env,
299                 poly_trait_ref.without_const().to_predicate(self.tcx),
300             ),
301             substs,
302         )
303     }
304
305     pub(super) fn obligation_for_op_method(
306         &self,
307         span: Span,
308         trait_def_id: DefId,
309         self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
310         opt_input_type: Option<Ty<'tcx>>,
311         opt_input_expr: Option<&'tcx hir::Expr<'tcx>>,
312         expected: Expectation<'tcx>,
313     ) -> (traits::Obligation<'tcx, ty::Predicate<'tcx>>, &'tcx ty::List<ty::subst::GenericArg<'tcx>>)
314     {
315         // Construct a trait-reference `self_ty : Trait<input_tys>`
316         let substs = InternalSubsts::for_item(self.tcx, trait_def_id, |param, _| {
317             match param.kind {
318                 GenericParamDefKind::Lifetime | GenericParamDefKind::Const { .. } => {}
319                 GenericParamDefKind::Type { .. } => {
320                     if param.index == 0 {
321                         return self_ty.into();
322                     } else if let Some(input_type) = opt_input_type {
323                         return input_type.into();
324                     }
325                 }
326             }
327             self.var_for_def(span, param)
328         });
329
330         let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef::new(trait_def_id, substs);
331
332         // Construct an obligation
333         let poly_trait_ref = ty::Binder::dummy(trait_ref);
334         let output_ty = expected.only_has_type(self).and_then(|ty| (!ty.needs_infer()).then(|| ty));
335
336         (
337             traits::Obligation::new(
338                 traits::ObligationCause::new(
339                     span,
340                     self.body_id,
341                     traits::BinOp {
342                         rhs_span: opt_input_expr.map(|expr| expr.span),
343                         is_lit: opt_input_expr
344                             .map_or(false, |expr| matches!(expr.kind, hir::ExprKind::Lit(_))),
345                         output_ty,
346                     },
347                 ),
348                 self.param_env,
349                 poly_trait_ref.without_const().to_predicate(self.tcx),
350             ),
351             substs,
352         )
353     }
354
355     /// `lookup_method_in_trait` is used for overloaded operators.
356     /// It does a very narrow slice of what the normal probe/confirm path does.
357     /// In particular, it doesn't really do any probing: it simply constructs
358     /// an obligation for a particular trait with the given self type and checks
359     /// whether that trait is implemented.
360     #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, span))]
361     pub(super) fn lookup_method_in_trait(
362         &self,
363         span: Span,
364         m_name: Ident,
365         trait_def_id: DefId,
366         self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
367         opt_input_types: Option<&[Ty<'tcx>]>,
368     ) -> Option<InferOk<'tcx, MethodCallee<'tcx>>> {
369         let (obligation, substs) =
370             self.obligation_for_method(span, trait_def_id, self_ty, opt_input_types);
371         self.construct_obligation_for_trait(
372             span,
373             m_name,
374             trait_def_id,
375             obligation,
376             substs,
377             None,
378             false,
379         )
380     }
381
382     pub(super) fn lookup_op_method_in_trait(
383         &self,
384         span: Span,
385         m_name: Ident,
386         trait_def_id: DefId,
387         self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
388         opt_input_type: Option<Ty<'tcx>>,
389         opt_input_expr: Option<&'tcx hir::Expr<'tcx>>,
390         expected: Expectation<'tcx>,
391     ) -> Option<InferOk<'tcx, MethodCallee<'tcx>>> {
392         let (obligation, substs) = self.obligation_for_op_method(
393             span,
394             trait_def_id,
395             self_ty,
396             opt_input_type,
397             opt_input_expr,
398             expected,
399         );
400         self.construct_obligation_for_trait(
401             span,
402             m_name,
403             trait_def_id,
404             obligation,
405             substs,
406             opt_input_expr,
407             true,
408         )
409     }
410
411     // FIXME(#18741): it seems likely that we can consolidate some of this
412     // code with the other method-lookup code. In particular, the second half
413     // of this method is basically the same as confirmation.
414     fn construct_obligation_for_trait(
415         &self,
416         span: Span,
417         m_name: Ident,
418         trait_def_id: DefId,
419         obligation: traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
420         substs: &'tcx ty::List<ty::subst::GenericArg<'tcx>>,
421         opt_input_expr: Option<&'tcx hir::Expr<'tcx>>,
422         is_op: bool,
423     ) -> Option<InferOk<'tcx, MethodCallee<'tcx>>> {
424         debug!(?obligation);
425
426         // Now we want to know if this can be matched
427         if !self.predicate_may_hold(&obligation) {
428             debug!("--> Cannot match obligation");
429             // Cannot be matched, no such method resolution is possible.
430             return None;
431         }
432
433         // Trait must have a method named `m_name` and it should not have
434         // type parameters or early-bound regions.
435         let tcx = self.tcx;
436         let Some(method_item) = self.associated_value(trait_def_id, m_name) else {
437             tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
438                 span,
439                 "operator trait does not have corresponding operator method",
440             );
441             return None;
442         };
443         let def_id = method_item.def_id;
444         let generics = tcx.generics_of(def_id);
445
446         if generics.params.len() != 0 {
447             tcx.sess.emit_fatal(OpMethodGenericParams {
448                 span: tcx.def_span(method_item.def_id),
449                 method_name: m_name.to_string(),
450             });
451         }
452
453         debug!("lookup_in_trait_adjusted: method_item={:?}", method_item);
454         let mut obligations = vec![];
455
456         // Instantiate late-bound regions and substitute the trait
457         // parameters into the method type to get the actual method type.
458         //
459         // N.B., instantiate late-bound regions first so that
460         // `instantiate_type_scheme` can normalize associated types that
461         // may reference those regions.
462         let fn_sig = tcx.bound_fn_sig(def_id);
463         let fn_sig = fn_sig.subst(self.tcx, substs);
464         let fn_sig = self.replace_bound_vars_with_fresh_vars(span, infer::FnCall, fn_sig);
465
466         let InferOk { value, obligations: o } = if is_op {
467             self.normalize_op_associated_types_in_as_infer_ok(span, fn_sig, opt_input_expr)
468         } else {
469             self.normalize_associated_types_in_as_infer_ok(span, fn_sig)
470         };
471         let fn_sig = {
472             obligations.extend(o);
473             value
474         };
475
476         // Register obligations for the parameters. This will include the
477         // `Self` parameter, which in turn has a bound of the main trait,
478         // so this also effectively registers `obligation` as well.  (We
479         // used to register `obligation` explicitly, but that resulted in
480         // double error messages being reported.)
481         //
482         // Note that as the method comes from a trait, it should not have
483         // any late-bound regions appearing in its bounds.
484         let bounds = self.tcx.predicates_of(def_id).instantiate(self.tcx, substs);
485
486         let InferOk { value, obligations: o } = if is_op {
487             self.normalize_op_associated_types_in_as_infer_ok(span, bounds, opt_input_expr)
488         } else {
489             self.normalize_associated_types_in_as_infer_ok(span, bounds)
490         };
491         let bounds = {
492             obligations.extend(o);
493             value
494         };
495
496         assert!(!bounds.has_escaping_bound_vars());
497
498         let cause = if is_op {
499             ObligationCause::new(
500                 span,
501                 self.body_id,
502                 traits::BinOp {
503                     rhs_span: opt_input_expr.map(|expr| expr.span),
504                     is_lit: opt_input_expr
505                         .map_or(false, |expr| matches!(expr.kind, hir::ExprKind::Lit(_))),
506                     output_ty: None,
507                 },
508             )
509         } else {
510             traits::ObligationCause::misc(span, self.body_id)
511         };
512         let predicates_cause = cause.clone();
513         obligations.extend(traits::predicates_for_generics(
514             move |_, _| predicates_cause.clone(),
515             self.param_env,
516             bounds,
517         ));
518
519         // Also add an obligation for the method type being well-formed.
520         let method_ty = tcx.mk_fn_ptr(ty::Binder::dummy(fn_sig));
521         debug!(
522             "lookup_in_trait_adjusted: matched method method_ty={:?} obligation={:?}",
523             method_ty, obligation
524         );
525         obligations.push(traits::Obligation::new(
526             cause,
527             self.param_env,
528             ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(method_ty.into())).to_predicate(tcx),
529         ));
530
531         let callee = MethodCallee { def_id, substs, sig: fn_sig };
532
533         debug!("callee = {:?}", callee);
534
535         Some(InferOk { obligations, value: callee })
536     }
537
538     /// Performs a [full-qualified function call] (formerly "universal function call") lookup. If
539     /// lookup is successful, it will return the type of definition and the [`DefId`] of the found
540     /// function definition.
541     ///
542     /// [full-qualified function call]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/call-expr.html#disambiguating-function-calls
543     ///
544     /// # Arguments
545     ///
546     /// Given a function call like `Foo::bar::<T1,...Tn>(...)`:
547     ///
548     /// * `self`:                  the surrounding `FnCtxt` (!)
549     /// * `span`:                  the span of the call, excluding arguments (`Foo::bar::<T1, ...Tn>`)
550     /// * `method_name`:           the identifier of the function within the container type (`bar`)
551     /// * `self_ty`:               the type to search within (`Foo`)
552     /// * `self_ty_span`           the span for the type being searched within (span of `Foo`)
553     /// * `expr_id`:               the [`hir::HirId`] of the expression composing the entire call
554     #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self), ret)]
555     pub fn resolve_fully_qualified_call(
556         &self,
557         span: Span,
558         method_name: Ident,
559         self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
560         self_ty_span: Span,
561         expr_id: hir::HirId,
562     ) -> Result<(DefKind, DefId), MethodError<'tcx>> {
563         let tcx = self.tcx;
564
565         // Check if we have an enum variant.
566         if let ty::Adt(adt_def, _) = self_ty.kind() {
567             if adt_def.is_enum() {
568                 let variant_def = adt_def
569                     .variants()
570                     .iter()
571                     .find(|vd| tcx.hygienic_eq(method_name, vd.ident(tcx), adt_def.did()));
572                 if let Some(variant_def) = variant_def {
573                     // Braced variants generate unusable names in value namespace (reserved for
574                     // possible future use), so variants resolved as associated items may refer to
575                     // them as well. It's ok to use the variant's id as a ctor id since an
576                     // error will be reported on any use of such resolution anyway.
577                     let ctor_def_id = variant_def.ctor_def_id.unwrap_or(variant_def.def_id);
578                     tcx.check_stability(ctor_def_id, Some(expr_id), span, Some(method_name.span));
579                     return Ok((
580                         DefKind::Ctor(CtorOf::Variant, variant_def.ctor_kind),
581                         ctor_def_id,
582                     ));
583                 }
584             }
585         }
586
587         let pick = self.probe_for_name(
588             probe::Mode::Path,
589             method_name,
590             IsSuggestion(false),
591             self_ty,
592             expr_id,
593             ProbeScope::TraitsInScope,
594         )?;
595
596         pick.maybe_emit_unstable_name_collision_hint(self.tcx, span, expr_id);
597
598         self.lint_fully_qualified_call_from_2018(
599             span,
600             method_name,
601             self_ty,
602             self_ty_span,
603             expr_id,
604             &pick,
605         );
606
607         debug!(?pick);
608         {
609             let mut typeck_results = self.typeck_results.borrow_mut();
610             let used_trait_imports = Lrc::get_mut(&mut typeck_results.used_trait_imports).unwrap();
611             for import_id in pick.import_ids {
612                 debug!(used_trait_import=?import_id);
613                 used_trait_imports.insert(import_id);
614             }
615         }
616
617         let def_kind = pick.item.kind.as_def_kind();
618         tcx.check_stability(pick.item.def_id, Some(expr_id), span, Some(method_name.span));
619         Ok((def_kind, pick.item.def_id))
620     }
621
622     /// Finds item with name `item_name` defined in impl/trait `def_id`
623     /// and return it, or `None`, if no such item was defined there.
624     pub fn associated_value(&self, def_id: DefId, item_name: Ident) -> Option<ty::AssocItem> {
625         self.tcx
626             .associated_items(def_id)
627             .find_by_name_and_namespace(self.tcx, item_name, Namespace::ValueNS, def_id)
628             .copied()
629     }
630 }