1 Version 1.2.0 (August 2015)
2 ===========================
4 * ~1200 changes, numerous bugfixes
9 * [Dynamically-sized-type coercions][dst] allow smart pointer types
10 like `Rc` to contain types without a fixed size, arrays and trait
11 objects, finally enabling use of `Rc<[T]>` and completing the
12 implementation of DST.
13 * [Parallel codegen][parcodegen] is now working again, which can
14 substantially speed up large builds in debug mode; It also gets
15 another ~33% speedup when bootstrapping on a 4 core machine (using 8
16 jobs). It's not enabled by default, but will be "in the near
17 future". It can be activated with the `-C codegen-units=N` flag to
23 * The [`to_uppercase`] and [`to_lowercase`] methods on `char` now do
24 unicode case mapping, which is a previously-planned change in
25 behavior and considered a bugfix.
26 * [`mem::align_of`] now specifies [the *minimum alignment* for
27 T][align], which is usually the alignment programs are interested
28 in, and the same value reported by clang's
29 `alignof`. [`mem::min_align_of`] is deprecated. This is not known to
31 * [The `#[packed]` attribute is no longer silently accepted by the
32 compiler][packed]. This attribute did nothing and code that
33 mentioned it likely did not work as intended.
38 * Patterns with `ref mut` now correctly invoke [`DerefMut`] when
39 matching against dereferencable values.
44 * The [`Extend`] trait, which grows a collection from an iterator, is
45 implemented over iterators of references, for `String`, `Vec`,
46 `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`, `EnumSet`, `BinaryHeap`, `VecMap`,
47 `BTreeSet` and `BTreeMap`. [RFC][extend-rfc].
48 * The [`iter::once`] function returns an iterator that yields a single
50 * The [`iter::empty`] function returns an iterator that yields no
52 * The [`matches`] and [`rmatches`] methods on `str` return iterators
53 over substring matches.
54 * [`Cell`] and [`RefCell`] both implement [`Eq`].
55 * A number of methods for wrapping arithmetic are added to the
56 integral types, [`wrapping_div`], [`wrapping_rem`],
57 [`wrapping_neg`], [`wrapping_shl`], [`wrapping_shr`]. These are in
58 addition to the existing [`wrapping_add`], [`wrapping_sub`], and
59 [`wrapping_mul`] methods, and alternatives to the [`Wrapping`]
60 type.. It is illegal for the default arithmetic operations in Rust
61 to overflow; the desire to wrap must be explicit.
62 * The `{:#?}` formatting specifier [displays the alternate,
63 pretty-printed][debugfmt] form of the `Debug` formatter. This
64 feature was actually introduced prior to 1.0 with little
66 * [`fmt::Formatter`] implements [`fmt::Write`], a `fmt`-specific trait
67 for writing data to formatted strings, similar to [`io::Write`].
68 * [`fmt::Formatter`] adds 'debug builder' methods, [`debug_struct`],
69 [`debug_tuple`], [`debug_list`], [`debug_set`], [`debug_map`]. These
70 are used by code generators to emit implementations of [`Debug`].
71 * `str` has new [`to_uppercase`][strup] and [`to_lowercase`][strlow]
72 methods that convert case, following Unicode case mapping.
73 * It is now easier to handle to poisoned locks. The [`PoisonError`]
74 type, returned by failing lock operations, exposes `into_inner`,
75 `get_ref`, and `get_mut`, which all give access to the inner lock
76 guard, and allow the poisoned lock to continue to operate. The
77 `is_poisoned` method of [`RwLock`] and [`Mutex`] can poll for a
78 poisoned lock without attempting to take the lock.
79 * On Unix the [`FromRawFd`] trait is implemented for [`Stdio`], and
80 [`AsRawFd`] for [`ChildStdin`], [`ChildStdout`], [`ChildStderr`].
81 On Windows the `FromRawHandle` trait is implemented for `Stdio`,
82 and `AsRawHandle` for `ChildStdin`, `ChildStdout`,
84 * [`io::ErrorKind`] has a new variant, `InvalidData`, which indicates
90 * `rustc` employs smarter heuristics for guessing at [typos].
91 * `rustc` emits more efficient code for [no-op conversions between
92 unsafe pointers][nop].
93 * Fat pointers are now [passed in pairs of immediate arguments][fat],
94 resulting in faster compile times and smaller code.
96 [`Extend`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/trait.Extend.html
97 [extend-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0839-embrace-extend-extinguish.md
98 [`iter::once`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/fn.once.html
99 [`iter::empty`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/fn.empty.html
100 [`matches`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.matches
101 [`rmatches`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.rmatches
102 [`Cell`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/cell/struct.Cell.html
103 [`RefCell`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html
104 [`wrapping_add`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_add
105 [`wrapping_sub`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_sub
106 [`wrapping_mul`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_mul
107 [`wrapping_div`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_div
108 [`wrapping_rem`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_rem
109 [`wrapping_neg`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_neg
110 [`wrapping_shl`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_shl
111 [`wrapping_shr`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_shr
112 [`Wrapping`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/num/struct.Wrapping.html
113 [`fmt::Formatter`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/struct.Formatter.html
114 [`fmt::Write`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/trait.Write.html
115 [`io::Write`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/io/trait.Write.html
116 [`debug_struct`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_struct
117 [`debug_tuple`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_tuple
118 [`debug_list`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_list
119 [`debug_set`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_set
120 [`debug_map`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_map
121 [`Debug`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/trait.Debug.html
122 [strup]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.to_uppercase
123 [strlow]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.to_lowercase
124 [`to_uppercase`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_uppercase
125 [`to_lowercase`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_lowercase
126 [`PoisonError`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html
127 [`RwLock`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/sync/struct.RwLock.html
128 [`Mutex`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html
129 [`FromRawFd`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.FromRawFd.html
130 [`AsRawFd`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.AsRawFd.html
131 [`Stdio`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.Stdio.html
132 [`ChildStdin`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.ChildStdin.html
133 [`ChildStdout`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.ChildStdout.html
134 [`ChildStderr`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.ChildStderr.html
135 [`io::ErrorKind`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/io/enum.ErrorKind.html
136 [debugfmt]: https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/3ceaui/psa_produces_prettyprinted_debug_output/
137 [`DerefMut`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/ops/trait.DerefMut.html
138 [`mem::align_of`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/mem/fn.align_of.html
139 [align]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25646
140 [`mem::min_align_of`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/mem/fn.min_align_of.html
141 [typos]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26087
142 [nop]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26336
143 [fat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26411
144 [dst]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0982-dst-coercion.md
145 [parcodegen]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26018
146 [packed]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25541
148 Version 1.1.0 (June 2015)
149 =========================
151 * ~850 changes, numerous bugfixes
156 * The [`std::fs` module has been expanded][fs] to expand the set of
157 functionality exposed:
158 * `DirEntry` now supports optimizations like `file_type` and `metadata` which
159 don't incur a syscall on some platforms.
160 * A `symlink_metadata` function has been added.
161 * The `fs::Metadata` structure now lowers to its OS counterpart, providing
162 access to all underlying information.
163 * The compiler now contains extended explanations of many errors. When an error
164 with an explanation occurs the compiler suggests using the `--explain` flag
165 to read the explanation. Error explanations are also [available online][err-index].
166 * Thanks to multiple [improvements][sk] to [type checking][pre], as
167 well as other work, the time to bootstrap the compiler decreased by
173 * The [`str::split_whitespace`] method splits a string on unicode
174 whitespace boundaries.
175 * On both Windows and Unix, new extension traits provide conversion of
176 I/O types to and from the underlying system handles. On Unix, these
177 traits are [`FromRawFd`] and [`AsRawFd`], on Windows `FromRawHandle`
178 and `AsRawHandle`. These are implemented for `File`, `TcpStream`,
179 `TcpListener`, and `UpdSocket`. Further implementations for
180 `std::process` will be stabilized later.
181 * On Unix, [`std::os::unix::symlink`] creates symlinks. On
182 Windows, symlinks can be created with
183 `std::os::windows::symlink_dir` and
184 `std::os::windows::symlink_file`.
185 * The `mpsc::Receiver` type can now be converted into an iterator with
186 `into_iter` on the [`IntoIterator`] trait.
187 * `Ipv4Addr` can be created from `u32` with the `From<u32>`
188 implementation of the [`From`] trait.
189 * The `Debug` implementation for `RangeFull` [creates output that is
190 more consistent with other implementations][rf].
191 * [`Debug` is implemented for `File`][file].
192 * The `Default` implementation for `Arc` [no longer requires `Sync +
194 * [The `Iterator` methods `count`, `nth`, and `last` have been
195 overridden for slices to have O(1) performance instead of O(n)][si].
196 * Incorrect handling of paths on Windows has been improved in both the
197 compiler and the standard library.
198 * [`AtomicPtr` gained a `Default` implementation][ap].
199 * In accordance with Rust's policy on arithmetic overflow `abs` now
200 [panics on overflow when debug assertions are enabled][abs].
201 * The [`Cloned`] iterator, which was accidentally left unstable for
202 1.0 [has been stabilized][c].
203 * The [`Incoming`] iterator, which iterates over incoming TCP
204 connections, and which was accidentally unnamable in 1.0, [is now
205 properly exported][inc].
206 * [`BinaryHeap`] no longer corrupts itself [when functions called by
207 `sift_up` or `sift_down` panic][bh].
208 * The [`split_off`] method of `LinkedList` [no longer corrupts
209 the list in certain scenarios][ll].
214 * Type checking performance [has improved notably][sk] with
215 [multiple improvements][pre].
216 * The compiler [suggests code changes][ch] for more errors.
217 * rustc and it's build system have experimental support for [building
218 toolchains against MUSL][m] instead of glibc on Linux.
219 * The compiler defines the `target_env` cfg value, which is used for
220 distinguishing toolchains that are otherwise for the same
221 platform. Presently this is set to `gnu` for common GNU Linux
222 targets and for MinGW targets, and `musl` for MUSL Linux targets.
223 * The [`cargo rustc`][crc] command invokes a build with custom flags
225 * [Android executables are always position independent][pie].
226 * [The `drop_with_repr_extern` lint warns about mixing `repr(C)`
229 [`str::split_whitespace`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.split_whitespace
230 [`FromRawFd`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.FromRawFd.html
231 [`AsRawFd`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.AsRawFd.html
232 [`std::os::unix::symlink`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/fs/fn.symlink.html
233 [`IntoIterator`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
234 [`From`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/convert/trait.From.html
235 [rf]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24491
236 [err-index]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/error-index.html
237 [sk]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24615
238 [pre]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25323
239 [file]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24598
240 [ch]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24683
241 [arc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24695
242 [si]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24701
243 [ap]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24834
244 [m]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24777
245 [fs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1044-io-fs-2.1.md
246 [crc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/pull/1568
247 [pie]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24953
248 [abs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25441
249 [c]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25496
250 [`Cloned`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/struct.Cloned.html
251 [`Incoming`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/net/struct.Incoming.html
252 [inc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25522
253 [bh]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25856
254 [`BinaryHeap`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html
255 [ll]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26022
256 [`split_off`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/collections/linked_list/struct.LinkedList.html#method.split_off
257 [drop]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24935
259 Version 1.0.0 (May 2015)
260 ========================
262 * ~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
267 * The vast majority of the standard library is now `#[stable]`. It is
268 no longer possible to use unstable features with a stable build of
270 * Many popular crates on [crates.io] now work on the stable release
272 * Arithmetic on basic integer types now [checks for overflow in debug
278 * Several [restrictions have been added to trait coherence][coh] in
279 order to make it easier for upstream authors to change traits
280 without breaking downstream code.
281 * Digits of binary and octal literals are [lexed more eagerly][lex] to
282 improve error messages and macro behavior. For example, `0b1234` is
283 now lexed as `0b1234` instead of two tokens, `0b1` and `234`.
284 * Trait bounds [are always invariant][inv], eliminating the need for
285 the `PhantomFn` and `MarkerTrait` lang items, which have been
287 * ["-" is no longer a valid character in crate names][cr], the `extern crate
288 "foo" as bar` syntax has been replaced with `extern crate foo as
289 bar`, and Cargo now automatically translates "-" in *package* names
290 to underscore for the crate name.
291 * [Lifetime shadowing is an error][lt].
292 * [`Send` no longer implies `'static`][send-rfc].
293 * [UFCS now supports trait-less associated paths][moar-ufcs] like
295 * Primitive types [now have inherent methods][prim-inherent],
296 obviating the need for extension traits like `SliceExt`.
297 * Methods with `Self: Sized` in their `where` clause are [considered
298 object-safe][self-sized], allowing many extension traits like
299 `IteratorExt` to be merged into the traits they extended.
300 * You can now [refer to associated types][assoc-where] whose
301 corresponding trait bounds appear only in a `where` clause.
302 * The final bits of [OIBIT landed][oibit-final], meaning that traits
303 like `Send` and `Sync` are now library-defined.
304 * A [Reflect trait][reflect] was introduced, which means that
305 downcasting via the `Any` trait is effectively limited to concrete
306 types. This helps retain the potentially-important "parametricity"
307 property: generic code cannot behave differently for different type
308 arguments except in minor ways.
309 * The `unsafe_destructor` feature is now deprecated in favor of the
310 [new `dropck`][dropck]. This change is a major reduction in unsafe
316 * The `thread_local` module [has been renamed to `std::thread`][th].
317 * The methods of `IteratorExt` [have been moved to the `Iterator`
319 * Several traits that implement Rust's conventions for type
320 conversions, `AsMut`, `AsRef`, `From`, and `Into` have been
321 [centralized in the `std::convert` module][con].
322 * The `FromError` trait [was removed in favor of `From`][fe].
323 * The basic sleep function [has moved to
324 `std::thread::sleep_ms`][slp].
325 * The `splitn` function now takes an `n` parameter that represents the
326 number of items yielded by the returned iterator [instead of the
327 number of 'splits'][spl].
328 * [On Unix, all file descriptors are `CLOEXEC` by default][clo].
329 * [Derived implementations of `PartialOrd` now order enums according
330 to their explicitly-assigned discriminants][po].
331 * [Methods for searching strings are generic over `Pattern`s][pat],
332 implemented presently by `&char`, `&str`, `FnMut(char) -> bool` and
334 * [In method resolution, object methods are resolved before inherent
336 * [`String::from_str` has been deprecated in favor of the `From` impl,
338 * [`io::Error` implements `Sync`][ios].
339 * [The `words` method on `&str` has been replaced with
340 `split_whitespace`][sw], to avoid answering the tricky question, 'what is
342 * The new path and IO modules are complete and `#[stable]`. This
343 was the major library focus for this cycle.
344 * The path API was [revised][path-normalize] to normalize `.`,
345 adjusting the tradeoffs in favor of the most common usage.
346 * A large number of remaining APIs in `std` were also stabilized
347 during this cycle; about 75% of the non-deprecated API surface
349 * The new [string pattern API][string-pattern] landed, which makes
350 the string slice API much more internally consistent and flexible.
351 * A new set of [generic conversion traits][conversion] replaced
352 many existing ad hoc traits.
353 * Generic numeric traits were [completely removed][num-traits]. This
354 was made possible thanks to inherent methods for primitive types,
355 and the removal gives maximal flexibility for designing a numeric
356 hierarchy in the future.
357 * The `Fn` traits are now related via [inheritance][fn-inherit]
358 and provide ergonomic [blanket implementations][fn-blanket].
359 * The `Index` and `IndexMut` traits were changed to
360 [take the index by value][index-value], enabling code like
361 `hash_map["string"]` to work.
362 * `Copy` now [inherits][copy-clone] from `Clone`, meaning that all
363 `Copy` data is known to be `Clone` as well.
368 * Many errors now have extended explanations that can be accessed with
369 the `--explain` flag to `rustc`.
370 * Many new examples have been added to the standard library
372 * rustdoc has received a number of improvements focused on completion
374 * Metadata was tuned, shrinking binaries [by 27%][metadata-shrink].
375 * Much headway was made on ecosystem-wide CI, making it possible
376 to [compare builds for breakage][ci-compare].
379 [crates.io]: http://crates.io
380 [clo]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24034
381 [coh]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1023-rebalancing-coherence.md
382 [con]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23875
383 [cr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23419
384 [fe]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23879
385 [ie]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23300
386 [inv]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23938
387 [ios]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24133
388 [lex]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0879-small-base-lexing.md
389 [lt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24057
390 [meth]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24056
391 [pat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0528-string-patterns.md
392 [po]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24270
393 [sf]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24517
394 [slp]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23949
395 [spl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0979-align-splitn-with-other-languages.md
396 [sw]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1054-str-words.md
397 [th]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0909-move-thread-local-to-std-thread.md
398 [send-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0458-send-improvements.md
399 [moar-ufcs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22172
400 [prim-inherent]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23104
401 [overflow]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0560-integer-overflow.md
402 [metadata-shrink]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22971
403 [self-sized]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22301
404 [assoc-where]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22512
405 [string-pattern]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22466
406 [oibit-final]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21689
407 [reflect]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23712
408 [conversion]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/529
409 [num-traits]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23549
410 [index-value]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23601
411 [dropck]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/769
412 [ci-compare]: https://gist.github.com/brson/a30a77836fbec057cbee
413 [fn-inherit]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23282
414 [fn-blanket]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23895
415 [copy-clone]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23860
416 [path-normalize]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23229
419 Version 1.0.0-alpha.2 (February 2015)
420 =====================================
422 * ~1300 changes, numerous bugfixes
426 * The various I/O modules were [overhauled][io-rfc] to reduce
427 unnecessary abstractions and provide better interoperation with
428 the underlying platform. The old `io` module remains temporarily
430 * The standard library now [participates in feature gating][feat],
431 so use of unstable libraries now requires a `#![feature(...)]`
432 attribute. The impact of this change is [described on the
433 forum][feat-forum]. [RFC][feat-rfc].
437 * `for` loops [now operate on the `IntoIterator` trait][into],
438 which eliminates the need to call `.iter()`, etc. to iterate
439 over collections. There are some new subtleties to remember
440 though regarding what sort of iterators various types yield, in
441 particular that `for foo in bar { }` yields values from a move
442 iterator, destroying the original collection. [RFC][into-rfc].
443 * Objects now have [default lifetime bounds][obj], so you don't
444 have to write `Box<Trait+'static>` when you don't care about
445 storing references. [RFC][obj-rfc].
446 * In types that implement `Drop`, [lifetimes must outlive the
447 value][drop]. This will soon make it possible to safely
448 implement `Drop` for types where `#[unsafe_destructor]` is now
449 required. Read the [gorgeous RFC][drop-rfc] for details.
450 * The fully qualified <T as Trait>::X syntax lets you set the Self
451 type for a trait method or associated type. [RFC][ufcs-rfc].
452 * References to types that implement `Deref<U>` now [automatically
453 coerce to references][deref] to the dereferenced type `U`,
454 e.g. `&T where T: Deref<U>` automatically coerces to `&U`. This
455 should eliminate many unsightly uses of `&*`, as when converting
456 from references to vectors into references to
457 slices. [RFC][deref-rfc].
458 * The explicit [closure kind syntax][close] (`|&:|`, `|&mut:|`,
459 `|:|`) is obsolete and closure kind is inferred from context.
460 * [`Self` is a keyword][Self].
464 * The `Show` and `String` formatting traits [have been
465 renamed][fmt] to `Debug` and `Display` to more clearly reflect
466 their related purposes. Automatically getting a string
467 conversion to use with `format!("{:?}", something_to_debug)` is
468 now written `#[derive(Debug)]`.
469 * Abstract [OS-specific string types][osstr], `std::ff::{OsString,
470 OsStr}`, provide strings in platform-specific encodings for easier
471 interop with system APIs. [RFC][osstr-rfc].
472 * The `boxed::into_raw` and `Box::from_raw` functions [convert
473 between `Box<T>` and `*mut T`][boxraw], a common pattern for
474 creating raw pointers.
478 * Certain long error messages of the form 'expected foo found bar'
479 are now [split neatly across multiple
480 lines][multiline]. Examples in the PR.
481 * On Unix Rust can be [uninstalled][un] by running
482 `/usr/local/lib/rustlib/uninstall.sh`.
483 * The `#[rustc_on_unimplemented]` attribute, requiring the
484 'on_unimplemented' feature, lets rustc [display custom error
485 messages when a trait is expected to be implemented for a type
490 * Rust is tested against a [LALR grammar][lalr], which parses
491 almost all the Rust files that rustc does.
493 [boxraw]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21318
494 [close]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21843
495 [deref]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21351
496 [deref-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0241-deref-conversions.md
497 [drop]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21972
498 [drop-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0769-sound-generic-drop.md
499 [feat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21248
500 [feat-forum]: http://users.rust-lang.org/t/psa-important-info-about-rustcs-new-feature-staging/82/5
501 [feat-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0507-release-channels.md
502 [fmt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21457
503 [into]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/20790
504 [into-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0235-collections-conventions.md#intoiterator-and-iterable
505 [io-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0517-io-os-reform.md
506 [lalr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21452
507 [multiline]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/19870
508 [obj]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22230
509 [obj-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0599-default-object-bound.md
510 [onun]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/20889
511 [osstr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21488
512 [osstr-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0517-io-os-reform.md
513 [Self]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22158
514 [ufcs-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0132-ufcs.md
515 [un]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22256
518 Version 1.0.0-alpha (January 2015)
519 ==================================
521 * ~2400 changes, numerous bugfixes
525 * The language itself is considered feature complete for 1.0,
526 though there will be many usability improvements and bugfixes
527 before the final release.
528 * Nearly 50% of the public API surface of the standard library has
529 been declared 'stable'. Those interfaces are unlikely to change
531 * The long-running debate over integer types has been
532 [settled][ints]: Rust will ship with types named `isize` and
533 `usize`, rather than `int` and `uint`, for pointer-sized
534 integers. Guidelines will be rolled out during the alpha cycle.
535 * Most crates that are not `std` have been moved out of the Rust
536 distribution into the Cargo ecosystem so they can evolve
537 separately and don't need to be stabilized as quickly, including
538 'time', 'getopts', 'num', 'regex', and 'term'.
539 * Documentation continues to be expanded with more API coverage, more
540 examples, and more in-depth explanations. The guides have been
541 consolidated into [The Rust Programming Language][trpl].
542 * "[Rust By Example][rbe]" is now maintained by the Rust team.
543 * All official Rust binary installers now come with [Cargo], the
544 Rust package manager.
548 * Closures have been [completely redesigned][unboxed] to be
549 implemented in terms of traits, can now be used as generic type
550 bounds and thus monomorphized and inlined, or via an opaque
551 pointer (boxed) as in the old system. The new system is often
552 referred to as 'unboxed' closures.
553 * Traits now support [associated types][assoc], allowing families
554 of related types to be defined together and used generically in
556 * Enum variants are [namespaced by their type names][enum].
557 * [`where` clauses][where] provide a more versatile and attractive
558 syntax for specifying generic bounds, though the previous syntax
560 * Rust again picks a [fallback][fb] (either i32 or f64) for uninferred
562 * Rust [no longer has a runtime][rt] of any description, and only
563 supports OS threads, not green threads.
564 * At long last, Rust has been overhauled for 'dynamically-sized
565 types' ([DST]), which integrates 'fat pointers' (object types,
566 arrays, and `str`) more deeply into the type system, making it
568 * Rust now has a general [range syntax][range], `i..j`, `i..`, and
569 `..j` that produce range types and which, when combined with the
570 `Index` operator and multidispatch, leads to a convenient slice
572 * The new range syntax revealed an ambiguity in the fixed-length
573 array syntax, so now fixed length arrays [are written `[T;
575 * The `Copy` trait is no longer implemented automatically. Unsafe
576 pointers no longer implement `Sync` and `Send` so types
577 containing them don't automatically either. `Sync` and `Send`
578 are now 'unsafe traits' so one can "forcibly" implement them via
579 `unsafe impl` if a type confirms to the requirements for them
580 even though the internals do not (e.g. structs containing unsafe
581 pointers like `Arc`). These changes are intended to prevent some
582 footguns and are collectively known as [opt-in built-in
583 traits][oibit] (though `Sync` and `Send` will soon become pure
584 library types unknown to the compiler).
585 * Operator traits now take their operands [by value][ops], and
586 comparison traits can use multidispatch to compare one type
587 against multiple other types, allowing e.g. `String` to be
588 compared with `&str`.
589 * `if let` and `while let` are no longer feature-gated.
590 * Rust has adopted a more [uniform syntax for escaping unicode
591 characters][unicode].
592 * `macro_rules!` [has been declared stable][mac]. Though it is a
593 flawed system it is sufficiently popular that it must be usable
594 for 1.0. Effort has gone into [future-proofing][mac-future] it
595 in ways that will allow other macro systems to be developed in
596 parallel, and won't otherwise impact the evolution of the
598 * The prelude has been [pared back significantly][prelude] such
599 that it is the minimum necessary to support the most pervasive
600 code patterns, and through [generalized where clauses][where]
601 many of the prelude extension traits have been consolidated.
602 * Rust's rudimentary reflection [has been removed][refl], as it
603 incurred too much code generation for little benefit.
604 * [Struct variants][structvars] are no longer feature-gated.
605 * Trait bounds can be [polymorphic over lifetimes][hrtb]. Also
606 known as 'higher-ranked trait bounds', this crucially allows
607 unboxed closures to work.
608 * Macros invocations surrounded by parens or square brackets and
609 not terminated by a semicolon are [parsed as
610 expressions][macros], which makes expressions like `vec![1i32,
611 2, 3].len()` work as expected.
612 * Trait objects now implement their traits automatically, and
613 traits that can be coerced to objects now must be [object
615 * Automatically deriving traits is now done with `#[derive(...)]`
616 not `#[deriving(...)]` for [consistency with other naming
617 conventions][derive].
618 * Importing the containing module or enum at the same time as
619 items or variants they contain is [now done with `self` instead
620 of `mod`][self], as in use `foo::{self, bar}`
621 * Glob imports are no longer feature-gated.
622 * The `box` operator and `box` patterns have been feature-gated
623 pending a redesign. For now unique boxes should be allocated
624 like other containers, with `Box::new`.
628 * A [series][coll1] of [efforts][coll2] to establish
629 [conventions][coll3] for collections types has resulted in API
630 improvements throughout the standard library.
631 * New [APIs for error handling][err] provide ergonomic interop
632 between error types, and [new conventions][err-conv] describe
633 more clearly the recommended error handling strategies in Rust.
634 * The `fail!` macro has been renamed to [`panic!`][panic] so that
635 it is easier to discuss failure in the context of error handling
636 without making clarifications as to whether you are referring to
637 the 'fail' macro or failure more generally.
638 * On Linux, `OsRng` prefers the new, more reliable `getrandom`
639 syscall when available.
640 * The 'serialize' crate has been renamed 'rustc-serialize' and
641 moved out of the distribution to Cargo. Although it is widely
642 used now, it is expected to be superseded in the near future.
643 * The `Show` formatter, typically implemented with
644 `#[derive(Show)]` is [now requested with the `{:?}`
645 specifier][show] and is intended for use by all types, for uses
646 such as `println!` debugging. The new `String` formatter must be
647 implemented by hand, uses the `{}` specifier, and is intended
648 for full-fidelity conversions of things that can logically be
649 represented as strings.
653 * [Flexible target specification][flex] allows rustc's code
654 generation to be configured to support otherwise-unsupported
656 * Rust comes with rust-gdb and rust-lldb scripts that launch their
657 respective debuggers with Rust-appropriate pretty-printing.
658 * The Windows installation of Rust is distributed with the the
659 MinGW components currently required to link binaries on that
664 * Nullable enum optimizations have been extended to more types so
665 that e.g. `Option<Vec<T>>` and `Option<String>` take up no more
666 space than the inner types themselves.
667 * Work has begun on supporting AArch64.
669 [Cargo]: https://crates.io
670 [unboxed]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2014/11/26/purging-proc/
671 [enum]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0390-enum-namespacing.md
672 [flex]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0131-target-specification.md
673 [err]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0201-error-chaining.md
674 [err-conv]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0236-error-conventions.md
675 [rt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0230-remove-runtime.md
676 [mac]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0453-macro-reform.md
677 [mac-future]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/550
678 [DST]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2014/01/05/dst-take-5/
679 [coll1]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0235-collections-conventions.md
680 [coll2]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0509-collections-reform-part-2.md
681 [coll3]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0216-collection-views.md
682 [ops]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md
683 [prelude]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0503-prelude-stabilization.md
684 [where]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0135-where.md
685 [refl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0379-remove-reflection.md
686 [panic]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0221-panic.md
687 [structvars]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0418-struct-variants.md
688 [hrtb]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0387-higher-ranked-trait-bounds.md
689 [unicode]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0446-es6-unicode-escapes.md
690 [oibit]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0019-opt-in-builtin-traits.md
691 [macros]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0378-expr-macros.md
692 [range]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md#indexing-and-slicing
693 [arrays]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0520-new-array-repeat-syntax.md
694 [show]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0504-show-stabilization.md
695 [derive]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0534-deriving2derive.md
696 [self]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0532-self-in-use.md
697 [fb]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0212-restore-int-fallback.md
698 [objsafe]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0255-object-safety.md
699 [assoc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0195-associated-items.md
700 [ints]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/544#issuecomment-68760871
701 [trpl]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/book/index.html
702 [rbe]: http://rustbyexample.com/
705 Version 0.12.0 (October 2014)
706 =============================
708 * ~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
712 * The introductory documentation (now called The Rust Guide) has
713 been completely rewritten, as have a number of supplementary
715 * Rust's package manager, Cargo, continues to improve and is
716 sometimes considered to be quite awesome.
717 * Many API's in `std` have been reviewed and updated for
718 consistency with the in-development Rust coding
719 guidelines. The standard library documentation tracks
720 stabilization progress.
721 * Minor libraries have been moved out-of-tree to the rust-lang org
722 on GitHub: uuid, semver, glob, num, hexfloat, fourcc. They can
723 be installed with Cargo.
724 * Lifetime elision allows lifetime annotations to be left off of
725 function declarations in many common scenarios.
726 * Rust now works on 64-bit Windows.
729 * Indexing can be overloaded with the `Index` and `IndexMut`
731 * The `if let` construct takes a branch only if the `let` pattern
732 matches, currently behind the 'if_let' feature gate.
733 * 'where clauses', a more flexible syntax for specifying trait
734 bounds that is more aesthetic, have been added for traits and
735 free functions. Where clauses will in the future make it
736 possible to constrain associated types, which would be
737 impossible with the existing syntax.
738 * A new slicing syntax (e.g. `[0..4]`) has been introduced behind
739 the 'slicing_syntax' feature gate, and can be overloaded with
740 the `Slice` or `SliceMut` traits.
741 * The syntax for matching of sub-slices has been changed to use a
742 postfix `..` instead of prefix (.e.g. `[a, b, c..]`), for
743 consistency with other uses of `..` and to future-proof
744 potential additional uses of the syntax.
745 * The syntax for matching inclusive ranges in patterns has changed
746 from `0..3` to `0...4` to be consistent with the exclusive range
748 * Matching of sub-slices in non-tail positions (e.g. `[a.., b,
749 c]`) has been put behind the 'advanced_slice_patterns' feature
750 gate and may be removed in the future.
751 * Components of tuples and tuple structs can be extracted using
752 the `value.0` syntax, currently behind the `tuple_indexing`
754 * The `#[crate_id]` attribute is no longer supported; versioning
755 is handled by the package manager.
756 * Renaming crate imports are now written `extern crate foo as bar`
757 instead of `extern crate bar = foo`.
758 * Renaming use statements are now written `use foo as bar` instead
760 * `let` and `match` bindings and argument names in macros are now
762 * The new, more efficient, closure types ('unboxed closures') have
763 been added under a feature gate, 'unboxed_closures'. These will
764 soon replace the existing closure types, once higher-ranked
765 trait lifetimes are added to the language.
766 * `move` has been added as a keyword, for indicating closures
767 that capture by value.
768 * Mutation and assignment is no longer allowed in pattern guards.
769 * Generic structs and enums can now have trait bounds.
770 * The `Share` trait is now called `Sync` to free up the term
771 'shared' to refer to 'shared reference' (the default reference
773 * Dynamically-sized types have been mostly implemented,
774 unifying the behavior of fat-pointer types with the rest of the
776 * As part of dynamically-sized types, the `Sized` trait has been
777 introduced, which qualifying types implement by default, and
778 which type parameters expect by default. To specify that a type
779 parameter does not need to be sized, write `<Sized? T>`. Most
780 types are `Sized`, notable exceptions being unsized arrays
781 (`[T]`) and trait types.
782 * Closures can return `!`, as in `|| -> !` or `proc() -> !`.
783 * Lifetime bounds can now be applied to type parameters and object
785 * The old, reference counted GC type, `Gc<T>` which was once
786 denoted by the `@` sigil, has finally been removed. GC will be
787 revisited in the future.
790 * Library documentation has been improved for a number of modules.
791 * Bit-vectors, collections::bitv has been modernized.
792 * The url crate is deprecated in favor of
793 http://github.com/servo/rust-url, which can be installed with
795 * Most I/O stream types can be cloned and subsequently closed from
797 * A `std::time::Duration` type has been added for use in I/O
798 methods that rely on timers, as well as in the 'time' crate's
799 `Timespec` arithmetic.
800 * The runtime I/O abstraction layer that enabled the green thread
801 scheduler to do non-thread-blocking I/O has been removed, along
802 with the libuv-based implementation employed by the green thread
803 scheduler. This will greatly simplify the future I/O work.
804 * `collections::btree` has been rewritten to have a more
805 idiomatic and efficient design.
808 * rustdoc output now indicates the stability levels of API's.
809 * The `--crate-name` flag can specify the name of the crate
810 being compiled, like `#[crate_name]`.
811 * The `-C metadata` specifies additional metadata to hash into
812 symbol names, and `-C extra-filename` specifies additional
813 information to put into the output filename, for use by the
814 package manager for versioning.
815 * debug info generation has continued to improve and should be
816 more reliable under both gdb and lldb.
817 * rustc has experimental support for compiling in parallel
818 using the `-C codegen-units` flag.
819 * rustc no longer encodes rpath information into binaries by
823 * Stack usage has been optimized with LLVM lifetime annotations.
824 * Official Rust binaries on Linux are more compatible with older
825 kernels and distributions, built on CentOS 5.10.
828 Version 0.11.0 (July 2014)
829 ==========================
831 * ~1700 changes, numerous bugfixes
834 * ~[T] has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
836 * ~str has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
838 * ~T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
840 * @T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
841 standard library's std::gc::Gc<T> type.
842 * Struct fields are now all private by default.
843 * Vector indices and shift amounts are both required to be a `uint`
844 instead of any integral type.
845 * Byte character, byte string, and raw byte string literals are now all
846 supported by prefixing the normal literal with a `b`.
847 * Multiple ABIs are no longer allowed in an ABI string
848 * The syntax for lifetimes on closures/procedures has been tweaked
849 slightly: `<'a>|A, B|: 'b + K -> T`
850 * Floating point modulus has been removed from the language; however it
851 is still provided by a library implementation.
852 * Private enum variants are now disallowed.
853 * The `priv` keyword has been removed from the language.
854 * A closure can no longer be invoked through a &-pointer.
855 * The `use foo, bar, baz;` syntax has been removed from the language.
856 * The transmute intrinsic no longer works on type parameters.
857 * Statics now allow blocks/items in their definition.
858 * Trait bounds are separated from objects with + instead of : now.
859 * Objects can no longer be read while they are mutably borrowed.
860 * The address of a static is now marked as insignificant unless the
861 #[inline(never)] attribute is placed it.
862 * The #[unsafe_destructor] attribute is now behind a feature gate.
863 * Struct literals are no longer allowed in ambiguous positions such as
864 if, while, match, and for..in.
865 * Declaration of lang items and intrinsics are now feature-gated by
867 * Integral literals no longer default to `int`, and floating point
868 literals no longer default to `f64`. Literals must be suffixed with an
869 appropriate type if inference cannot determine the type of the
871 * The Box<T> type is no longer implicitly borrowed to &mut T.
872 * Procedures are now required to not capture borrowed references.
875 * The standard library is now a "facade" over a number of underlying
876 libraries. This means that development on the standard library should
877 be speeder due to smaller crates, as well as a clearer line between
879 * A new library, libcore, lives under the standard library's facade
880 which is Rust's "0-assumption" library, suitable for embedded and
881 kernel development for example.
882 * A regex crate has been added to the standard distribution. This crate
883 includes statically compiled regular expressions.
884 * The unwrap/unwrap_err methods on Result require a Show bound for
885 better error messages.
886 * The return types of the std::comm primitives have been centralized
887 around the Result type.
888 * A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to time out their
890 * A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to close their
891 reading/writing halves to cancel pending operations.
892 * Reverse iterator methods have been removed in favor of `rev()` on
893 their forward-iteration counterparts.
894 * A bitflags! macro has been added to enable easy interop with C and
895 management of bit flags.
896 * A debug_assert! macro is now provided which is disabled when
897 `--cfg ndebug` is passed to the compiler.
898 * A graphviz crate has been added for creating .dot files.
899 * The std::cast module has been migrated into std::mem.
900 * The std::local_data api has been migrated from freestanding functions
901 to being based on methods.
902 * The Pod trait has been renamed to Copy.
903 * jemalloc has been added as the default allocator for types.
904 * The API for allocating memory has been changed to use proper alignment
905 and sized deallocation
906 * Connecting a TcpStream or binding a TcpListener is now based on a
907 string address and a u16 port. This allows connecting to a hostname as
909 * The Reader trait now contains a core method, read_at_least(), which
910 correctly handles many repeated 0-length reads.
911 * The process-spawning API is now centered around a builder-style
913 * The :? printing qualifier has been moved from the standard library to
914 an external libdebug crate.
915 * Eq/Ord have been renamed to PartialEq/PartialOrd. TotalEq/TotalOrd
916 have been renamed to Eq/Ord.
917 * The select/plural methods have been removed from format!. The escapes
918 for { and } have also changed from \{ and \} to {{ and }},
920 * The TaskBuilder API has been re-worked to be a true builder, and
921 extension traits for spawning native/green tasks have been added.
924 * All breaking changes to the language or libraries now have their
925 commit message annotated with `[breaking-change]` to allow for easy
926 discovery of breaking changes.
927 * The compiler will now try to suggest how to annotate lifetimes if a
928 lifetime-related error occurs.
929 * Debug info continues to be improved greatly with general bug fixes and
930 better support for situations like link time optimization (LTO).
931 * Usage of syntax extensions when cross-compiling has been fixed.
932 * Functionality equivalent to GCC & Clang's -ffunction-sections,
933 -fdata-sections and --gc-sections has been enabled by default
934 * The compiler is now stricter about where it will load module files
935 from when a module is declared via `mod foo;`.
936 * The #[phase(syntax)] attribute has been renamed to #[phase(plugin)].
937 Syntax extensions are now discovered via a "plugin registrar" type
938 which will be extended in the future to other various plugins.
939 * Lints have been restructured to allow for dynamically loadable lints.
940 * A number of rustdoc improvements:
941 * The HTML output has been visually redesigned.
942 * Markdown is now powered by hoedown instead of sundown.
943 * Searching heuristics have been greatly improved.
944 * The search index has been reduced in size by a great amount.
945 * Cross-crate documentation via `pub use` has been greatly improved.
946 * Primitive types are now hyperlinked and documented.
947 * Documentation has been moved from static.rust-lang.org/doc to
949 * A new sandbox, play.rust-lang.org, is available for running and
950 sharing rust code examples on-line.
951 * Unused attributes are now more robustly warned about.
952 * The dead_code lint now warns about unused struct fields.
953 * Cross-compiling to iOS is now supported.
954 * Cross-compiling to mipsel is now supported.
955 * Stability attributes are now inherited by default and no longer apply
956 to intra-crate usage, only inter-crate usage.
957 * Error message related to non-exhaustive match expressions have been
961 Version 0.10 (April 2014)
962 =========================
964 * ~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
967 * A new RFC process is now in place for modifying the language.
968 * Patterns with `@`-pointers have been removed from the language.
969 * Patterns with unique vectors (`~[T]`) have been removed from the
971 * Patterns with unique strings (`~str`) have been removed from the
973 * `@str` has been removed from the language.
974 * `@[T]` has been removed from the language.
975 * `@self` has been removed from the language.
976 * `@Trait` has been removed from the language.
977 * Headers on `~` allocations which contain `@` boxes inside the type for
978 reference counting have been removed.
979 * The semantics around the lifetimes of temporary expressions have changed,
980 see #3511 and #11585 for more information.
981 * Cross-crate syntax extensions are now possible, but feature gated. See
982 #11151 for more information. This includes both `macro_rules!` macros as
983 well as syntax extensions such as `format!`.
984 * New lint modes have been added, and older ones have been turned on to be
986 * Unnecessary parentheses
989 * Uppercase variables
990 * Publicly visible private types
991 * `#[deriving]` with raw pointers
992 * Unsafe functions can no longer be coerced to closures.
993 * Various obscure macros such as `log_syntax!` are now behind feature gates.
994 * The `#[simd]` attribute is now behind a feature gate.
995 * Visibility is no longer allowed on `extern crate` statements, and
996 unnecessary visibility (`priv`) is no longer allowed on `use` statements.
997 * Trailing commas are now allowed in argument lists and tuple patterns.
998 * The `do` keyword has been removed, it is now a reserved keyword.
999 * Default type parameters have been implemented, but are feature gated.
1000 * Borrowed variables through captures in closures are now considered soundly.
1001 * `extern mod` is now `extern crate`
1002 * The `Freeze` trait has been removed.
1003 * The `Share` trait has been added for types that can be shared among
1005 * Labels in macros are now hygienic.
1006 * Expression/statement macro invocations can be delimited with `{}` now.
1007 * Treatment of types allowed in `static mut` locations has been tweaked.
1008 * The `*` and `.` operators are now overloadable through the `Deref` and
1010 * `~Trait` and `proc` no longer have `Send` bounds by default.
1011 * Partial type hints are now supported with the `_` type marker.
1012 * An `Unsafe` type was introduced for interior mutability. It is now
1013 considered undefined to transmute from `&T` to `&mut T` without using the
1015 * The #[linkage] attribute was implemented for extern statics/functions.
1016 * The inner attribute syntax has changed from `#[foo];` to `#![foo]`.
1017 * `Pod` was renamed to `Copy`.
1020 * The `libextra` library has been removed. It has now been decomposed into
1021 component libraries with smaller and more focused nuggets of
1022 functionality. The full list of libraries can be found on the
1023 documentation index page.
1024 * std: `std::condition` has been removed. All I/O errors are now propagated
1025 through the `Result` type. In order to assist with error handling, a
1026 `try!` macro for unwrapping errors with an early return and a lint for
1027 unused results has been added. See #12039 for more information.
1028 * std: The `vec` module has been renamed to `slice`.
1029 * std: A new vector type, `Vec<T>`, has been added in preparation for DST.
1030 This will become the only growable vector in the future.
1031 * std: `std::io` now has more public-reexports. Types such as `BufferedReader`
1032 are now found at `std::io::BufferedReader` instead of
1033 `std::io::buffered::BufferedReader`.
1034 * std: `print` and `println` are no longer in the prelude, the `print!` and
1035 `println!` macros are intended to be used instead.
1036 * std: `Rc` now has a `Weak` pointer for breaking cycles, and it no longer
1037 attempts to statically prevent cycles.
1038 * std: The standard distribution is adopting the policy of pushing failure
1039 to the user rather than failing in libraries. Many functions (such as
1040 `slice::last()`) now return `Option<T>` instead of `T` + failing.
1041 * std: `fmt::Default` has been renamed to `fmt::Show`, and it now has a new
1042 deriving mode: `#[deriving(Show)]`.
1043 * std: `ToStr` is now implemented for all types implementing `Show`.
1044 * std: The formatting trait methods now take `&self` instead of `&T`
1045 * std: The `invert()` method on iterators has been renamed to `rev()`
1046 * std: `std::num` has seen a reduction in the genericity of its traits,
1047 consolidating functionality into a few core traits.
1048 * std: Backtraces are now printed on task failure if the environment
1049 variable `RUST_BACKTRACE` is present.
1050 * std: Naming conventions for iterators have been standardized. More details
1051 can be found on the wiki's style guide.
1052 * std: `eof()` has been removed from the `Reader` trait. Specific types may
1053 still implement the function.
1054 * std: Networking types are now cloneable to allow simultaneous reads/writes.
1055 * std: `assert_approx_eq!` has been removed
1056 * std: The `e` and `E` formatting specifiers for floats have been added to
1057 print them in exponential notation.
1058 * std: The `Times` trait has been removed
1059 * std: Indications of variance and opting out of builtin bounds is done
1060 through marker types in `std::kinds::marker` now
1061 * std: `hash` has been rewritten, `IterBytes` has been removed, and
1062 `#[deriving(Hash)]` is now possible.
1063 * std: `SharedChan` has been removed, `Sender` is now cloneable.
1064 * std: `Chan` and `Port` were renamed to `Sender` and `Receiver`.
1065 * std: `Chan::new` is now `channel()`.
1066 * std: A new synchronous channel type has been implemented.
1067 * std: A `select!` macro is now provided for selecting over `Receiver`s.
1068 * std: `hashmap` and `trie` have been moved to `libcollections`
1069 * std: `run` has been rolled into `io::process`
1070 * std: `assert_eq!` now uses `{}` instead of `{:?}`
1071 * std: The equality and comparison traits have seen some reorganization.
1072 * std: `rand` has moved to `librand`.
1073 * std: `to_{lower,upper}case` has been implemented for `char`.
1074 * std: Logging has been moved to `liblog`.
1075 * collections: `HashMap` has been rewritten for higher performance and less
1077 * native: The default runtime is now `libnative`. If `libgreen` is desired,
1078 it can be booted manually. The runtime guide has more information and
1080 * native: All I/O functionality except signals has been implemented.
1081 * green: Task spawning with `libgreen` has been optimized with stack caching
1082 and various trimming of code.
1083 * green: Tasks spawned by `libgreen` now have an unmapped guard page.
1084 * sync: The `extra::sync` module has been updated to modern rust (and moved
1085 to the `sync` library), tweaking and improving various interfaces while
1086 dropping redundant functionality.
1087 * sync: A new `Barrier` type has been added to the `sync` library.
1088 * sync: An efficient mutex for native and green tasks has been implemented.
1089 * serialize: The `base64` module has seen some improvement. It treats
1090 newlines better, has non-string error values, and has seen general
1092 * fourcc: A `fourcc!` macro was introduced
1093 * hexfloat: A `hexfloat!` macro was implemented for specifying floats via a
1094 hexadecimal literal.
1097 * `rustpkg` has been deprecated and removed from the main repository. Its
1098 replacement, `cargo`, is under development.
1099 * Nightly builds of rust are now available
1100 * The memory usage of rustc has been improved many times throughout this
1102 * The build process supports disabling rpath support for the rustc binary
1104 * Code generation has improved in some cases, giving more information to the
1105 LLVM optimization passes to enable more extensive optimizations.
1106 * Debuginfo compatibility with lldb on OSX has been restored.
1107 * The master branch is now gated on an android bot, making building for
1108 android much more reliable.
1109 * Output flags have been centralized into one `--emit` flag.
1110 * Crate type flags have been centralized into one `--crate-type` flag.
1111 * Codegen flags have been consolidated behind a `-C` flag.
1112 * Linking against outdated crates now has improved error messages.
1113 * Error messages with lifetimes will often suggest how to annotate the
1114 function to fix the error.
1115 * Many more types are documented in the standard library, and new guides
1117 * Many `rustdoc` improvements:
1118 * code blocks are syntax highlighted.
1119 * render standalone markdown files.
1120 * the --test flag tests all code blocks by default.
1121 * exported macros are displayed.
1122 * reexported types have their documentation inlined at the location of the
1124 * search works across crates that have been rendered to the same output
1128 Version 0.9 (January 2014)
1129 ==========================
1131 * ~1800 changes, numerous bugfixes
1134 * The `float` type has been removed. Use `f32` or `f64` instead.
1135 * A new facility for enabling experimental features (feature gating) has
1136 been added, using the crate-level `#[feature(foo)]` attribute.
1137 * Managed boxes (@) are now behind a feature gate
1138 (`#[feature(managed_boxes)]`) in preparation for future removal. Use the
1139 standard library's `Gc` or `Rc` types instead.
1140 * `@mut` has been removed. Use `std::cell::{Cell, RefCell}` instead.
1141 * Jumping back to the top of a loop is now done with `continue` instead of
1143 * Strings can no longer be mutated through index assignment.
1144 * Raw strings can be created via the basic `r"foo"` syntax or with matched
1145 hash delimiters, as in `r###"foo"###`.
1146 * `~fn` is now written `proc (args) -> retval { ... }` and may only be
1148 * The `&fn` type is now written `|args| -> ret` to match the literal form.
1149 * `@fn`s have been removed.
1150 * `do` only works with procs in order to make it obvious what the cost
1152 * Single-element tuple-like structs can no longer be dereferenced to
1153 obtain the inner value. A more comprehensive solution for overloading
1154 the dereference operator will be provided in the future.
1155 * The `#[link(...)]` attribute has been replaced with
1156 `#[crate_id = "name#vers"]`.
1157 * Empty `impl`s must be terminated with empty braces and may not be
1158 terminated with a semicolon.
1159 * Keywords are no longer allowed as lifetime names; the `self` lifetime
1160 no longer has any special meaning.
1161 * The old `fmt!` string formatting macro has been removed.
1162 * `printf!` and `printfln!` (old-style formatting) removed in favor of
1163 `print!` and `println!`.
1164 * `mut` works in patterns now, as in `let (mut x, y) = (1, 2);`.
1165 * The `extern mod foo (name = "bar")` syntax has been removed. Use
1166 `extern mod foo = "bar"` instead.
1167 * New reserved keywords: `alignof`, `offsetof`, `sizeof`.
1168 * Macros can have attributes.
1169 * Macros can expand to items with attributes.
1170 * Macros can expand to multiple items.
1171 * The `asm!` macro is feature-gated (`#[feature(asm)]`).
1172 * Comments may be nested.
1173 * Values automatically coerce to trait objects they implement, without
1175 * Enum discriminants are no longer an entire word but as small as needed to
1176 contain all the variants. The `repr` attribute can be used to override
1177 the discriminant size, as in `#[repr(int)]` for integer-sized, and
1178 `#[repr(C)]` to match C enums.
1179 * Non-string literals are not allowed in attributes (they never worked).
1180 * The FFI now supports variadic functions.
1181 * Octal numeric literals, as in `0o7777`.
1182 * The `concat!` syntax extension performs compile-time string concatenation.
1183 * The `#[fixed_stack_segment]` and `#[rust_stack]` attributes have been
1184 removed as Rust no longer uses segmented stacks.
1185 * Non-ascii identifiers are feature-gated (`#[feature(non_ascii_idents)]`).
1186 * Ignoring all fields of an enum variant or tuple-struct is done with `..`,
1187 not `*`; ignoring remaining fields of a struct is also done with `..`,
1188 not `_`; ignoring a slice of a vector is done with `..`, not `.._`.
1189 * `rustc` supports the "win64" calling convention via `extern "win64"`.
1190 * `rustc` supports the "system" calling convention, which defaults to the
1191 preferred convention for the target platform, "stdcall" on 32-bit Windows,
1193 * The `type_overflow` lint (default: warn) checks literals for overflow.
1194 * The `unsafe_block` lint (default: allow) checks for usage of `unsafe`.
1195 * The `attribute_usage` lint (default: warn) warns about unknown
1197 * The `unknown_features` lint (default: warn) warns about unknown
1199 * The `dead_code` lint (default: warn) checks for dead code.
1200 * Rust libraries can be linked statically to one another
1201 * `#[link_args]` is behind the `link_args` feature gate.
1202 * Native libraries are now linked with `#[link(name = "foo")]`
1203 * Native libraries can be statically linked to a rust crate
1204 (`#[link(name = "foo", kind = "static")]`).
1205 * Native OS X frameworks are now officially supported
1206 (`#[link(name = "foo", kind = "framework")]`).
1207 * The `#[thread_local]` attribute creates thread-local (not task-local)
1208 variables. Currently behind the `thread_local` feature gate.
1209 * The `return` keyword may be used in closures.
1210 * Types that can be copied via a memcpy implement the `Pod` kind.
1211 * The `cfg` attribute can now be used on struct fields and enum variants.
1214 * std: The `option` and `result` API's have been overhauled to make them
1215 simpler, more consistent, and more composable.
1216 * std: The entire `std::io` module has been replaced with one that is
1217 more comprehensive and that properly interfaces with the underlying
1218 scheduler. File, TCP, UDP, Unix sockets, pipes, and timers are all
1220 * std: `io::util` contains a number of useful implementations of
1221 `Reader` and `Writer`, including `NullReader`, `NullWriter`,
1222 `ZeroReader`, `TeeReader`.
1223 * std: The reference counted pointer type `extra::rc` moved into std.
1224 * std: The `Gc` type in the `gc` module will replace `@` (it is currently
1225 just a wrapper around it).
1226 * std: The `Either` type has been removed.
1227 * std: `fmt::Default` can be implemented for any type to provide default
1228 formatting to the `format!` macro, as in `format!("{}", myfoo)`.
1229 * std: The `rand` API continues to be tweaked.
1230 * std: The `rust_begin_unwind` function, useful for inserting breakpoints
1231 on failure in gdb, is now named `rust_fail`.
1232 * std: The `each_key` and `each_value` methods on `HashMap` have been
1233 replaced by the `keys` and `values` iterators.
1234 * std: Functions dealing with type size and alignment have moved from the
1235 `sys` module to the `mem` module.
1236 * std: The `path` module was written and API changed.
1237 * std: `str::from_utf8` has been changed to cast instead of allocate.
1238 * std: `starts_with` and `ends_with` methods added to vectors via the
1239 `ImmutableEqVector` trait, which is in the prelude.
1240 * std: Vectors can be indexed with the `get_opt` method, which returns `None`
1241 if the index is out of bounds.
1242 * std: Task failure no longer propagates between tasks, as the model was
1243 complex, expensive, and incompatible with thread-based tasks.
1244 * std: The `Any` type can be used for dynamic typing.
1245 * std: `~Any` can be passed to the `fail!` macro and retrieved via
1247 * std: Methods that produce iterators generally do not have an `_iter`
1249 * std: `cell::Cell` and `cell::RefCell` can be used to introduce mutability
1250 roots (mutable fields, etc.). Use instead of e.g. `@mut`.
1251 * std: `util::ignore` renamed to `prelude::drop`.
1252 * std: Slices have `sort` and `sort_by` methods via the `MutableVector`
1254 * std: `vec::raw` has seen a lot of cleanup and API changes.
1255 * std: The standard library no longer includes any C++ code, and very
1256 minimal C, eliminating the dependency on libstdc++.
1257 * std: Runtime scheduling and I/O functionality has been factored out into
1258 extensible interfaces and is now implemented by two different crates:
1259 libnative, for native threading and I/O; and libgreen, for green threading
1260 and I/O. This paves the way for using the standard library in more limited
1261 embedded environments.
1262 * std: The `comm` module has been rewritten to be much faster, have a
1263 simpler, more consistent API, and to work for both native and green
1265 * std: All libuv dependencies have been moved into the rustuv crate.
1266 * native: New implementations of runtime scheduling on top of OS threads.
1267 * native: New native implementations of TCP, UDP, file I/O, process spawning,
1269 * green: The green thread scheduler and message passing types are almost
1271 * extra: The `flatpipes` module had bitrotted and was removed.
1272 * extra: All crypto functions have been removed and Rust now has a policy of
1273 not reimplementing crypto in the standard library. In the future crypto
1274 will be provided by external crates with bindings to established libraries.
1275 * extra: `c_vec` has been modernized.
1276 * extra: The `sort` module has been removed. Use the `sort` method on
1280 * The `rust` and `rusti` commands have been removed, due to lack of
1282 * `rustdoc` was completely rewritten.
1283 * `rustdoc` can test code examples in documentation.
1284 * `rustpkg` can test packages with the argument, 'test'.
1285 * `rustpkg` supports arbitrary dependencies, including C libraries.
1286 * `rustc`'s support for generating debug info is improved again.
1287 * `rustc` has better error reporting for unbalanced delimiters.
1288 * `rustc`'s JIT support was removed due to bitrot.
1289 * Executables and static libraries can be built with LTO (-Z lto)
1290 * `rustc` adds a `--dep-info` flag for communicating dependencies to
1294 Version 0.8 (September 2013)
1295 ============================
1297 * ~2200 changes, numerous bugfixes
1300 * The `for` loop syntax has changed to work with the `Iterator` trait.
1301 * At long last, unwinding works on Windows.
1302 * Default methods are ready for use.
1303 * Many trait inheritance bugs fixed.
1304 * Owned and borrowed trait objects work more reliably.
1305 * `copy` is no longer a keyword. It has been replaced by the `Clone` trait.
1306 * rustc can omit emission of code for the `debug!` macro if it is passed
1308 * mod.rs is now "blessed". When loading `mod foo;`, rustc will now look
1309 for foo.rs, then foo/mod.rs, and will generate an error when both are
1311 * Strings no longer contain trailing nulls. The new `std::c_str` module
1312 provides new mechanisms for converting to C strings.
1313 * The type of foreign functions is now `extern "C" fn` instead of `*u8'.
1314 * The FFI has been overhauled such that foreign functions are called directly,
1315 instead of through a stack-switching wrapper.
1316 * Calling a foreign function must be done through a Rust function with the
1317 `#[fixed_stack_segment]` attribute.
1318 * The `externfn!` macro can be used to declare both a foreign function and
1319 a `#[fixed_stack_segment]` wrapper at once.
1320 * `pub` and `priv` modifiers on `extern` blocks are no longer parsed.
1321 * `unsafe` is no longer allowed on extern fns - they are all unsafe.
1322 * `priv` is disallowed everywhere except for struct fields and enum variants.
1323 * `&T` (besides `&'static T`) is no longer allowed in `@T`.
1324 * `ref` bindings in irrefutable patterns work correctly now.
1325 * `char` is now prevented from containing invalid code points.
1326 * Casting to `bool` is no longer allowed.
1327 * `\0` is now accepted as an escape in chars and strings.
1328 * `yield` is a reserved keyword.
1329 * `typeof` is a reserved keyword.
1330 * Crates may be imported by URL with `extern mod foo = "url";`.
1331 * Explicit enum discriminants may be given as uints as in `enum E { V = 0u }`
1332 * Static vectors can be initialized with repeating elements,
1333 e.g. `static foo: [u8, .. 100]: [0, .. 100];`.
1334 * Static structs can be initialized with functional record update,
1335 e.g. `static foo: Foo = Foo { a: 5, .. bar };`.
1336 * `cfg!` can be used to conditionally execute code based on the crate
1337 configuration, similarly to `#[cfg(...)]`.
1338 * The `unnecessary_qualification` lint detects unneeded module
1339 prefixes (default: allow).
1340 * Arithmetic operations have been implemented on the SIMD types in
1341 `std::unstable::simd`.
1342 * Exchange allocation headers were removed, reducing memory usage.
1343 * `format!` implements a completely new, extensible, and higher-performance
1344 string formatting system. It will replace `fmt!`.
1345 * `print!` and `println!` write formatted strings (using the `format!`
1346 extension) to stdout.
1347 * `write!` and `writeln!` write formatted strings (using the `format!`
1348 extension) to the new Writers in `std::rt::io`.
1349 * The library section in which a function or static is placed may
1350 be specified with `#[link_section = "..."]`.
1351 * The `proto!` syntax extension for defining bounded message protocols
1353 * `macro_rules!` is hygienic for `let` declarations.
1354 * The `#[export_name]` attribute specifies the name of a symbol.
1355 * `unreachable!` can be used to indicate unreachable code, and fails
1359 * std: Transitioned to the new runtime, written in Rust.
1360 * std: Added an experimental I/O library, `rt::io`, based on the new
1362 * std: A new generic `range` function was added to the prelude, replacing
1363 `uint::range` and friends.
1364 * std: `range_rev` no longer exists. Since range is an iterator it can be
1365 reversed with `range(lo, hi).invert()`.
1366 * std: The `chain` method on option renamed to `and_then`; `unwrap_or_default`
1367 renamed to `unwrap_or`.
1368 * std: The `iterator` module was renamed to `iter`.
1369 * std: Integral types now support the `checked_add`, `checked_sub`, and
1370 `checked_mul` operations for detecting overflow.
1371 * std: Many methods in `str`, `vec`, `option, `result` were renamed for
1373 * std: Methods are standardizing on conventions for casting methods:
1374 `to_foo` for copying, `into_foo` for moving, `as_foo` for temporary
1376 * std: The `CString` type in `c_str` provides new ways to convert to and
1378 * std: `DoubleEndedIterator` can yield elements in two directions.
1379 * std: The `mut_split` method on vectors partitions an `&mut [T]` into
1381 * std: `str::from_bytes` renamed to `str::from_utf8`.
1382 * std: `pop_opt` and `shift_opt` methods added to vectors.
1383 * std: The task-local data interface no longer uses @, and keys are
1384 no longer function pointers.
1385 * std: The `swap_unwrap` method of `Option` renamed to `take_unwrap`.
1386 * std: Added `SharedPort` to `comm`.
1387 * std: `Eq` has a default method for `ne`; only `eq` is required
1389 * std: `Ord` has default methods for `le`, `gt` and `ge`; only `lt`
1390 is required in implementations.
1391 * std: `is_utf8` performance is improved, impacting many string functions.
1392 * std: `os::MemoryMap` provides cross-platform mmap.
1393 * std: `ptr::offset` is now unsafe, but also more optimized. Offsets that
1394 are not 'in-bounds' are considered undefined.
1395 * std: Many freestanding functions in `vec` removed in favor of methods.
1396 * std: Many freestanding functions on scalar types removed in favor of
1398 * std: Many options to task builders were removed since they don't make
1399 sense in the new scheduler design.
1400 * std: More containers implement `FromIterator` so can be created by the
1402 * std: More complete atomic types in `unstable::atomics`.
1403 * std: `comm::PortSet` removed.
1404 * std: Mutating methods in the `Set` and `Map` traits have been moved into
1405 the `MutableSet` and `MutableMap` traits. `Container::is_empty`,
1406 `Map::contains_key`, `MutableMap::insert`, and `MutableMap::remove` have
1407 default implementations.
1408 * std: Various `from_str` functions were removed in favor of a generic
1409 `from_str` which is available in the prelude.
1410 * std: `util::unreachable` removed in favor of the `unreachable!` macro.
1411 * extra: `dlist`, the doubly-linked list was modernized.
1412 * extra: Added a `hex` module with `ToHex` and `FromHex` traits.
1413 * extra: Added `glob` module, replacing `std::os::glob`.
1414 * extra: `rope` was removed.
1415 * extra: `deque` was renamed to `ringbuf`. `RingBuf` implements `Deque`.
1416 * extra: `net`, and `timer` were removed. The experimental replacements
1417 are `std::rt::io::net` and `std::rt::io::timer`.
1418 * extra: Iterators implemented for `SmallIntMap`.
1419 * extra: Iterators implemented for `Bitv` and `BitvSet`.
1420 * extra: `SmallIntSet` removed. Use `BitvSet`.
1421 * extra: Performance of JSON parsing greatly improved.
1422 * extra: `semver` updated to SemVer 2.0.0.
1423 * extra: `term` handles more terminals correctly.
1424 * extra: `dbg` module removed.
1425 * extra: `par` module removed.
1426 * extra: `future` was cleaned up, with some method renames.
1427 * extra: Most free functions in `getopts` were converted to methods.
1430 * rustc's debug info generation (`-Z debug-info`) is greatly improved.
1431 * rustc accepts `--target-cpu` to compile to a specific CPU architecture,
1432 similarly to gcc's `--march` flag.
1433 * rustc's performance compiling small crates is much better.
1434 * rustpkg has received many improvements.
1435 * rustpkg supports git tags as package IDs.
1436 * rustpkg builds into target-specific directories so it can be used for
1438 * The number of concurrent test tasks is controlled by the environment
1439 variable RUST_TEST_TASKS.
1440 * The test harness can now report metrics for benchmarks.
1441 * All tools have man pages.
1442 * Programs compiled with `--test` now support the `-h` and `--help` flags.
1443 * The runtime uses jemalloc for allocations.
1444 * Segmented stacks are temporarily disabled as part of the transition to
1445 the new runtime. Stack overflows are possible!
1446 * A new documentation backend, rustdoc_ng, is available for use. It is
1447 still invoked through the normal `rustdoc` command.
1450 Version 0.7 (July 2013)
1451 =======================
1453 * ~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
1456 * `impl`s no longer accept a visibility qualifier. Put them on methods
1458 * The borrow checker has been rewritten with flow-sensitivity, fixing
1459 many bugs and inconveniences.
1460 * The `self` parameter no longer implicitly means `&'self self`,
1461 and can be explicitly marked with a lifetime.
1462 * Overloadable compound operators (`+=`, etc.) have been temporarily
1463 removed due to bugs.
1464 * The `for` loop protocol now requires `for`-iterators to return `bool`
1465 so they compose better.
1466 * The `Durable` trait is replaced with the `'static` bounds.
1467 * Trait default methods work more often.
1468 * Structs with the `#[packed]` attribute have byte alignment and
1469 no padding between fields.
1470 * Type parameters bound by `Copy` must now be copied explicitly with
1472 * It is now illegal to move out of a dereferenced unsafe pointer.
1473 * `Option<~T>` is now represented as a nullable pointer.
1474 * `@mut` does dynamic borrow checks correctly.
1475 * The `main` function is only detected at the topmost level of the crate.
1476 The `#[main]` attribute is still valid anywhere.
1477 * Struct fields may no longer be mutable. Use inherited mutability.
1478 * The `#[no_send]` attribute makes a type that would otherwise be
1480 * The `#[no_freeze]` attribute makes a type that would otherwise be
1482 * Unbounded recursion will abort the process after reaching the limit
1483 specified by the `RUST_MAX_STACK` environment variable (default: 1GB).
1484 * The `vecs_implicitly_copyable` lint mode has been removed. Vectors
1485 are never implicitly copyable.
1486 * `#[static_assert]` makes compile-time assertions about static bools.
1487 * At long last, 'argument modes' no longer exist.
1488 * The rarely used `use mod` statement no longer exists.
1491 * `fail!` and `assert!` accept `~str`, `&'static str` or `fmt!`-style
1493 * `Encodable`, `Decodable`, `Ord`, `TotalOrd`, `TotalEq`, `DeepClone`,
1494 `Rand`, `Zero` and `ToStr` can all be automatically derived with
1496 * The `bytes!` macro returns a vector of bytes for string, u8, char,
1497 and unsuffixed integer literals.
1500 * The `core` crate was renamed to `std`.
1501 * The `std` crate was renamed to `extra`.
1502 * More and improved documentation.
1503 * std: `iterator` module for external iterator objects.
1504 * Many old-style (internal, higher-order function) iterators replaced by
1505 implementations of `Iterator`.
1506 * std: Many old internal vector and string iterators,
1507 incl. `any`, `all`. removed.
1508 * std: The `finalize` method of `Drop` renamed to `drop`.
1509 * std: The `drop` method now takes `&mut self` instead of `&self`.
1510 * std: The prelude no longer reexports any modules, only types and traits.
1511 * std: Prelude additions: `print`, `println`, `FromStr`, `ApproxEq`, `Equiv`,
1512 `Iterator`, `IteratorUtil`, many numeric traits, many tuple traits.
1513 * std: New numeric traits: `Fractional`, `Real`, `RealExt`, `Integer`, `Ratio`,
1514 `Algebraic`, `Trigonometric`, `Exponential`, `Primitive`.
1515 * std: Tuple traits and accessors defined for up to 12-tuples, e.g.
1516 `(0, 1, 2).n2()` or `(0, 1, 2).n2_ref()`.
1517 * std: Many types implement `Clone`.
1518 * std: `path` type renamed to `Path`.
1519 * std: `mut` module and `Mut` type removed.
1520 * std: Many standalone functions removed in favor of methods and iterators
1521 in `vec`, `str`. In the future methods will also work as functions.
1522 * std: `reinterpret_cast` removed. Use `transmute`.
1523 * std: ascii string handling in `std::ascii`.
1524 * std: `Rand` is implemented for ~/@.
1525 * std: `run` module for spawning processes overhauled.
1526 * std: Various atomic types added to `unstable::atomic`.
1527 * std: Various types implement `Zero`.
1528 * std: `LinearMap` and `LinearSet` renamed to `HashMap` and `HashSet`.
1529 * std: Borrowed pointer functions moved from `ptr` to `borrow`.
1530 * std: Added `os::mkdir_recursive`.
1531 * std: Added `os::glob` function performs filesystems globs.
1532 * std: `FuzzyEq` renamed to `ApproxEq`.
1533 * std: `Map` now defines `pop` and `swap` methods.
1534 * std: `Cell` constructors converted to static methods.
1535 * extra: `rc` module adds the reference counted pointers, `Rc` and `RcMut`.
1536 * extra: `flate` module moved from `std` to `extra`.
1537 * extra: `fileinput` module for iterating over a series of files.
1538 * extra: `Complex` number type and `complex` module.
1539 * extra: `Rational` number type and `rational` module.
1540 * extra: `BigInt`, `BigUint` implement numeric and comparison traits.
1541 * extra: `term` uses terminfo now, is more correct.
1542 * extra: `arc` functions converted to methods.
1543 * extra: Implementation of fixed output size variations of SHA-2.
1546 * `unused_variable` lint mode for unused variables (default: warn).
1547 * `unused_unsafe` lint mode for detecting unnecessary `unsafe` blocks
1549 * `unused_mut` lint mode for identifying unused `mut` qualifiers
1551 * `dead_assignment` lint mode for unread variables (default: warn).
1552 * `unnecessary_allocation` lint mode detects some heap allocations that are
1553 immediately borrowed so could be written without allocating (default: warn).
1554 * `missing_doc` lint mode (default: allow).
1555 * `unreachable_code` lint mode (default: warn).
1556 * The `rusti` command has been rewritten and a number of bugs addressed.
1557 * rustc outputs in color on more terminals.
1558 * rustc accepts a `--link-args` flag to pass arguments to the linker.
1559 * rustc accepts a `-Z print-link-args` flag for debugging linkage.
1560 * Compiling with `-g` will make the binary record information about
1561 dynamic borrowcheck failures for debugging.
1562 * rustdoc has a nicer stylesheet.
1563 * Various improvements to rustdoc.
1564 * Improvements to rustpkg (see the detailed release notes).
1567 Version 0.6 (April 2013)
1568 ========================
1570 * ~2100 changes, numerous bugfixes
1573 * The self type parameter in traits is now spelled `Self`
1574 * The `self` parameter in trait and impl methods must now be explicitly
1575 named (for example: `fn f(&self) { }`). Implicit self is deprecated.
1576 * Static methods no longer require the `static` keyword and instead
1577 are distinguished by the lack of a `self` parameter
1578 * Replaced the `Durable` trait with the `'static` lifetime
1579 * The old closure type syntax with the trailing sigil has been
1580 removed in favor of the more consistent leading sigil
1581 * `super` is a keyword, and may be prefixed to paths
1582 * Trait bounds are separated with `+` instead of whitespace
1583 * Traits are implemented with `impl Trait for Type`
1584 instead of `impl Type: Trait`
1585 * Lifetime syntax is now `&'l foo` instead of `&l/foo`
1586 * The `export` keyword has finally been removed
1587 * The `move` keyword has been removed (see "Semantic changes")
1588 * The interior mutability qualifier on vectors, `[mut T]`, has been
1589 removed. Use `&mut [T]`, etc.
1590 * `mut` is no longer valid in `~mut T`. Use inherited mutability
1591 * `fail` is no longer a keyword. Use `fail!()`
1592 * `assert` is no longer a keyword. Use `assert!()`
1593 * `log` is no longer a keyword. use `debug!`, etc.
1594 * 1-tuples may be represented as `(T,)`
1595 * Struct fields may no longer be `mut`. Use inherited mutability,
1596 `@mut T`, `core::mut` or `core::cell`
1597 * `extern mod { ... }` is no longer valid syntax for foreign
1598 function modules. Use extern blocks: `extern { ... }`
1599 * Newtype enums removed. Use tuple-structs.
1600 * Trait implementations no longer support visibility modifiers
1601 * Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
1602 * `const` renamed to `static` to correspond to lifetime name,
1603 and make room for future `static mut` unsafe mutable globals.
1604 * Replaced `#[deriving_eq]` with `#[deriving(Eq)]`, etc.
1605 * `Clone` implementations can be automatically generated with
1606 `#[deriving(Clone)]`
1607 * Casts to traits must use a pointer sigil, e.g. `@foo as @Bar`
1608 instead of `foo as Bar`.
1609 * Fixed length vector types are now written as `[int, .. 3]`
1610 instead of `[int * 3]`.
1611 * Fixed length vector types can express the length as a constant
1612 expression. (ex: `[int, .. GL_BUFFER_SIZE - 2]`)
1615 * Types with owned pointers or custom destructors move by default,
1616 eliminating the `move` keyword
1617 * All foreign functions are considered unsafe
1618 * &mut is now unaliasable
1619 * Writes to borrowed @mut pointers are prevented dynamically
1621 * The name of the main function can be customized using #[main]
1622 * The default type of an inferred closure is &fn instead of @fn
1623 * `use` statements may no longer be "chained" - they cannot import
1624 identifiers imported by previous `use` statements
1625 * `use` statements are crate relative, importing from the "top"
1626 of the crate by default. Paths may be prefixed with `super::`
1627 or `self::` to change the search behavior.
1628 * Method visibility is inherited from the implementation declaration
1629 * Structural records have been removed
1630 * Many more types can be used in static items, including enums
1631 'static-lifetime pointers and vectors
1632 * Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
1633 * Typechecking of closure types has been overhauled to
1634 improve inference and eliminate unsoundness
1635 * Macros leave scope at the end of modules, unless that module is
1636 tagged with #[macro_escape]
1639 * Added big integers to `std::bigint`
1640 * Removed `core::oldcomm` module
1641 * Added pipe-based `core::comm` module
1642 * Numeric traits have been reorganized under `core::num`
1643 * `vec::slice` finally returns a slice
1644 * `debug!` and friends don't require a format string, e.g. `debug!(Foo)`
1645 * Containers reorganized around traits in `core::container`
1646 * `core::dvec` removed, `~[T]` is a drop-in replacement
1647 * `core::send_map` renamed to `core::hashmap`
1648 * `std::map` removed; replaced with `core::hashmap`
1649 * `std::treemap` reimplemented as an owned balanced tree
1650 * `std::deque` and `std::smallintmap` reimplemented as owned containers
1651 * `core::trie` added as a fast ordered map for integer keys
1652 * Set types added to `core::hashmap`, `core::trie` and `std::treemap`
1653 * `Ord` split into `Ord` and `TotalOrd`. `Ord` is still used to
1654 overload the comparison operators, whereas `TotalOrd` is used
1655 by certain container types
1658 * Replaced the 'cargo' package manager with 'rustpkg'
1659 * Added all-purpose 'rust' tool
1660 * `rustc --test` now supports benchmarks with the `#[bench]` attribute
1661 * rustc now *attempts* to offer spelling suggestions
1662 * Improved support for ARM and Android
1663 * Preliminary MIPS backend
1664 * Improved foreign function ABI implementation for x86, x86_64
1665 * Various memory usage improvements
1666 * Rust code may be embedded in foreign code under limited circumstances
1667 * Inline assembler supported by new asm!() syntax extension.
1670 Version 0.5 (December 2012)
1671 ===========================
1673 * ~900 changes, numerous bugfixes
1676 * Removed `<-` move operator
1677 * Completed the transition from the `#fmt` extension syntax to `fmt!`
1678 * Removed old fixed length vector syntax - `[T]/N`
1679 * New token-based quasi-quoters, `quote_tokens!`, `quote_expr!`, etc.
1680 * Macros may now expand to items and statements
1681 * `a.b()` is always parsed as a method call, never as a field projection
1682 * `Eq` and `IterBytes` implementations can be automatically generated
1683 with `#[deriving_eq]` and `#[deriving_iter_bytes]` respectively
1684 * Removed the special crate language for `.rc` files
1685 * Function arguments may consist of any irrefutable pattern
1688 * `&` and `~` pointers may point to objects
1689 * Tuple structs - `struct Foo(Bar, Baz)`. Will replace newtype enums.
1690 * Enum variants may be structs
1691 * Destructors can be added to all nominal types with the Drop trait
1692 * Structs and nullary enum variants may be constants
1693 * Values that cannot be implicitly copied are now automatically moved
1694 without writing `move` explicitly
1695 * `&T` may now be coerced to `*T`
1696 * Coercions happen in `let` statements as well as function calls
1697 * `use` statements now take crate-relative paths
1698 * The module and type namespaces have been merged so that static
1699 method names can be resolved under the trait in which they are
1702 * Improved support for language features
1703 * Trait inheritance works in many scenarios
1704 * More support for explicit self arguments in methods - `self`, `&self`
1705 `@self`, and `~self` all generally work as expected
1706 * Static methods work in more situations
1707 * Experimental: Traits may declare default methods for the implementations
1711 * New condition handling system in `core::condition`
1712 * Timsort added to `std::sort`
1713 * New priority queue, `std::priority_queue`
1714 * Pipes for serializable types, `std::flatpipes'
1715 * Serialization overhauled to be trait-based
1716 * Expanded `getopts` definitions
1717 * Moved futures to `std`
1718 * More functions are pure now
1719 * `core::comm` renamed to `oldcomm`. Still deprecated
1720 * `rustdoc` and `cargo` are libraries now
1723 * Added a preliminary REPL, `rusti`
1724 * License changed from MIT to dual MIT/APL2
1727 Version 0.4 (October 2012)
1728 ==========================
1730 * ~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
1733 * All keywords are now strict and may not be used as identifiers anywhere
1734 * Keyword removal: 'again', 'import', 'check', 'new', 'owned', 'send',
1735 'of', 'with', 'to', 'class'.
1736 * Classes are replaced with simpler structs
1737 * Explicit method self types
1738 * `ret` became `return` and `alt` became `match`
1739 * `import` is now `use`; `use is now `extern mod`
1740 * `extern mod { ... }` is now `extern { ... }`
1741 * `use mod` is the recommended way to import modules
1742 * `pub` and `priv` replace deprecated export lists
1743 * The syntax of `match` pattern arms now uses fat arrow (=>)
1744 * `main` no longer accepts an args vector; use `os::args` instead
1747 * Trait implementations are now coherent, ala Haskell typeclasses
1748 * Trait methods may be static
1749 * Argument modes are deprecated
1750 * Borrowed pointers are much more mature and recommended for use
1751 * Strings and vectors in the static region are stored in constant memory
1752 * Typestate was removed
1753 * Resolution rewritten to be more reliable
1754 * Support for 'dual-mode' data structures (freezing and thawing)
1757 * Most binary operators can now be overloaded via the traits in
1759 * `std::net::url` for representing URLs
1760 * Sendable hash maps in `core::send_map`
1761 * `core::task' gained a (currently unsafe) task-local storage API
1764 * An efficient new intertask communication primitive called the pipe,
1765 along with a number of higher-level channel types, in `core::pipes`
1766 * `std::arc`, an atomically reference counted, immutable, shared memory
1768 * `std::sync`, various exotic synchronization tools based on arcs and pipes
1769 * Futures are now based on pipes and sendable
1770 * More robust linked task failure
1771 * Improved task builder API
1774 * Improved error reporting
1775 * Preliminary JIT support
1776 * Preliminary work on precise GC
1777 * Extensive architectural improvements to rustc
1778 * Begun a transition away from buggy C++-based reflection (shape) code to
1779 Rust-based (visitor) code
1780 * All hash functions and tables converted to secure, randomized SipHash
1783 Version 0.3 (July 2012)
1784 ========================
1786 * ~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
1788 * New coding conveniences
1789 * Integer-literal suffix inference
1790 * Per-item control over warnings, errors
1791 * #[cfg(windows)] and #[cfg(unix)] attributes
1792 * Documentation comments
1793 * More compact closure syntax
1794 * 'do' expressions for treating higher-order functions as
1796 * *-patterns (wildcard extended to all constructor fields)
1799 * Name resolution pass and exhaustiveness checker rewritten
1800 * Region pointers and borrow checking supersede alias
1802 * Init-ness checking is now provided by a region-based liveness
1803 pass instead of the typestate pass; same for last-use analysis
1804 * Extensive work on region pointers
1806 * Experimental new language features
1807 * Slices and fixed-size, interior-allocated vectors
1808 * #!-comments for lang versioning, shell execution
1809 * Destructors and iface implementation for classes;
1810 type-parameterized classes and class methods
1811 * 'const' type kind for types that can be used to implement
1812 shared-memory concurrency patterns
1816 * Removal of various obsolete features
1817 * Keywords: 'be', 'prove', 'syntax', 'note', 'mutable', 'bind',
1818 'crust', 'native' (now 'extern'), 'cont' (now 'again')
1820 * Constructs: do-while loops ('do' repurposed), fn binding,
1821 resources (replaced by destructors)
1823 * Compiler reorganization
1824 * Syntax-layer of compiler split into separate crate
1825 * Clang (from LLVM project) integrated into build
1826 * Typechecker split into sub-modules
1829 * New time functions
1830 * Extension methods for many built-in types
1831 * Arc: atomic-refcount read-only / exclusive-use shared cells
1832 * Par: parallel map and search routines
1833 * Extensive work on libuv interface
1834 * Much vector code moved to libraries
1835 * Syntax extensions: #line, #col, #file, #mod, #stringify,
1836 #include, #include_str, #include_bin
1839 * Cargo automatically resolves dependencies
1842 Version 0.2 (March 2012)
1843 =========================
1845 * >1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
1847 * New docs and doc tooling
1849 * New port: FreeBSD x86_64
1851 * Compilation model enhancements
1852 * Generics now specialized, multiply instantiated
1853 * Functions now inlined across separate crates
1855 * Scheduling, stack and threading fixes
1856 * Noticeably improved message-passing performance
1857 * Explicit schedulers
1861 * Experimental new language features
1862 * Operator overloading
1866 * Various language extensions
1867 * C-callback function types: 'crust fn ...'
1868 * Infinite-loop construct: 'loop { ... }'
1869 * Shorten 'mutable' to 'mut'
1870 * Required mutable-local qualifier: 'let mut ...'
1871 * Basic glob-exporting: 'export foo::*;'
1872 * Alt now exhaustive, 'alt check' for runtime-checked
1873 * Block-function form of 'for' loop, with 'break' and 'ret'.
1876 * AST quasi-quote syntax extension
1877 * Revived libuv interface
1878 * New modules: core::{future, iter}, std::arena
1879 * Merged per-platform std::{os*, fs*} to core::{libc, os}
1880 * Extensive cleanup, regularization in libstd, libcore
1883 Version 0.1 (January 20, 2012)
1884 ===============================
1886 * Most language features work, including:
1887 * Unique pointers, unique closures, move semantics
1888 * Interface-constrained generics
1889 * Static interface dispatch
1891 * Multithread task scheduling
1892 * Typestate predicates
1893 * Failure unwinding, destructors
1894 * Pattern matching and destructuring assignment
1895 * Lightweight block-lambda syntax
1896 * Preliminary macro-by-example
1898 * Compiler works with the following configurations:
1899 * Linux: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
1900 * MacOS: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
1901 * Windows: x86 hosts and targets
1903 * Cross compilation / multi-target configuration supported.
1905 * Preliminary API-documentation and package-management tools included.
1909 * Documentation is incomplete.
1911 * Performance is below intended target.
1913 * Standard library APIs are subject to extensive change, reorganization.
1915 * Language-level versioning is not yet operational - future code will