1 Version 1.1.0 (June 2015)
2 =========================
4 * ~850 changes, numerous bugfixes
9 * The [`std::fs` module has been expanded][fs-expand] to expand the set of
10 functionality exposed:
11 * `DirEntry` now supports optimizations like `file_type` and `metadata` which
12 don't incur a syscall on some platforms.
13 * A `symlink_metadata` function has been added.
14 * The `fs::Metadata` structure now lowers to its OS counterpart, providing
15 access to all underlying information.
16 * The compiler contains extended explanations of many errors. When it
17 emits such an error it also suggests using the `--explain` flag to
18 read the extended explanations, which are also [cataloged on the web
20 * Thanks to multiple [improvements][sk] to [type checking][pre], as
21 well as other work, the time to bootstrap the compiler decreased by
27 * The `str::split_whitespace` method splits a string on unicode
28 whitespace boundaries.
29 * On both Windows and Unix, new extension traits provide conversion of
30 I/O types to and from the underlying system handles. On Unix, these
31 traits are [`FrowRawFd`] and [`AsRawFd`], on Windows `FromRawHandle`
32 and `AsRawHandle`. These are implemented for `File`, `TcpStream`,
33 `TcpListener`, and `UpdSocket`. Further implementations for
34 `std::process` will be stabilized later.
35 * On Unix, [`std::os::unix::symlink`] creates symlinks. On
36 Windows, symlinks can be created with
37 `std::os::windows::symlink_dir` and
38 `std::os::windows::symlink_file`.
39 * The `mpsc::Receiver` type can now be converted into an iterator with
40 `into_iter` on the [`IntoIterator`] trait.
41 * `Ipv4Addr` can be created from `u32` with the `From<u32>`
42 implementation of the [`From`] trait.
43 * The `Debug` implementation for `RangeFull` [creates output that is
44 more consistent with other implementations][rf].
45 * [`Debug` is implemented for `File`][file].
46 * The `Default` implementation for `Arc` [no longer requires `Sync +
48 * [The `Iterator` methods `count`, `nth`, and `last` have been
49 overridden for slices to have O(1) performance instead of O(n)][si].
50 * Incorrect handling of paths on Windows has been improved in both the
51 compiler and the standard library.
52 * [`AtomicPtr` gained a `Default` implementation][ap].
53 * In accordance with Rust's policy on arithmetic overflow `abs` now
54 [panics on overflow when debug assertions are enabled][abs].
55 * The [`Cloned`] iterator, which was accidentally left unstable for
56 1.0 [has been stabilized][c].
57 * The [`Incoming`] iterator, which iterates over incoming TCP
58 connections, and which was accidentally unnamable in 1.0, [is now
59 properly exported][inc].
60 * [`BinaryHeap`] no longer corrupts itself [when functions called by
61 `sift_up` or `sift_down` panic][bh].
62 * The [`split_off`] method of `LinkedList` [no longer corrupts
63 the list in certain scenarios][ll].
68 * Type checking performance [has improved notably][sk] with
69 [multiple improvements][pre].
70 * The compiler [suggests code changes][ch] for more errors.
71 * rustc and it's build system have experimental support for [building
72 toolchains against MUSL][m] instead of glibc on Linux.
73 * The compiler defines the `target_env` cfg value, which is used for
74 distinguishing toolchains that are otherwise for the same
75 platform. Presently this is set to `gnu` for common GNU Linux
76 targets and for MinGW targets, and `musl` for MUSL Linux targets.
77 * The [`cargo rustc`][crc] command invokes a build with custom flags
79 * [Android executables are always position independent][pie].
80 * [The `drop_with_repr_extern` lint warns about mixing `repr(C)`
83 [`split_whitespace`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.split_whitespace
84 [`Iterator::cloned`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.cloned
85 [`FromRawFd`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.FromRawFd.html
86 [`AsRawFd`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.AsRawFd.html
87 [`std::os::unix::symlink`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/fs/fn.symlink.html
88 [`IntoIterator`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
89 [`From`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/convert/trait.From.html
90 [rf]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24491
91 [err]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/error-index.html
92 [sk]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24615
93 [pre]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25323
94 [file]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24598
95 [ch]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24683
96 [arc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24695
97 [si]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24701
98 [ap]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24834
99 [m]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24777
100 [fs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1044-io-fs-2.1.md
101 [crc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/pull/1568
102 [pie]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24953
103 [abs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25441
104 [c]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25496
105 [`Cloned`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/struct.Cloned.html
106 [`Incoming`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/net/struct.Incoming.html
107 [inc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25522
108 [bh]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25856
109 [`BinaryHeap`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html
110 [ll]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26022
111 [`split_off`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/collections/linked_list/struct.LinkedList.html#method.split_off
112 [drop]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24935
114 Version 1.0.0 (May 2015)
115 ========================
117 * ~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
122 * The vast majority of the standard library is now `#[stable]`. It is
123 no longer possible to use unstable features with a stable build of
125 * Many popular crates on [crates.io] now work on the stable release
127 * Arithmetic on basic integer types now [checks for overflow in debug
133 * Several [restrictions have been added to trait coherence][coh] in
134 order to make it easier for upstream authors to change traits
135 without breaking downstream code.
136 * Digits of binary and octal literals are [lexed more eagerly][lex] to
137 improve error messages and macro behavior. For example, `0b1234` is
138 now lexed as `0b1234` instead of two tokens, `0b1` and `234`.
139 * Trait bounds [are always invariant][inv], eliminating the need for
140 the `PhantomFn` and `MarkerTrait` lang items, which have been
142 * ["-" is no longer a valid character in crate names][cr], the `extern crate
143 "foo" as bar` syntax has been replaced with `extern crate foo as
144 bar`, and Cargo now automatically translates "-" in *package* names
145 to underscore for the crate name.
146 * [Lifetime shadowing is an error][lt].
147 * [`Send` no longer implies `'static`][send-rfc].
148 * [UFCS now supports trait-less associated paths][moar-ufcs] like
150 * Primitive types [now have inherent methods][prim-inherent],
151 obviating the need for extension traits like `SliceExt`.
152 * Methods with `Self: Sized` in their `where` clause are [considered
153 object-safe][self-sized], allowing many extension traits like
154 `IteratorExt` to be merged into the traits they extended.
155 * You can now [refer to associated types][assoc-where] whose
156 corresponding trait bounds appear only in a `where` clause.
157 * The final bits of [OIBIT landed][oibit-final], meaning that traits
158 like `Send` and `Sync` are now library-defined.
159 * A [Reflect trait][reflect] was introduced, which means that
160 downcasting via the `Any` trait is effectively limited to concrete
161 types. This helps retain the potentially-important "parametricity"
162 property: generic code cannot behave differently for different type
163 arguments except in minor ways.
164 * The `unsafe_destructor` feature is now deprecated in favor of the
165 [new `dropck`][dropck]. This change is a major reduction in unsafe
171 * The `thread_local` module [has been renamed to `std::thread`][th].
172 * The methods of `IteratorExt` [have been moved to the `Iterator`
174 * Several traits that implement Rust's conventions for type
175 conversions, `AsMut`, `AsRef`, `From`, and `Into` have been
176 [centralized in the `std::convert` module][con].
177 * The `FromError` trait [was removed in favor of `From`][fe].
178 * The basic sleep function [has moved to
179 `std::thread::sleep_ms`][slp].
180 * The `splitn` function now takes an `n` parameter that represents the
181 number of items yielded by the returned iterator [instead of the
182 number of 'splits'][spl].
183 * [On Unix, all file descriptors are `CLOEXEC` by default][clo].
184 * [Derived implementations of `PartialOrd` now order enums according
185 to their explicitly-assigned discriminants][po].
186 * [Methods for searching strings are generic over `Pattern`s][pat],
187 implemented presently by `&char`, `&str`, `FnMut(char) -> bool` and
189 * [In method resolution, object methods are resolved before inherent
191 * [`String::from_str` has been deprecated in favor of the `From` impl,
193 * [`io::Error` implements `Sync`][ios].
194 * [The `words` method on `&str` has been replaced with
195 `split_whitespace`][sw], to avoid answering the tricky question, 'what is
197 * The new path and IO modules are complete and `#[stable]`. This
198 was the major library focus for this cycle.
199 * The path API was [revised][path-normalize] to normalize `.`,
200 adjusting the tradeoffs in favor of the most common usage.
201 * A large number of remaining APIs in `std` were also stabilized
202 during this cycle; about 75% of the non-deprecated API surface
204 * The new [string pattern API][string-pattern] landed, which makes
205 the string slice API much more internally consistent and flexible.
206 * A new set of [generic conversion traits][conversion] replaced
207 many existing ad hoc traits.
208 * Generic numeric traits were [completely removed][num-traits]. This
209 was made possible thanks to inherent methods for primitive types,
210 and the removal gives maximal flexibility for designing a numeric
211 hierarchy in the future.
212 * The `Fn` traits are now related via [inheritance][fn-inherit]
213 and provide ergonomic [blanket implementations][fn-blanket].
214 * The `Index` and `IndexMut` traits were changed to
215 [take the index by value][index-value], enabling code like
216 `hash_map["string"]` to work.
217 * `Copy` now [inherits][copy-clone] from `Clone`, meaning that all
218 `Copy` data is known to be `Clone` as well.
223 * Many errors now have extended explanations that can be accessed with
224 the `--explain` flag to `rustc`.
225 * Many new examples have been added to the standard library
227 * rustdoc has received a number of improvements focused on completion
229 * Metadata was tuned, shrinking binaries [by 27%][metadata-shrink].
230 * Much headway was made on ecosystem-wide CI, making it possible
231 to [compare builds for breakage][ci-compare].
234 [crates.io]: http://crates.io
235 [clo]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24034
236 [coh]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1023-rebalancing-coherence.md
237 [con]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23875
238 [cr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23419
239 [fe]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23879
240 [ie]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23300
241 [inv]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23938
242 [ios]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24133
243 [lex]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0879-small-base-lexing.md
244 [lt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24057
245 [meth]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24056
246 [pat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0528-string-patterns.md
247 [po]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24270
248 [sf]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24517
249 [slp]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23949
250 [spl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0979-align-splitn-with-other-languages.md
251 [sw]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1054-str-words.md
252 [th]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0909-move-thread-local-to-std-thread.md
253 [send-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0458-send-improvements.md
254 [scoped]: http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/thread/fn.scoped.html
255 [moar-ufcs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22172
256 [prim-inherent]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23104
257 [overflow]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0560-integer-overflow.md
258 [metadata-shrink]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22971
259 [self-sized]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22301
260 [assoc-where]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22512
261 [string-pattern]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22466
262 [oibit-final]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21689
263 [reflect]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23712
264 [debug-builder]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0640-debug-improvements.md
265 [conversion]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/529
266 [num-traits]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23549
267 [index-value]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23601
268 [dropck]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/769
269 [fundamental]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/1023
270 [ci-compare]: https://gist.github.com/brson/a30a77836fbec057cbee
271 [fn-inherit]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23282
272 [fn-blanket]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23895
273 [copy-clone]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23860
274 [path-normalize]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23229
277 Version 1.0.0-alpha.2 (February 2015)
278 =====================================
280 * ~1300 changes, numerous bugfixes
284 * The various I/O modules were [overhauled][io-rfc] to reduce
285 unnecessary abstractions and provide better interoperation with
286 the underlying platform. The old `io` module remains temporarily
288 * The standard library now [participates in feature gating][feat],
289 so use of unstable libraries now requires a `#![feature(...)]`
290 attribute. The impact of this change is [described on the
291 forum][feat-forum]. [RFC][feat-rfc].
295 * `for` loops [now operate on the `IntoIterator` trait][into],
296 which eliminates the need to call `.iter()`, etc. to iterate
297 over collections. There are some new subtleties to remember
298 though regarding what sort of iterators various types yield, in
299 particular that `for foo in bar { }` yields values from a move
300 iterator, destroying the original collection. [RFC][into-rfc].
301 * Objects now have [default lifetime bounds][obj], so you don't
302 have to write `Box<Trait+'static>` when you don't care about
303 storing references. [RFC][obj-rfc].
304 * In types that implement `Drop`, [lifetimes must outlive the
305 value][drop]. This will soon make it possible to safely
306 implement `Drop` for types where `#[unsafe_destructor]` is now
307 required. Read the [gorgeous RFC][drop-rfc] for details.
308 * The fully qualified <T as Trait>::X syntax lets you set the Self
309 type for a trait method or associated type. [RFC][ufcs-rfc].
310 * References to types that implement `Deref<U>` now [automatically
311 coerce to references][deref] to the dereferenced type `U`,
312 e.g. `&T where T: Deref<U>` automatically coerces to `&U`. This
313 should eliminate many unsightly uses of `&*`, as when converting
314 from references to vectors into references to
315 slices. [RFC][deref-rfc].
316 * The explicit [closure kind syntax][close] (`|&:|`, `|&mut:|`,
317 `|:|`) is obsolete and closure kind is inferred from context.
318 * [`Self` is a keyword][Self].
322 * The `Show` and `String` formatting traits [have been
323 renamed][fmt] to `Debug` and `Display` to more clearly reflect
324 their related purposes. Automatically getting a string
325 conversion to use with `format!("{:?}", something_to_debug)` is
326 now written `#[derive(Debug)]`.
327 * Abstract [OS-specific string types][osstr], `std::ff::{OsString,
328 OsStr}`, provide strings in platform-specific encodings for easier
329 interop with system APIs. [RFC][osstr-rfc].
330 * The `boxed::into_raw` and `Box::from_raw` functions [convert
331 between `Box<T>` and `*mut T`][boxraw], a common pattern for
332 creating raw pointers.
336 * Certain long error messages of the form 'expected foo found bar'
337 are now [split neatly across multiple
338 lines][multiline]. Examples in the PR.
339 * On Unix Rust can be [uninstalled][un] by running
340 `/usr/local/lib/rustlib/uninstall.sh`.
341 * The `#[rustc_on_unimplemented]` attribute, requiring the
342 'on_unimplemented' feature, lets rustc [display custom error
343 messages when a trait is expected to be implemented for a type
348 * Rust is tested against a [LALR grammar][lalr], which parses
349 almost all the Rust files that rustc does.
351 [boxraw]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21318
352 [close]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21843
353 [deref]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21351
354 [deref-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0241-deref-conversions.md
355 [drop]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21972
356 [drop-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0769-sound-generic-drop.md
357 [feat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21248
358 [feat-forum]: http://users.rust-lang.org/t/psa-important-info-about-rustcs-new-feature-staging/82/5
359 [feat-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0507-release-channels.md
360 [fmt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21457
361 [into]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/20790
362 [into-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0235-collections-conventions.md#intoiterator-and-iterable
363 [io-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0517-io-os-reform.md
364 [lalr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21452
365 [multiline]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/19870
366 [obj]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22230
367 [obj-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0599-default-object-bound.md
368 [onun]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/20889
369 [osstr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21488
370 [osstr-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0517-io-os-reform.md
371 [Self]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22158
372 [ufcs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21077
373 [ufcs-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0132-ufcs.md
374 [un]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22256
377 Version 1.0.0-alpha (January 2015)
378 ==================================
380 * ~2400 changes, numerous bugfixes
384 * The language itself is considered feature complete for 1.0,
385 though there will be many usability improvements and bugfixes
386 before the final release.
387 * Nearly 50% of the public API surface of the standard library has
388 been declared 'stable'. Those interfaces are unlikely to change
390 * The long-running debate over integer types has been
391 [settled][ints]: Rust will ship with types named `isize` and
392 `usize`, rather than `int` and `uint`, for pointer-sized
393 integers. Guidelines will be rolled out during the alpha cycle.
394 * Most crates that are not `std` have been moved out of the Rust
395 distribution into the Cargo ecosystem so they can evolve
396 separately and don't need to be stabilized as quickly, including
397 'time', 'getopts', 'num', 'regex', and 'term'.
398 * Documentation continues to be expanded with more API coverage, more
399 examples, and more in-depth explanations. The guides have been
400 consolidated into [The Rust Programming Language][trpl].
401 * "[Rust By Example][rbe]" is now maintained by the Rust team.
402 * All official Rust binary installers now come with [Cargo], the
403 Rust package manager.
407 * Closures have been [completely redesigned][unboxed] to be
408 implemented in terms of traits, can now be used as generic type
409 bounds and thus monomorphized and inlined, or via an opaque
410 pointer (boxed) as in the old system. The new system is often
411 referred to as 'unboxed' closures.
412 * Traits now support [associated types][assoc], allowing families
413 of related types to be defined together and used generically in
415 * Enum variants are [namespaced by their type names][enum].
416 * [`where` clauses][where] provide a more versatile and attractive
417 syntax for specifying generic bounds, though the previous syntax
419 * Rust again picks a [fallback][fb] (either i32 or f64) for uninferred
421 * Rust [no longer has a runtime][rt] of any description, and only
422 supports OS threads, not green threads.
423 * At long last, Rust has been overhauled for 'dynamically-sized
424 types' ([DST]), which integrates 'fat pointers' (object types,
425 arrays, and `str`) more deeply into the type system, making it
427 * Rust now has a general [range syntax][range], `i..j`, `i..`, and
428 `..j` that produce range types and which, when combined with the
429 `Index` operator and multidispatch, leads to a convenient slice
431 * The new range syntax revealed an ambiguity in the fixed-length
432 array syntax, so now fixed length arrays [are written `[T;
434 * The `Copy` trait is no longer implemented automatically. Unsafe
435 pointers no longer implement `Sync` and `Send` so types
436 containing them don't automatically either. `Sync` and `Send`
437 are now 'unsafe traits' so one can "forcibly" implement them via
438 `unsafe impl` if a type confirms to the requirements for them
439 even though the internals do not (e.g. structs containing unsafe
440 pointers like `Arc`). These changes are intended to prevent some
441 footguns and are collectively known as [opt-in built-in
442 traits][oibit] (though `Sync` and `Send` will soon become pure
443 library types unknown to the compiler).
444 * Operator traits now take their operands [by value][ops], and
445 comparison traits can use multidispatch to compare one type
446 against multiple other types, allowing e.g. `String` to be
447 compared with `&str`.
448 * `if let` and `while let` are no longer feature-gated.
449 * Rust has adopted a more [uniform syntax for escaping unicode
450 characters][unicode].
451 * `macro_rules!` [has been declared stable][mac]. Though it is a
452 flawed system it is sufficiently popular that it must be usable
453 for 1.0. Effort has gone into [future-proofing][mac-future] it
454 in ways that will allow other macro systems to be developed in
455 parallel, and won't otherwise impact the evolution of the
457 * The prelude has been [pared back significantly][prelude] such
458 that it is the minimum necessary to support the most pervasive
459 code patterns, and through [generalized where clauses][where]
460 many of the prelude extension traits have been consolidated.
461 * Rust's rudimentary reflection [has been removed][refl], as it
462 incurred too much code generation for little benefit.
463 * [Struct variants][structvars] are no longer feature-gated.
464 * Trait bounds can be [polymorphic over lifetimes][hrtb]. Also
465 known as 'higher-ranked trait bounds', this crucially allows
466 unboxed closures to work.
467 * Macros invocations surrounded by parens or square brackets and
468 not terminated by a semicolon are [parsed as
469 expressions][macros], which makes expressions like `vec![1i32,
470 2, 3].len()` work as expected.
471 * Trait objects now implement their traits automatically, and
472 traits that can be coerced to objects now must be [object
474 * Automatically deriving traits is now done with `#[derive(...)]`
475 not `#[deriving(...)]` for [consistency with other naming
476 conventions][derive].
477 * Importing the containing module or enum at the same time as
478 items or variants they contain is [now done with `self` instead
479 of `mod`][self], as in use `foo::{self, bar}`
480 * Glob imports are no longer feature-gated.
481 * The `box` operator and `box` patterns have been feature-gated
482 pending a redesign. For now unique boxes should be allocated
483 like other containers, with `Box::new`.
487 * A [series][coll1] of [efforts][coll2] to establish
488 [conventions][coll3] for collections types has resulted in API
489 improvements throughout the standard library.
490 * New [APIs for error handling][err] provide ergonomic interop
491 between error types, and [new conventions][err-conv] describe
492 more clearly the recommended error handling strategies in Rust.
493 * The `fail!` macro has been renamed to [`panic!`][panic] so that
494 it is easier to discuss failure in the context of error handling
495 without making clarifications as to whether you are referring to
496 the 'fail' macro or failure more generally.
497 * On Linux, `OsRng` prefers the new, more reliable `getrandom`
498 syscall when available.
499 * The 'serialize' crate has been renamed 'rustc-serialize' and
500 moved out of the distribution to Cargo. Although it is widely
501 used now, it is expected to be superseded in the near future.
502 * The `Show` formatter, typically implemented with
503 `#[derive(Show)]` is [now requested with the `{:?}`
504 specifier][show] and is intended for use by all types, for uses
505 such as `println!` debugging. The new `String` formatter must be
506 implemented by hand, uses the `{}` specifier, and is intended
507 for full-fidelity conversions of things that can logically be
508 represented as strings.
512 * [Flexible target specification][flex] allows rustc's code
513 generation to be configured to support otherwise-unsupported
515 * Rust comes with rust-gdb and rust-lldb scripts that launch their
516 respective debuggers with Rust-appropriate pretty-printing.
517 * The Windows installation of Rust is distributed with the the
518 MinGW components currently required to link binaries on that
523 * Nullable enum optimizations have been extended to more types so
524 that e.g. `Option<Vec<T>>` and `Option<String>` take up no more
525 space than the inner types themselves.
526 * Work has begun on supporting AArch64.
528 [Cargo]: https://crates.io
529 [unboxed]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2014/11/26/purging-proc/
530 [enum]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0390-enum-namespacing.md
531 [flex]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0131-target-specification.md
532 [err]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0201-error-chaining.md
533 [err-conv]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0236-error-conventions.md
534 [rt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0230-remove-runtime.md
535 [mac]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0453-macro-reform.md
536 [mac-future]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/550
537 [DST]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2014/01/05/dst-take-5/
538 [coll1]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0235-collections-conventions.md
539 [coll2]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0509-collections-reform-part-2.md
540 [coll3]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0216-collection-views.md
541 [ops]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md
542 [prelude]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0503-prelude-stabilization.md
543 [where]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0135-where.md
544 [refl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0379-remove-reflection.md
545 [panic]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0221-panic.md
546 [structvars]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0418-struct-variants.md
547 [hrtb]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0387-higher-ranked-trait-bounds.md
548 [unicode]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0446-es6-unicode-escapes.md
549 [oibit]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0019-opt-in-builtin-traits.md
550 [macros]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0378-expr-macros.md
551 [range]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md#indexing-and-slicing
552 [arrays]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0520-new-array-repeat-syntax.md
553 [show]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0504-show-stabilization.md
554 [derive]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0534-deriving2derive.md
555 [self]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0532-self-in-use.md
556 [fb]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0212-restore-int-fallback.md
557 [objsafe]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0255-object-safety.md
558 [assoc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0195-associated-items.md
559 [ints]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/544#issuecomment-68760871
560 [trpl]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/book/index.html
561 [rbe]: http://rustbyexample.com/
564 Version 0.12.0 (October 2014)
565 =============================
567 * ~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
571 * The introductory documentation (now called The Rust Guide) has
572 been completely rewritten, as have a number of supplementary
574 * Rust's package manager, Cargo, continues to improve and is
575 sometimes considered to be quite awesome.
576 * Many API's in `std` have been reviewed and updated for
577 consistency with the in-development Rust coding
578 guidelines. The standard library documentation tracks
579 stabilization progress.
580 * Minor libraries have been moved out-of-tree to the rust-lang org
581 on GitHub: uuid, semver, glob, num, hexfloat, fourcc. They can
582 be installed with Cargo.
583 * Lifetime elision allows lifetime annotations to be left off of
584 function declarations in many common scenarios.
585 * Rust now works on 64-bit Windows.
588 * Indexing can be overloaded with the `Index` and `IndexMut`
590 * The `if let` construct takes a branch only if the `let` pattern
591 matches, currently behind the 'if_let' feature gate.
592 * 'where clauses', a more flexible syntax for specifying trait
593 bounds that is more aesthetic, have been added for traits and
594 free functions. Where clauses will in the future make it
595 possible to constrain associated types, which would be
596 impossible with the existing syntax.
597 * A new slicing syntax (e.g. `[0..4]`) has been introduced behind
598 the 'slicing_syntax' feature gate, and can be overloaded with
599 the `Slice` or `SliceMut` traits.
600 * The syntax for matching of sub-slices has been changed to use a
601 postfix `..` instead of prefix (.e.g. `[a, b, c..]`), for
602 consistency with other uses of `..` and to future-proof
603 potential additional uses of the syntax.
604 * The syntax for matching inclusive ranges in patterns has changed
605 from `0..3` to `0...4` to be consistent with the exclusive range
607 * Matching of sub-slices in non-tail positions (e.g. `[a.., b,
608 c]`) has been put behind the 'advanced_slice_patterns' feature
609 gate and may be removed in the future.
610 * Components of tuples and tuple structs can be extracted using
611 the `value.0` syntax, currently behind the `tuple_indexing`
613 * The `#[crate_id]` attribute is no longer supported; versioning
614 is handled by the package manager.
615 * Renaming crate imports are now written `extern crate foo as bar`
616 instead of `extern crate bar = foo`.
617 * Renaming use statements are now written `use foo as bar` instead
619 * `let` and `match` bindings and argument names in macros are now
621 * The new, more efficient, closure types ('unboxed closures') have
622 been added under a feature gate, 'unboxed_closures'. These will
623 soon replace the existing closure types, once higher-ranked
624 trait lifetimes are added to the language.
625 * `move` has been added as a keyword, for indicating closures
626 that capture by value.
627 * Mutation and assignment is no longer allowed in pattern guards.
628 * Generic structs and enums can now have trait bounds.
629 * The `Share` trait is now called `Sync` to free up the term
630 'shared' to refer to 'shared reference' (the default reference
632 * Dynamically-sized types have been mostly implemented,
633 unifying the behavior of fat-pointer types with the rest of the
635 * As part of dynamically-sized types, the `Sized` trait has been
636 introduced, which qualifying types implement by default, and
637 which type parameters expect by default. To specify that a type
638 parameter does not need to be sized, write `<Sized? T>`. Most
639 types are `Sized`, notable exceptions being unsized arrays
640 (`[T]`) and trait types.
641 * Closures can return `!`, as in `|| -> !` or `proc() -> !`.
642 * Lifetime bounds can now be applied to type parameters and object
644 * The old, reference counted GC type, `Gc<T>` which was once
645 denoted by the `@` sigil, has finally been removed. GC will be
646 revisited in the future.
649 * Library documentation has been improved for a number of modules.
650 * Bit-vectors, collections::bitv has been modernized.
651 * The url crate is deprecated in favor of
652 http://github.com/servo/rust-url, which can be installed with
654 * Most I/O stream types can be cloned and subsequently closed from
656 * A `std::time::Duration` type has been added for use in I/O
657 methods that rely on timers, as well as in the 'time' crate's
658 `Timespec` arithmetic.
659 * The runtime I/O abstraction layer that enabled the green thread
660 scheduler to do non-thread-blocking I/O has been removed, along
661 with the libuv-based implementation employed by the green thread
662 scheduler. This will greatly simplify the future I/O work.
663 * `collections::btree` has been rewritten to have a more
664 idiomatic and efficient design.
667 * rustdoc output now indicates the stability levels of API's.
668 * The `--crate-name` flag can specify the name of the crate
669 being compiled, like `#[crate_name]`.
670 * The `-C metadata` specifies additional metadata to hash into
671 symbol names, and `-C extra-filename` specifies additional
672 information to put into the output filename, for use by the
673 package manager for versioning.
674 * debug info generation has continued to improve and should be
675 more reliable under both gdb and lldb.
676 * rustc has experimental support for compiling in parallel
677 using the `-C codegen-units` flag.
678 * rustc no longer encodes rpath information into binaries by
682 * Stack usage has been optimized with LLVM lifetime annotations.
683 * Official Rust binaries on Linux are more compatible with older
684 kernels and distributions, built on CentOS 5.10.
687 Version 0.11.0 (July 2014)
688 ==========================
690 * ~1700 changes, numerous bugfixes
693 * ~[T] has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
695 * ~str has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
697 * ~T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
699 * @T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
700 standard library's std::gc::Gc<T> type.
701 * Struct fields are now all private by default.
702 * Vector indices and shift amounts are both required to be a `uint`
703 instead of any integral type.
704 * Byte character, byte string, and raw byte string literals are now all
705 supported by prefixing the normal literal with a `b`.
706 * Multiple ABIs are no longer allowed in an ABI string
707 * The syntax for lifetimes on closures/procedures has been tweaked
708 slightly: `<'a>|A, B|: 'b + K -> T`
709 * Floating point modulus has been removed from the language; however it
710 is still provided by a library implementation.
711 * Private enum variants are now disallowed.
712 * The `priv` keyword has been removed from the language.
713 * A closure can no longer be invoked through a &-pointer.
714 * The `use foo, bar, baz;` syntax has been removed from the language.
715 * The transmute intrinsic no longer works on type parameters.
716 * Statics now allow blocks/items in their definition.
717 * Trait bounds are separated from objects with + instead of : now.
718 * Objects can no longer be read while they are mutably borrowed.
719 * The address of a static is now marked as insignificant unless the
720 #[inline(never)] attribute is placed it.
721 * The #[unsafe_destructor] attribute is now behind a feature gate.
722 * Struct literals are no longer allowed in ambiguous positions such as
723 if, while, match, and for..in.
724 * Declaration of lang items and intrinsics are now feature-gated by
726 * Integral literals no longer default to `int`, and floating point
727 literals no longer default to `f64`. Literals must be suffixed with an
728 appropriate type if inference cannot determine the type of the
730 * The Box<T> type is no longer implicitly borrowed to &mut T.
731 * Procedures are now required to not capture borrowed references.
734 * The standard library is now a "facade" over a number of underlying
735 libraries. This means that development on the standard library should
736 be speeder due to smaller crates, as well as a clearer line between
738 * A new library, libcore, lives under the standard library's facade
739 which is Rust's "0-assumption" library, suitable for embedded and
740 kernel development for example.
741 * A regex crate has been added to the standard distribution. This crate
742 includes statically compiled regular expressions.
743 * The unwrap/unwrap_err methods on Result require a Show bound for
744 better error messages.
745 * The return types of the std::comm primitives have been centralized
746 around the Result type.
747 * A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to time out their
749 * A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to close their
750 reading/writing halves to cancel pending operations.
751 * Reverse iterator methods have been removed in favor of `rev()` on
752 their forward-iteration counterparts.
753 * A bitflags! macro has been added to enable easy interop with C and
754 management of bit flags.
755 * A debug_assert! macro is now provided which is disabled when
756 `--cfg ndebug` is passed to the compiler.
757 * A graphviz crate has been added for creating .dot files.
758 * The std::cast module has been migrated into std::mem.
759 * The std::local_data api has been migrated from freestanding functions
760 to being based on methods.
761 * The Pod trait has been renamed to Copy.
762 * jemalloc has been added as the default allocator for types.
763 * The API for allocating memory has been changed to use proper alignment
764 and sized deallocation
765 * Connecting a TcpStream or binding a TcpListener is now based on a
766 string address and a u16 port. This allows connecting to a hostname as
768 * The Reader trait now contains a core method, read_at_least(), which
769 correctly handles many repeated 0-length reads.
770 * The process-spawning API is now centered around a builder-style
772 * The :? printing qualifier has been moved from the standard library to
773 an external libdebug crate.
774 * Eq/Ord have been renamed to PartialEq/PartialOrd. TotalEq/TotalOrd
775 have been renamed to Eq/Ord.
776 * The select/plural methods have been removed from format!. The escapes
777 for { and } have also changed from \{ and \} to {{ and }},
779 * The TaskBuilder API has been re-worked to be a true builder, and
780 extension traits for spawning native/green tasks have been added.
783 * All breaking changes to the language or libraries now have their
784 commit message annotated with `[breaking-change]` to allow for easy
785 discovery of breaking changes.
786 * The compiler will now try to suggest how to annotate lifetimes if a
787 lifetime-related error occurs.
788 * Debug info continues to be improved greatly with general bug fixes and
789 better support for situations like link time optimization (LTO).
790 * Usage of syntax extensions when cross-compiling has been fixed.
791 * Functionality equivalent to GCC & Clang's -ffunction-sections,
792 -fdata-sections and --gc-sections has been enabled by default
793 * The compiler is now stricter about where it will load module files
794 from when a module is declared via `mod foo;`.
795 * The #[phase(syntax)] attribute has been renamed to #[phase(plugin)].
796 Syntax extensions are now discovered via a "plugin registrar" type
797 which will be extended in the future to other various plugins.
798 * Lints have been restructured to allow for dynamically loadable lints.
799 * A number of rustdoc improvements:
800 * The HTML output has been visually redesigned.
801 * Markdown is now powered by hoedown instead of sundown.
802 * Searching heuristics have been greatly improved.
803 * The search index has been reduced in size by a great amount.
804 * Cross-crate documentation via `pub use` has been greatly improved.
805 * Primitive types are now hyperlinked and documented.
806 * Documentation has been moved from static.rust-lang.org/doc to
808 * A new sandbox, play.rust-lang.org, is available for running and
809 sharing rust code examples on-line.
810 * Unused attributes are now more robustly warned about.
811 * The dead_code lint now warns about unused struct fields.
812 * Cross-compiling to iOS is now supported.
813 * Cross-compiling to mipsel is now supported.
814 * Stability attributes are now inherited by default and no longer apply
815 to intra-crate usage, only inter-crate usage.
816 * Error message related to non-exhaustive match expressions have been
820 Version 0.10 (April 2014)
821 =========================
823 * ~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
826 * A new RFC process is now in place for modifying the language.
827 * Patterns with `@`-pointers have been removed from the language.
828 * Patterns with unique vectors (`~[T]`) have been removed from the
830 * Patterns with unique strings (`~str`) have been removed from the
832 * `@str` has been removed from the language.
833 * `@[T]` has been removed from the language.
834 * `@self` has been removed from the language.
835 * `@Trait` has been removed from the language.
836 * Headers on `~` allocations which contain `@` boxes inside the type for
837 reference counting have been removed.
838 * The semantics around the lifetimes of temporary expressions have changed,
839 see #3511 and #11585 for more information.
840 * Cross-crate syntax extensions are now possible, but feature gated. See
841 #11151 for more information. This includes both `macro_rules!` macros as
842 well as syntax extensions such as `format!`.
843 * New lint modes have been added, and older ones have been turned on to be
845 * Unnecessary parentheses
848 * Uppercase variables
849 * Publicly visible private types
850 * `#[deriving]` with raw pointers
851 * Unsafe functions can no longer be coerced to closures.
852 * Various obscure macros such as `log_syntax!` are now behind feature gates.
853 * The `#[simd]` attribute is now behind a feature gate.
854 * Visibility is no longer allowed on `extern crate` statements, and
855 unnecessary visibility (`priv`) is no longer allowed on `use` statements.
856 * Trailing commas are now allowed in argument lists and tuple patterns.
857 * The `do` keyword has been removed, it is now a reserved keyword.
858 * Default type parameters have been implemented, but are feature gated.
859 * Borrowed variables through captures in closures are now considered soundly.
860 * `extern mod` is now `extern crate`
861 * The `Freeze` trait has been removed.
862 * The `Share` trait has been added for types that can be shared among
864 * Labels in macros are now hygienic.
865 * Expression/statement macro invocations can be delimited with `{}` now.
866 * Treatment of types allowed in `static mut` locations has been tweaked.
867 * The `*` and `.` operators are now overloadable through the `Deref` and
869 * `~Trait` and `proc` no longer have `Send` bounds by default.
870 * Partial type hints are now supported with the `_` type marker.
871 * An `Unsafe` type was introduced for interior mutability. It is now
872 considered undefined to transmute from `&T` to `&mut T` without using the
874 * The #[linkage] attribute was implemented for extern statics/functions.
875 * The inner attribute syntax has changed from `#[foo];` to `#![foo]`.
876 * `Pod` was renamed to `Copy`.
879 * The `libextra` library has been removed. It has now been decomposed into
880 component libraries with smaller and more focused nuggets of
881 functionality. The full list of libraries can be found on the
882 documentation index page.
883 * std: `std::condition` has been removed. All I/O errors are now propagated
884 through the `Result` type. In order to assist with error handling, a
885 `try!` macro for unwrapping errors with an early return and a lint for
886 unused results has been added. See #12039 for more information.
887 * std: The `vec` module has been renamed to `slice`.
888 * std: A new vector type, `Vec<T>`, has been added in preparation for DST.
889 This will become the only growable vector in the future.
890 * std: `std::io` now has more public-reexports. Types such as `BufferedReader`
891 are now found at `std::io::BufferedReader` instead of
892 `std::io::buffered::BufferedReader`.
893 * std: `print` and `println` are no longer in the prelude, the `print!` and
894 `println!` macros are intended to be used instead.
895 * std: `Rc` now has a `Weak` pointer for breaking cycles, and it no longer
896 attempts to statically prevent cycles.
897 * std: The standard distribution is adopting the policy of pushing failure
898 to the user rather than failing in libraries. Many functions (such as
899 `slice::last()`) now return `Option<T>` instead of `T` + failing.
900 * std: `fmt::Default` has been renamed to `fmt::Show`, and it now has a new
901 deriving mode: `#[deriving(Show)]`.
902 * std: `ToStr` is now implemented for all types implementing `Show`.
903 * std: The formatting trait methods now take `&self` instead of `&T`
904 * std: The `invert()` method on iterators has been renamed to `rev()`
905 * std: `std::num` has seen a reduction in the genericity of its traits,
906 consolidating functionality into a few core traits.
907 * std: Backtraces are now printed on task failure if the environment
908 variable `RUST_BACKTRACE` is present.
909 * std: Naming conventions for iterators have been standardized. More details
910 can be found on the wiki's style guide.
911 * std: `eof()` has been removed from the `Reader` trait. Specific types may
912 still implement the function.
913 * std: Networking types are now cloneable to allow simultaneous reads/writes.
914 * std: `assert_approx_eq!` has been removed
915 * std: The `e` and `E` formatting specifiers for floats have been added to
916 print them in exponential notation.
917 * std: The `Times` trait has been removed
918 * std: Indications of variance and opting out of builtin bounds is done
919 through marker types in `std::kinds::marker` now
920 * std: `hash` has been rewritten, `IterBytes` has been removed, and
921 `#[deriving(Hash)]` is now possible.
922 * std: `SharedChan` has been removed, `Sender` is now cloneable.
923 * std: `Chan` and `Port` were renamed to `Sender` and `Receiver`.
924 * std: `Chan::new` is now `channel()`.
925 * std: A new synchronous channel type has been implemented.
926 * std: A `select!` macro is now provided for selecting over `Receiver`s.
927 * std: `hashmap` and `trie` have been moved to `libcollections`
928 * std: `run` has been rolled into `io::process`
929 * std: `assert_eq!` now uses `{}` instead of `{:?}`
930 * std: The equality and comparison traits have seen some reorganization.
931 * std: `rand` has moved to `librand`.
932 * std: `to_{lower,upper}case` has been implemented for `char`.
933 * std: Logging has been moved to `liblog`.
934 * collections: `HashMap` has been rewritten for higher performance and less
936 * native: The default runtime is now `libnative`. If `libgreen` is desired,
937 it can be booted manually. The runtime guide has more information and
939 * native: All I/O functionality except signals has been implemented.
940 * green: Task spawning with `libgreen` has been optimized with stack caching
941 and various trimming of code.
942 * green: Tasks spawned by `libgreen` now have an unmapped guard page.
943 * sync: The `extra::sync` module has been updated to modern rust (and moved
944 to the `sync` library), tweaking and improving various interfaces while
945 dropping redundant functionality.
946 * sync: A new `Barrier` type has been added to the `sync` library.
947 * sync: An efficient mutex for native and green tasks has been implemented.
948 * serialize: The `base64` module has seen some improvement. It treats
949 newlines better, has non-string error values, and has seen general
951 * fourcc: A `fourcc!` macro was introduced
952 * hexfloat: A `hexfloat!` macro was implemented for specifying floats via a
956 * `rustpkg` has been deprecated and removed from the main repository. Its
957 replacement, `cargo`, is under development.
958 * Nightly builds of rust are now available
959 * The memory usage of rustc has been improved many times throughout this
961 * The build process supports disabling rpath support for the rustc binary
963 * Code generation has improved in some cases, giving more information to the
964 LLVM optimization passes to enable more extensive optimizations.
965 * Debuginfo compatibility with lldb on OSX has been restored.
966 * The master branch is now gated on an android bot, making building for
967 android much more reliable.
968 * Output flags have been centralized into one `--emit` flag.
969 * Crate type flags have been centralized into one `--crate-type` flag.
970 * Codegen flags have been consolidated behind a `-C` flag.
971 * Linking against outdated crates now has improved error messages.
972 * Error messages with lifetimes will often suggest how to annotate the
973 function to fix the error.
974 * Many more types are documented in the standard library, and new guides
976 * Many `rustdoc` improvements:
977 * code blocks are syntax highlighted.
978 * render standalone markdown files.
979 * the --test flag tests all code blocks by default.
980 * exported macros are displayed.
981 * reexported types have their documentation inlined at the location of the
983 * search works across crates that have been rendered to the same output
987 Version 0.9 (January 2014)
988 ==========================
990 * ~1800 changes, numerous bugfixes
993 * The `float` type has been removed. Use `f32` or `f64` instead.
994 * A new facility for enabling experimental features (feature gating) has
995 been added, using the crate-level `#[feature(foo)]` attribute.
996 * Managed boxes (@) are now behind a feature gate
997 (`#[feature(managed_boxes)]`) in preparation for future removal. Use the
998 standard library's `Gc` or `Rc` types instead.
999 * `@mut` has been removed. Use `std::cell::{Cell, RefCell}` instead.
1000 * Jumping back to the top of a loop is now done with `continue` instead of
1002 * Strings can no longer be mutated through index assignment.
1003 * Raw strings can be created via the basic `r"foo"` syntax or with matched
1004 hash delimiters, as in `r###"foo"###`.
1005 * `~fn` is now written `proc (args) -> retval { ... }` and may only be
1007 * The `&fn` type is now written `|args| -> ret` to match the literal form.
1008 * `@fn`s have been removed.
1009 * `do` only works with procs in order to make it obvious what the cost
1011 * Single-element tuple-like structs can no longer be dereferenced to
1012 obtain the inner value. A more comprehensive solution for overloading
1013 the dereference operator will be provided in the future.
1014 * The `#[link(...)]` attribute has been replaced with
1015 `#[crate_id = "name#vers"]`.
1016 * Empty `impl`s must be terminated with empty braces and may not be
1017 terminated with a semicolon.
1018 * Keywords are no longer allowed as lifetime names; the `self` lifetime
1019 no longer has any special meaning.
1020 * The old `fmt!` string formatting macro has been removed.
1021 * `printf!` and `printfln!` (old-style formatting) removed in favor of
1022 `print!` and `println!`.
1023 * `mut` works in patterns now, as in `let (mut x, y) = (1, 2);`.
1024 * The `extern mod foo (name = "bar")` syntax has been removed. Use
1025 `extern mod foo = "bar"` instead.
1026 * New reserved keywords: `alignof`, `offsetof`, `sizeof`.
1027 * Macros can have attributes.
1028 * Macros can expand to items with attributes.
1029 * Macros can expand to multiple items.
1030 * The `asm!` macro is feature-gated (`#[feature(asm)]`).
1031 * Comments may be nested.
1032 * Values automatically coerce to trait objects they implement, without
1034 * Enum discriminants are no longer an entire word but as small as needed to
1035 contain all the variants. The `repr` attribute can be used to override
1036 the discriminant size, as in `#[repr(int)]` for integer-sized, and
1037 `#[repr(C)]` to match C enums.
1038 * Non-string literals are not allowed in attributes (they never worked).
1039 * The FFI now supports variadic functions.
1040 * Octal numeric literals, as in `0o7777`.
1041 * The `concat!` syntax extension performs compile-time string concatenation.
1042 * The `#[fixed_stack_segment]` and `#[rust_stack]` attributes have been
1043 removed as Rust no longer uses segmented stacks.
1044 * Non-ascii identifiers are feature-gated (`#[feature(non_ascii_idents)]`).
1045 * Ignoring all fields of an enum variant or tuple-struct is done with `..`,
1046 not `*`; ignoring remaining fields of a struct is also done with `..`,
1047 not `_`; ignoring a slice of a vector is done with `..`, not `.._`.
1048 * `rustc` supports the "win64" calling convention via `extern "win64"`.
1049 * `rustc` supports the "system" calling convention, which defaults to the
1050 preferred convention for the target platform, "stdcall" on 32-bit Windows,
1052 * The `type_overflow` lint (default: warn) checks literals for overflow.
1053 * The `unsafe_block` lint (default: allow) checks for usage of `unsafe`.
1054 * The `attribute_usage` lint (default: warn) warns about unknown
1056 * The `unknown_features` lint (default: warn) warns about unknown
1058 * The `dead_code` lint (default: warn) checks for dead code.
1059 * Rust libraries can be linked statically to one another
1060 * `#[link_args]` is behind the `link_args` feature gate.
1061 * Native libraries are now linked with `#[link(name = "foo")]`
1062 * Native libraries can be statically linked to a rust crate
1063 (`#[link(name = "foo", kind = "static")]`).
1064 * Native OS X frameworks are now officially supported
1065 (`#[link(name = "foo", kind = "framework")]`).
1066 * The `#[thread_local]` attribute creates thread-local (not task-local)
1067 variables. Currently behind the `thread_local` feature gate.
1068 * The `return` keyword may be used in closures.
1069 * Types that can be copied via a memcpy implement the `Pod` kind.
1070 * The `cfg` attribute can now be used on struct fields and enum variants.
1073 * std: The `option` and `result` API's have been overhauled to make them
1074 simpler, more consistent, and more composable.
1075 * std: The entire `std::io` module has been replaced with one that is
1076 more comprehensive and that properly interfaces with the underlying
1077 scheduler. File, TCP, UDP, Unix sockets, pipes, and timers are all
1079 * std: `io::util` contains a number of useful implementations of
1080 `Reader` and `Writer`, including `NullReader`, `NullWriter`,
1081 `ZeroReader`, `TeeReader`.
1082 * std: The reference counted pointer type `extra::rc` moved into std.
1083 * std: The `Gc` type in the `gc` module will replace `@` (it is currently
1084 just a wrapper around it).
1085 * std: The `Either` type has been removed.
1086 * std: `fmt::Default` can be implemented for any type to provide default
1087 formatting to the `format!` macro, as in `format!("{}", myfoo)`.
1088 * std: The `rand` API continues to be tweaked.
1089 * std: The `rust_begin_unwind` function, useful for inserting breakpoints
1090 on failure in gdb, is now named `rust_fail`.
1091 * std: The `each_key` and `each_value` methods on `HashMap` have been
1092 replaced by the `keys` and `values` iterators.
1093 * std: Functions dealing with type size and alignment have moved from the
1094 `sys` module to the `mem` module.
1095 * std: The `path` module was written and API changed.
1096 * std: `str::from_utf8` has been changed to cast instead of allocate.
1097 * std: `starts_with` and `ends_with` methods added to vectors via the
1098 `ImmutableEqVector` trait, which is in the prelude.
1099 * std: Vectors can be indexed with the `get_opt` method, which returns `None`
1100 if the index is out of bounds.
1101 * std: Task failure no longer propagates between tasks, as the model was
1102 complex, expensive, and incompatible with thread-based tasks.
1103 * std: The `Any` type can be used for dynamic typing.
1104 * std: `~Any` can be passed to the `fail!` macro and retrieved via
1106 * std: Methods that produce iterators generally do not have an `_iter`
1108 * std: `cell::Cell` and `cell::RefCell` can be used to introduce mutability
1109 roots (mutable fields, etc.). Use instead of e.g. `@mut`.
1110 * std: `util::ignore` renamed to `prelude::drop`.
1111 * std: Slices have `sort` and `sort_by` methods via the `MutableVector`
1113 * std: `vec::raw` has seen a lot of cleanup and API changes.
1114 * std: The standard library no longer includes any C++ code, and very
1115 minimal C, eliminating the dependency on libstdc++.
1116 * std: Runtime scheduling and I/O functionality has been factored out into
1117 extensible interfaces and is now implemented by two different crates:
1118 libnative, for native threading and I/O; and libgreen, for green threading
1119 and I/O. This paves the way for using the standard library in more limited
1120 embedded environments.
1121 * std: The `comm` module has been rewritten to be much faster, have a
1122 simpler, more consistent API, and to work for both native and green
1124 * std: All libuv dependencies have been moved into the rustuv crate.
1125 * native: New implementations of runtime scheduling on top of OS threads.
1126 * native: New native implementations of TCP, UDP, file I/O, process spawning,
1128 * green: The green thread scheduler and message passing types are almost
1130 * extra: The `flatpipes` module had bitrotted and was removed.
1131 * extra: All crypto functions have been removed and Rust now has a policy of
1132 not reimplementing crypto in the standard library. In the future crypto
1133 will be provided by external crates with bindings to established libraries.
1134 * extra: `c_vec` has been modernized.
1135 * extra: The `sort` module has been removed. Use the `sort` method on
1139 * The `rust` and `rusti` commands have been removed, due to lack of
1141 * `rustdoc` was completely rewritten.
1142 * `rustdoc` can test code examples in documentation.
1143 * `rustpkg` can test packages with the argument, 'test'.
1144 * `rustpkg` supports arbitrary dependencies, including C libraries.
1145 * `rustc`'s support for generating debug info is improved again.
1146 * `rustc` has better error reporting for unbalanced delimiters.
1147 * `rustc`'s JIT support was removed due to bitrot.
1148 * Executables and static libraries can be built with LTO (-Z lto)
1149 * `rustc` adds a `--dep-info` flag for communicating dependencies to
1153 Version 0.8 (September 2013)
1154 ============================
1156 * ~2200 changes, numerous bugfixes
1159 * The `for` loop syntax has changed to work with the `Iterator` trait.
1160 * At long last, unwinding works on Windows.
1161 * Default methods are ready for use.
1162 * Many trait inheritance bugs fixed.
1163 * Owned and borrowed trait objects work more reliably.
1164 * `copy` is no longer a keyword. It has been replaced by the `Clone` trait.
1165 * rustc can omit emission of code for the `debug!` macro if it is passed
1167 * mod.rs is now "blessed". When loading `mod foo;`, rustc will now look
1168 for foo.rs, then foo/mod.rs, and will generate an error when both are
1170 * Strings no longer contain trailing nulls. The new `std::c_str` module
1171 provides new mechanisms for converting to C strings.
1172 * The type of foreign functions is now `extern "C" fn` instead of `*u8'.
1173 * The FFI has been overhauled such that foreign functions are called directly,
1174 instead of through a stack-switching wrapper.
1175 * Calling a foreign function must be done through a Rust function with the
1176 `#[fixed_stack_segment]` attribute.
1177 * The `externfn!` macro can be used to declare both a foreign function and
1178 a `#[fixed_stack_segment]` wrapper at once.
1179 * `pub` and `priv` modifiers on `extern` blocks are no longer parsed.
1180 * `unsafe` is no longer allowed on extern fns - they are all unsafe.
1181 * `priv` is disallowed everywhere except for struct fields and enum variants.
1182 * `&T` (besides `&'static T`) is no longer allowed in `@T`.
1183 * `ref` bindings in irrefutable patterns work correctly now.
1184 * `char` is now prevented from containing invalid code points.
1185 * Casting to `bool` is no longer allowed.
1186 * `\0` is now accepted as an escape in chars and strings.
1187 * `yield` is a reserved keyword.
1188 * `typeof` is a reserved keyword.
1189 * Crates may be imported by URL with `extern mod foo = "url";`.
1190 * Explicit enum discriminants may be given as uints as in `enum E { V = 0u }`
1191 * Static vectors can be initialized with repeating elements,
1192 e.g. `static foo: [u8, .. 100]: [0, .. 100];`.
1193 * Static structs can be initialized with functional record update,
1194 e.g. `static foo: Foo = Foo { a: 5, .. bar };`.
1195 * `cfg!` can be used to conditionally execute code based on the crate
1196 configuration, similarly to `#[cfg(...)]`.
1197 * The `unnecessary_qualification` lint detects unneeded module
1198 prefixes (default: allow).
1199 * Arithmetic operations have been implemented on the SIMD types in
1200 `std::unstable::simd`.
1201 * Exchange allocation headers were removed, reducing memory usage.
1202 * `format!` implements a completely new, extensible, and higher-performance
1203 string formatting system. It will replace `fmt!`.
1204 * `print!` and `println!` write formatted strings (using the `format!`
1205 extension) to stdout.
1206 * `write!` and `writeln!` write formatted strings (using the `format!`
1207 extension) to the new Writers in `std::rt::io`.
1208 * The library section in which a function or static is placed may
1209 be specified with `#[link_section = "..."]`.
1210 * The `proto!` syntax extension for defining bounded message protocols
1212 * `macro_rules!` is hygienic for `let` declarations.
1213 * The `#[export_name]` attribute specifies the name of a symbol.
1214 * `unreachable!` can be used to indicate unreachable code, and fails
1218 * std: Transitioned to the new runtime, written in Rust.
1219 * std: Added an experimental I/O library, `rt::io`, based on the new
1221 * std: A new generic `range` function was added to the prelude, replacing
1222 `uint::range` and friends.
1223 * std: `range_rev` no longer exists. Since range is an iterator it can be
1224 reversed with `range(lo, hi).invert()`.
1225 * std: The `chain` method on option renamed to `and_then`; `unwrap_or_default`
1226 renamed to `unwrap_or`.
1227 * std: The `iterator` module was renamed to `iter`.
1228 * std: Integral types now support the `checked_add`, `checked_sub`, and
1229 `checked_mul` operations for detecting overflow.
1230 * std: Many methods in `str`, `vec`, `option, `result` were renamed for
1232 * std: Methods are standardizing on conventions for casting methods:
1233 `to_foo` for copying, `into_foo` for moving, `as_foo` for temporary
1235 * std: The `CString` type in `c_str` provides new ways to convert to and
1237 * std: `DoubleEndedIterator` can yield elements in two directions.
1238 * std: The `mut_split` method on vectors partitions an `&mut [T]` into
1240 * std: `str::from_bytes` renamed to `str::from_utf8`.
1241 * std: `pop_opt` and `shift_opt` methods added to vectors.
1242 * std: The task-local data interface no longer uses @, and keys are
1243 no longer function pointers.
1244 * std: The `swap_unwrap` method of `Option` renamed to `take_unwrap`.
1245 * std: Added `SharedPort` to `comm`.
1246 * std: `Eq` has a default method for `ne`; only `eq` is required
1248 * std: `Ord` has default methods for `le`, `gt` and `ge`; only `lt`
1249 is required in implementations.
1250 * std: `is_utf8` performance is improved, impacting many string functions.
1251 * std: `os::MemoryMap` provides cross-platform mmap.
1252 * std: `ptr::offset` is now unsafe, but also more optimized. Offsets that
1253 are not 'in-bounds' are considered undefined.
1254 * std: Many freestanding functions in `vec` removed in favor of methods.
1255 * std: Many freestanding functions on scalar types removed in favor of
1257 * std: Many options to task builders were removed since they don't make
1258 sense in the new scheduler design.
1259 * std: More containers implement `FromIterator` so can be created by the
1261 * std: More complete atomic types in `unstable::atomics`.
1262 * std: `comm::PortSet` removed.
1263 * std: Mutating methods in the `Set` and `Map` traits have been moved into
1264 the `MutableSet` and `MutableMap` traits. `Container::is_empty`,
1265 `Map::contains_key`, `MutableMap::insert`, and `MutableMap::remove` have
1266 default implementations.
1267 * std: Various `from_str` functions were removed in favor of a generic
1268 `from_str` which is available in the prelude.
1269 * std: `util::unreachable` removed in favor of the `unreachable!` macro.
1270 * extra: `dlist`, the doubly-linked list was modernized.
1271 * extra: Added a `hex` module with `ToHex` and `FromHex` traits.
1272 * extra: Added `glob` module, replacing `std::os::glob`.
1273 * extra: `rope` was removed.
1274 * extra: `deque` was renamed to `ringbuf`. `RingBuf` implements `Deque`.
1275 * extra: `net`, and `timer` were removed. The experimental replacements
1276 are `std::rt::io::net` and `std::rt::io::timer`.
1277 * extra: Iterators implemented for `SmallIntMap`.
1278 * extra: Iterators implemented for `Bitv` and `BitvSet`.
1279 * extra: `SmallIntSet` removed. Use `BitvSet`.
1280 * extra: Performance of JSON parsing greatly improved.
1281 * extra: `semver` updated to SemVer 2.0.0.
1282 * extra: `term` handles more terminals correctly.
1283 * extra: `dbg` module removed.
1284 * extra: `par` module removed.
1285 * extra: `future` was cleaned up, with some method renames.
1286 * extra: Most free functions in `getopts` were converted to methods.
1289 * rustc's debug info generation (`-Z debug-info`) is greatly improved.
1290 * rustc accepts `--target-cpu` to compile to a specific CPU architecture,
1291 similarly to gcc's `--march` flag.
1292 * rustc's performance compiling small crates is much better.
1293 * rustpkg has received many improvements.
1294 * rustpkg supports git tags as package IDs.
1295 * rustpkg builds into target-specific directories so it can be used for
1297 * The number of concurrent test tasks is controlled by the environment
1298 variable RUST_TEST_TASKS.
1299 * The test harness can now report metrics for benchmarks.
1300 * All tools have man pages.
1301 * Programs compiled with `--test` now support the `-h` and `--help` flags.
1302 * The runtime uses jemalloc for allocations.
1303 * Segmented stacks are temporarily disabled as part of the transition to
1304 the new runtime. Stack overflows are possible!
1305 * A new documentation backend, rustdoc_ng, is available for use. It is
1306 still invoked through the normal `rustdoc` command.
1309 Version 0.7 (July 2013)
1310 =======================
1312 * ~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
1315 * `impl`s no longer accept a visibility qualifier. Put them on methods
1317 * The borrow checker has been rewritten with flow-sensitivity, fixing
1318 many bugs and inconveniences.
1319 * The `self` parameter no longer implicitly means `&'self self`,
1320 and can be explicitly marked with a lifetime.
1321 * Overloadable compound operators (`+=`, etc.) have been temporarily
1322 removed due to bugs.
1323 * The `for` loop protocol now requires `for`-iterators to return `bool`
1324 so they compose better.
1325 * The `Durable` trait is replaced with the `'static` bounds.
1326 * Trait default methods work more often.
1327 * Structs with the `#[packed]` attribute have byte alignment and
1328 no padding between fields.
1329 * Type parameters bound by `Copy` must now be copied explicitly with
1331 * It is now illegal to move out of a dereferenced unsafe pointer.
1332 * `Option<~T>` is now represented as a nullable pointer.
1333 * `@mut` does dynamic borrow checks correctly.
1334 * The `main` function is only detected at the topmost level of the crate.
1335 The `#[main]` attribute is still valid anywhere.
1336 * Struct fields may no longer be mutable. Use inherited mutability.
1337 * The `#[no_send]` attribute makes a type that would otherwise be
1339 * The `#[no_freeze]` attribute makes a type that would otherwise be
1341 * Unbounded recursion will abort the process after reaching the limit
1342 specified by the `RUST_MAX_STACK` environment variable (default: 1GB).
1343 * The `vecs_implicitly_copyable` lint mode has been removed. Vectors
1344 are never implicitly copyable.
1345 * `#[static_assert]` makes compile-time assertions about static bools.
1346 * At long last, 'argument modes' no longer exist.
1347 * The rarely used `use mod` statement no longer exists.
1350 * `fail!` and `assert!` accept `~str`, `&'static str` or `fmt!`-style
1352 * `Encodable`, `Decodable`, `Ord`, `TotalOrd`, `TotalEq`, `DeepClone`,
1353 `Rand`, `Zero` and `ToStr` can all be automatically derived with
1355 * The `bytes!` macro returns a vector of bytes for string, u8, char,
1356 and unsuffixed integer literals.
1359 * The `core` crate was renamed to `std`.
1360 * The `std` crate was renamed to `extra`.
1361 * More and improved documentation.
1362 * std: `iterator` module for external iterator objects.
1363 * Many old-style (internal, higher-order function) iterators replaced by
1364 implementations of `Iterator`.
1365 * std: Many old internal vector and string iterators,
1366 incl. `any`, `all`. removed.
1367 * std: The `finalize` method of `Drop` renamed to `drop`.
1368 * std: The `drop` method now takes `&mut self` instead of `&self`.
1369 * std: The prelude no longer reexports any modules, only types and traits.
1370 * std: Prelude additions: `print`, `println`, `FromStr`, `ApproxEq`, `Equiv`,
1371 `Iterator`, `IteratorUtil`, many numeric traits, many tuple traits.
1372 * std: New numeric traits: `Fractional`, `Real`, `RealExt`, `Integer`, `Ratio`,
1373 `Algebraic`, `Trigonometric`, `Exponential`, `Primitive`.
1374 * std: Tuple traits and accessors defined for up to 12-tuples, e.g.
1375 `(0, 1, 2).n2()` or `(0, 1, 2).n2_ref()`.
1376 * std: Many types implement `Clone`.
1377 * std: `path` type renamed to `Path`.
1378 * std: `mut` module and `Mut` type removed.
1379 * std: Many standalone functions removed in favor of methods and iterators
1380 in `vec`, `str`. In the future methods will also work as functions.
1381 * std: `reinterpret_cast` removed. Use `transmute`.
1382 * std: ascii string handling in `std::ascii`.
1383 * std: `Rand` is implemented for ~/@.
1384 * std: `run` module for spawning processes overhauled.
1385 * std: Various atomic types added to `unstable::atomic`.
1386 * std: Various types implement `Zero`.
1387 * std: `LinearMap` and `LinearSet` renamed to `HashMap` and `HashSet`.
1388 * std: Borrowed pointer functions moved from `ptr` to `borrow`.
1389 * std: Added `os::mkdir_recursive`.
1390 * std: Added `os::glob` function performs filesystems globs.
1391 * std: `FuzzyEq` renamed to `ApproxEq`.
1392 * std: `Map` now defines `pop` and `swap` methods.
1393 * std: `Cell` constructors converted to static methods.
1394 * extra: `rc` module adds the reference counted pointers, `Rc` and `RcMut`.
1395 * extra: `flate` module moved from `std` to `extra`.
1396 * extra: `fileinput` module for iterating over a series of files.
1397 * extra: `Complex` number type and `complex` module.
1398 * extra: `Rational` number type and `rational` module.
1399 * extra: `BigInt`, `BigUint` implement numeric and comparison traits.
1400 * extra: `term` uses terminfo now, is more correct.
1401 * extra: `arc` functions converted to methods.
1402 * extra: Implementation of fixed output size variations of SHA-2.
1405 * `unused_variable` lint mode for unused variables (default: warn).
1406 * `unused_unsafe` lint mode for detecting unnecessary `unsafe` blocks
1408 * `unused_mut` lint mode for identifying unused `mut` qualifiers
1410 * `dead_assignment` lint mode for unread variables (default: warn).
1411 * `unnecessary_allocation` lint mode detects some heap allocations that are
1412 immediately borrowed so could be written without allocating (default: warn).
1413 * `missing_doc` lint mode (default: allow).
1414 * `unreachable_code` lint mode (default: warn).
1415 * The `rusti` command has been rewritten and a number of bugs addressed.
1416 * rustc outputs in color on more terminals.
1417 * rustc accepts a `--link-args` flag to pass arguments to the linker.
1418 * rustc accepts a `-Z print-link-args` flag for debugging linkage.
1419 * Compiling with `-g` will make the binary record information about
1420 dynamic borrowcheck failures for debugging.
1421 * rustdoc has a nicer stylesheet.
1422 * Various improvements to rustdoc.
1423 * Improvements to rustpkg (see the detailed release notes).
1426 Version 0.6 (April 2013)
1427 ========================
1429 * ~2100 changes, numerous bugfixes
1432 * The self type parameter in traits is now spelled `Self`
1433 * The `self` parameter in trait and impl methods must now be explicitly
1434 named (for example: `fn f(&self) { }`). Implicit self is deprecated.
1435 * Static methods no longer require the `static` keyword and instead
1436 are distinguished by the lack of a `self` parameter
1437 * Replaced the `Durable` trait with the `'static` lifetime
1438 * The old closure type syntax with the trailing sigil has been
1439 removed in favor of the more consistent leading sigil
1440 * `super` is a keyword, and may be prefixed to paths
1441 * Trait bounds are separated with `+` instead of whitespace
1442 * Traits are implemented with `impl Trait for Type`
1443 instead of `impl Type: Trait`
1444 * Lifetime syntax is now `&'l foo` instead of `&l/foo`
1445 * The `export` keyword has finally been removed
1446 * The `move` keyword has been removed (see "Semantic changes")
1447 * The interior mutability qualifier on vectors, `[mut T]`, has been
1448 removed. Use `&mut [T]`, etc.
1449 * `mut` is no longer valid in `~mut T`. Use inherited mutability
1450 * `fail` is no longer a keyword. Use `fail!()`
1451 * `assert` is no longer a keyword. Use `assert!()`
1452 * `log` is no longer a keyword. use `debug!`, etc.
1453 * 1-tuples may be represented as `(T,)`
1454 * Struct fields may no longer be `mut`. Use inherited mutability,
1455 `@mut T`, `core::mut` or `core::cell`
1456 * `extern mod { ... }` is no longer valid syntax for foreign
1457 function modules. Use extern blocks: `extern { ... }`
1458 * Newtype enums removed. Use tuple-structs.
1459 * Trait implementations no longer support visibility modifiers
1460 * Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
1461 * `const` renamed to `static` to correspond to lifetime name,
1462 and make room for future `static mut` unsafe mutable globals.
1463 * Replaced `#[deriving_eq]` with `#[deriving(Eq)]`, etc.
1464 * `Clone` implementations can be automatically generated with
1465 `#[deriving(Clone)]`
1466 * Casts to traits must use a pointer sigil, e.g. `@foo as @Bar`
1467 instead of `foo as Bar`.
1468 * Fixed length vector types are now written as `[int, .. 3]`
1469 instead of `[int * 3]`.
1470 * Fixed length vector types can express the length as a constant
1471 expression. (ex: `[int, .. GL_BUFFER_SIZE - 2]`)
1474 * Types with owned pointers or custom destructors move by default,
1475 eliminating the `move` keyword
1476 * All foreign functions are considered unsafe
1477 * &mut is now unaliasable
1478 * Writes to borrowed @mut pointers are prevented dynamically
1480 * The name of the main function can be customized using #[main]
1481 * The default type of an inferred closure is &fn instead of @fn
1482 * `use` statements may no longer be "chained" - they cannot import
1483 identifiers imported by previous `use` statements
1484 * `use` statements are crate relative, importing from the "top"
1485 of the crate by default. Paths may be prefixed with `super::`
1486 or `self::` to change the search behavior.
1487 * Method visibility is inherited from the implementation declaration
1488 * Structural records have been removed
1489 * Many more types can be used in static items, including enums
1490 'static-lifetime pointers and vectors
1491 * Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
1492 * Typechecking of closure types has been overhauled to
1493 improve inference and eliminate unsoundness
1494 * Macros leave scope at the end of modules, unless that module is
1495 tagged with #[macro_escape]
1498 * Added big integers to `std::bigint`
1499 * Removed `core::oldcomm` module
1500 * Added pipe-based `core::comm` module
1501 * Numeric traits have been reorganized under `core::num`
1502 * `vec::slice` finally returns a slice
1503 * `debug!` and friends don't require a format string, e.g. `debug!(Foo)`
1504 * Containers reorganized around traits in `core::container`
1505 * `core::dvec` removed, `~[T]` is a drop-in replacement
1506 * `core::send_map` renamed to `core::hashmap`
1507 * `std::map` removed; replaced with `core::hashmap`
1508 * `std::treemap` reimplemented as an owned balanced tree
1509 * `std::deque` and `std::smallintmap` reimplemented as owned containers
1510 * `core::trie` added as a fast ordered map for integer keys
1511 * Set types added to `core::hashmap`, `core::trie` and `std::treemap`
1512 * `Ord` split into `Ord` and `TotalOrd`. `Ord` is still used to
1513 overload the comparison operators, whereas `TotalOrd` is used
1514 by certain container types
1517 * Replaced the 'cargo' package manager with 'rustpkg'
1518 * Added all-purpose 'rust' tool
1519 * `rustc --test` now supports benchmarks with the `#[bench]` attribute
1520 * rustc now *attempts* to offer spelling suggestions
1521 * Improved support for ARM and Android
1522 * Preliminary MIPS backend
1523 * Improved foreign function ABI implementation for x86, x86_64
1524 * Various memory usage improvements
1525 * Rust code may be embedded in foreign code under limited circumstances
1526 * Inline assembler supported by new asm!() syntax extension.
1529 Version 0.5 (December 2012)
1530 ===========================
1532 * ~900 changes, numerous bugfixes
1535 * Removed `<-` move operator
1536 * Completed the transition from the `#fmt` extension syntax to `fmt!`
1537 * Removed old fixed length vector syntax - `[T]/N`
1538 * New token-based quasi-quoters, `quote_tokens!`, `quote_expr!`, etc.
1539 * Macros may now expand to items and statements
1540 * `a.b()` is always parsed as a method call, never as a field projection
1541 * `Eq` and `IterBytes` implementations can be automatically generated
1542 with `#[deriving_eq]` and `#[deriving_iter_bytes]` respectively
1543 * Removed the special crate language for `.rc` files
1544 * Function arguments may consist of any irrefutable pattern
1547 * `&` and `~` pointers may point to objects
1548 * Tuple structs - `struct Foo(Bar, Baz)`. Will replace newtype enums.
1549 * Enum variants may be structs
1550 * Destructors can be added to all nominal types with the Drop trait
1551 * Structs and nullary enum variants may be constants
1552 * Values that cannot be implicitly copied are now automatically moved
1553 without writing `move` explicitly
1554 * `&T` may now be coerced to `*T`
1555 * Coercions happen in `let` statements as well as function calls
1556 * `use` statements now take crate-relative paths
1557 * The module and type namespaces have been merged so that static
1558 method names can be resolved under the trait in which they are
1561 * Improved support for language features
1562 * Trait inheritance works in many scenarios
1563 * More support for explicit self arguments in methods - `self`, `&self`
1564 `@self`, and `~self` all generally work as expected
1565 * Static methods work in more situations
1566 * Experimental: Traits may declare default methods for the implementations
1570 * New condition handling system in `core::condition`
1571 * Timsort added to `std::sort`
1572 * New priority queue, `std::priority_queue`
1573 * Pipes for serializable types, `std::flatpipes'
1574 * Serialization overhauled to be trait-based
1575 * Expanded `getopts` definitions
1576 * Moved futures to `std`
1577 * More functions are pure now
1578 * `core::comm` renamed to `oldcomm`. Still deprecated
1579 * `rustdoc` and `cargo` are libraries now
1582 * Added a preliminary REPL, `rusti`
1583 * License changed from MIT to dual MIT/APL2
1586 Version 0.4 (October 2012)
1587 ==========================
1589 * ~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
1592 * All keywords are now strict and may not be used as identifiers anywhere
1593 * Keyword removal: 'again', 'import', 'check', 'new', 'owned', 'send',
1594 'of', 'with', 'to', 'class'.
1595 * Classes are replaced with simpler structs
1596 * Explicit method self types
1597 * `ret` became `return` and `alt` became `match`
1598 * `import` is now `use`; `use is now `extern mod`
1599 * `extern mod { ... }` is now `extern { ... }`
1600 * `use mod` is the recommended way to import modules
1601 * `pub` and `priv` replace deprecated export lists
1602 * The syntax of `match` pattern arms now uses fat arrow (=>)
1603 * `main` no longer accepts an args vector; use `os::args` instead
1606 * Trait implementations are now coherent, ala Haskell typeclasses
1607 * Trait methods may be static
1608 * Argument modes are deprecated
1609 * Borrowed pointers are much more mature and recommended for use
1610 * Strings and vectors in the static region are stored in constant memory
1611 * Typestate was removed
1612 * Resolution rewritten to be more reliable
1613 * Support for 'dual-mode' data structures (freezing and thawing)
1616 * Most binary operators can now be overloaded via the traits in
1618 * `std::net::url` for representing URLs
1619 * Sendable hash maps in `core::send_map`
1620 * `core::task' gained a (currently unsafe) task-local storage API
1623 * An efficient new intertask communication primitive called the pipe,
1624 along with a number of higher-level channel types, in `core::pipes`
1625 * `std::arc`, an atomically reference counted, immutable, shared memory
1627 * `std::sync`, various exotic synchronization tools based on arcs and pipes
1628 * Futures are now based on pipes and sendable
1629 * More robust linked task failure
1630 * Improved task builder API
1633 * Improved error reporting
1634 * Preliminary JIT support
1635 * Preliminary work on precise GC
1636 * Extensive architectural improvements to rustc
1637 * Begun a transition away from buggy C++-based reflection (shape) code to
1638 Rust-based (visitor) code
1639 * All hash functions and tables converted to secure, randomized SipHash
1642 Version 0.3 (July 2012)
1643 ========================
1645 * ~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
1647 * New coding conveniences
1648 * Integer-literal suffix inference
1649 * Per-item control over warnings, errors
1650 * #[cfg(windows)] and #[cfg(unix)] attributes
1651 * Documentation comments
1652 * More compact closure syntax
1653 * 'do' expressions for treating higher-order functions as
1655 * *-patterns (wildcard extended to all constructor fields)
1658 * Name resolution pass and exhaustiveness checker rewritten
1659 * Region pointers and borrow checking supersede alias
1661 * Init-ness checking is now provided by a region-based liveness
1662 pass instead of the typestate pass; same for last-use analysis
1663 * Extensive work on region pointers
1665 * Experimental new language features
1666 * Slices and fixed-size, interior-allocated vectors
1667 * #!-comments for lang versioning, shell execution
1668 * Destructors and iface implementation for classes;
1669 type-parameterized classes and class methods
1670 * 'const' type kind for types that can be used to implement
1671 shared-memory concurrency patterns
1675 * Removal of various obsolete features
1676 * Keywords: 'be', 'prove', 'syntax', 'note', 'mutable', 'bind',
1677 'crust', 'native' (now 'extern'), 'cont' (now 'again')
1679 * Constructs: do-while loops ('do' repurposed), fn binding,
1680 resources (replaced by destructors)
1682 * Compiler reorganization
1683 * Syntax-layer of compiler split into separate crate
1684 * Clang (from LLVM project) integrated into build
1685 * Typechecker split into sub-modules
1688 * New time functions
1689 * Extension methods for many built-in types
1690 * Arc: atomic-refcount read-only / exclusive-use shared cells
1691 * Par: parallel map and search routines
1692 * Extensive work on libuv interface
1693 * Much vector code moved to libraries
1694 * Syntax extensions: #line, #col, #file, #mod, #stringify,
1695 #include, #include_str, #include_bin
1698 * Cargo automatically resolves dependencies
1701 Version 0.2 (March 2012)
1702 =========================
1704 * >1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
1706 * New docs and doc tooling
1708 * New port: FreeBSD x86_64
1710 * Compilation model enhancements
1711 * Generics now specialized, multiply instantiated
1712 * Functions now inlined across separate crates
1714 * Scheduling, stack and threading fixes
1715 * Noticeably improved message-passing performance
1716 * Explicit schedulers
1720 * Experimental new language features
1721 * Operator overloading
1725 * Various language extensions
1726 * C-callback function types: 'crust fn ...'
1727 * Infinite-loop construct: 'loop { ... }'
1728 * Shorten 'mutable' to 'mut'
1729 * Required mutable-local qualifier: 'let mut ...'
1730 * Basic glob-exporting: 'export foo::*;'
1731 * Alt now exhaustive, 'alt check' for runtime-checked
1732 * Block-function form of 'for' loop, with 'break' and 'ret'.
1735 * AST quasi-quote syntax extension
1736 * Revived libuv interface
1737 * New modules: core::{future, iter}, std::arena
1738 * Merged per-platform std::{os*, fs*} to core::{libc, os}
1739 * Extensive cleanup, regularization in libstd, libcore
1742 Version 0.1 (January 20, 2012)
1743 ===============================
1745 * Most language features work, including:
1746 * Unique pointers, unique closures, move semantics
1747 * Interface-constrained generics
1748 * Static interface dispatch
1750 * Multithread task scheduling
1751 * Typestate predicates
1752 * Failure unwinding, destructors
1753 * Pattern matching and destructuring assignment
1754 * Lightweight block-lambda syntax
1755 * Preliminary macro-by-example
1757 * Compiler works with the following configurations:
1758 * Linux: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
1759 * MacOS: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
1760 * Windows: x86 hosts and targets
1762 * Cross compilation / multi-target configuration supported.
1764 * Preliminary API-documentation and package-management tools included.
1768 * Documentation is incomplete.
1770 * Performance is below intended target.
1772 * Standard library APIs are subject to extensive change, reorganization.
1774 * Language-level versioning is not yet operational - future code will