1 Version 1.2.0 (August 2015)
2 ===========================
4 * ~1200 changes, numerous bugfixes
9 * [Dynamically-sized-type coercions][dst] allow smart pointer types
10 like `Rc` to contain types without a fixed size, arrays and trait
11 objects, finally enabling use of `Rc<[T]>` and completing the
12 implementation of DST.
13 * [Parallel codegen][parcodegen] is now working again, which can
14 substantially speed up large builds in debug mode; It also gets
15 another ~33% speedup when bootstrapping on a 4 core machine (using 8
16 jobs). It's not enabled by default, but will be "in the near
17 future". It can be activated with the `-C codegen-units=N` flag to
23 * The [`to_uppercase`] and [`to_lowercase`] methods on `char` now do
24 unicode case mapping, which is a previously-planned change in
25 behavior and considered a bugfix.
26 * [`mem::align_of`] now specifies [the *minimum alignment* for
27 T][align], which is usually the alignment programs are interested
28 in, and the same value reported by clang's
29 `alignof`. [`mem::min_align_of`] is deprecated. This is not known to
35 * Patterns with `ref mut` now correctly invoke [`DerefMut`] when
36 matching against dereferencable values.
41 * The [`Extend`] trait, which grows a collection from an iterator, is
42 implemented over iterators of references, for `String`, `Vec`,
43 `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`, `EnumSet`, `BinaryHeap`, `VecMap`,
44 `BTreeSet` and `BTreeMap`. [RFC][extend-rfc].
45 * The [`iter::once`] function returns an iterator that yields a single
47 * The [`iter::empty`] function returns an iterator that yields no
49 * The [`matches`] and [`rmatches`] methods on `str` return iterators
50 over substring matches.
51 * [`Cell`] and [`RefCell`] both implement [`Eq`].
52 * A number of methods for wrapping arithmetic are added to the
53 integral types, [`wrapping_div`], [`wrapping_rem`],
54 [`wrapping_neg`], [`wrapping_shl`], [`wrapping_shr`]. These are in
55 addition to the existing [`wrapping_add`], [`wrapping_sub`], and
56 [`wrapping_mul`] methods, and alternatives to the [`Wrapping`]
57 type.. It is illegal for the default arithmetic operations in Rust
58 to overflow; the desire to wrap must be explicit.
59 * The `{:#?}` formatting specifier [displays the alternate,
60 pretty-printed][debugfmt] form of the `Debug` formatter. This
61 feature was actually introduced prior to 1.0 with little
63 * [`fmt::Formatter`] implements [`fmt::Write`], a `fmt`-specific trait
64 for writing data to formatted strings, similar to [`io::Write`].
65 * [`fmt::Formatter`] adds 'debug builder' methods, [`debug_struct`],
66 [`debug_tuple`], [`debug_list`], [`debug_set`], [`debug_map`]. These
67 are used by code generators to emit implementations of [`Debug`].
68 * `str` has new [`to_uppercase`][strup] and [`to_lowercase`][strlow]
69 methods that convert case, following Unicode case mapping.
70 * It is now easier to handle to poisoned locks. The [`PoisonError`]
71 type, returned by failing lock operations, exposes `into_inner`,
72 `get_ref`, and `get_mut`, which all give access to the inner lock
73 guard, and allow the poisoned lock to continue to operate. The
74 `is_poisoned` method of [`RwLock`] and [`Mutex`] can poll for a
75 poisoned lock without attempting to take the lock.
76 * On Unix the [`FromRawFd`] trait is implemented for [`Stdio`], and
77 [`AsRawFd`] for [`ChildStdin`], [`ChildStdout`], [`ChildStderr`].
78 On Windows the `FromRawHandle` trait is implemented for `Stdio`,
79 and `AsRawHandle` for `ChildStdin`, `ChildStdout`,
81 * [`io::ErrorKind`] has a new variant, `InvalidData`, which indicates
87 * `rustc` employs smarter heuristics for guessing at [typos].
88 * `rustc` emits more efficient code for [no-op conversions between
89 unsafe pointers][nop].
90 * Fat pointers are now [passed in pairs of immediate arguments][fat],
91 resulting in faster compile times and smaller code.
93 [`Extend`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/trait.Extend.html
94 [extend-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0839-embrace-extend-extinguish.md
95 [`iter::once`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/fn.once.html
96 [`iter::empty`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/fn.empty.html
97 [`matches`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.matches
98 [`rmatches`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.rmatches
99 [`Cell`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/cell/struct.Cell.html
100 [`RefCell`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html
101 [`wrapping_add`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_add
102 [`wrapping_sub`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_sub
103 [`wrapping_mul`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_mul
104 [`wrapping_div`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_div
105 [`wrapping_rem`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_rem
106 [`wrapping_neg`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_neg
107 [`wrapping_shl`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_shl
108 [`wrapping_shr`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_shr
109 [`Wrapping`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/num/struct.Wrapping.html
110 [`fmt::Formatter`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/struct.Formatter.html
111 [`fmt::Write`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/trait.Write.html
112 [`io::Write`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/io/trait.Write.html
113 [`debug_struct`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_struct
114 [`debug_tuple`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_tuple
115 [`debug_list`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_list
116 [`debug_set`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_set
117 [`debug_map`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_map
118 [`Debug`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/trait.Debug.html
119 [strup]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.to_uppercase
120 [strlow]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.to_lowercase
121 [`to_uppercase`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_uppercase
122 [`to_lowercase`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_lowercase
123 [`PoisonError`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html
124 [`RwLock`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/sync/struct.RwLock.html
125 [`Mutex`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html
126 [`FromRawFd`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.FromRawFd.html
127 [`AsRawFd`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.AsRawFd.html
128 [`Stdio`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.Stdio.html
129 [`ChildStdin`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.ChildStdin.html
130 [`ChildStdout`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.ChildStdout.html
131 [`ChildStderr`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.ChildStderr.html
132 [`io::ErrorKind`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/io/enum.ErrorKind.html
133 [debugfmt]: https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/3ceaui/psa_produces_prettyprinted_debug_output/
134 [`DerefMut`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/ops/trait.DerefMut.html
135 [`mem::align_of`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/mem/fn.align_of.html
136 [align]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25646
137 [`mem::min_align_of`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/mem/fn.min_align_of.html
138 [typos]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26087
139 [nop]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26336
140 [fat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26411
141 [dst]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0982-dst-coercion.md
142 [parcodegen]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26018
145 Version 1.1.0 (June 2015)
146 =========================
148 * ~850 changes, numerous bugfixes
153 * The [`std::fs` module has been expanded][fs] to expand the set of
154 functionality exposed:
155 * `DirEntry` now supports optimizations like `file_type` and `metadata` which
156 don't incur a syscall on some platforms.
157 * A `symlink_metadata` function has been added.
158 * The `fs::Metadata` structure now lowers to its OS counterpart, providing
159 access to all underlying information.
160 * The compiler now contains extended explanations of many errors. When an error
161 with an explanation occurs the compiler suggests using the `--explain` flag
162 to read the explanation. Error explanations are also [available online][err-index].
163 * Thanks to multiple [improvements][sk] to [type checking][pre], as
164 well as other work, the time to bootstrap the compiler decreased by
170 * The [`str::split_whitespace`] method splits a string on unicode
171 whitespace boundaries.
172 * On both Windows and Unix, new extension traits provide conversion of
173 I/O types to and from the underlying system handles. On Unix, these
174 traits are [`FromRawFd`] and [`AsRawFd`], on Windows `FromRawHandle`
175 and `AsRawHandle`. These are implemented for `File`, `TcpStream`,
176 `TcpListener`, and `UpdSocket`. Further implementations for
177 `std::process` will be stabilized later.
178 * On Unix, [`std::os::unix::symlink`] creates symlinks. On
179 Windows, symlinks can be created with
180 `std::os::windows::symlink_dir` and
181 `std::os::windows::symlink_file`.
182 * The `mpsc::Receiver` type can now be converted into an iterator with
183 `into_iter` on the [`IntoIterator`] trait.
184 * `Ipv4Addr` can be created from `u32` with the `From<u32>`
185 implementation of the [`From`] trait.
186 * The `Debug` implementation for `RangeFull` [creates output that is
187 more consistent with other implementations][rf].
188 * [`Debug` is implemented for `File`][file].
189 * The `Default` implementation for `Arc` [no longer requires `Sync +
191 * [The `Iterator` methods `count`, `nth`, and `last` have been
192 overridden for slices to have O(1) performance instead of O(n)][si].
193 * Incorrect handling of paths on Windows has been improved in both the
194 compiler and the standard library.
195 * [`AtomicPtr` gained a `Default` implementation][ap].
196 * In accordance with Rust's policy on arithmetic overflow `abs` now
197 [panics on overflow when debug assertions are enabled][abs].
198 * The [`Cloned`] iterator, which was accidentally left unstable for
199 1.0 [has been stabilized][c].
200 * The [`Incoming`] iterator, which iterates over incoming TCP
201 connections, and which was accidentally unnamable in 1.0, [is now
202 properly exported][inc].
203 * [`BinaryHeap`] no longer corrupts itself [when functions called by
204 `sift_up` or `sift_down` panic][bh].
205 * The [`split_off`] method of `LinkedList` [no longer corrupts
206 the list in certain scenarios][ll].
211 * Type checking performance [has improved notably][sk] with
212 [multiple improvements][pre].
213 * The compiler [suggests code changes][ch] for more errors.
214 * rustc and it's build system have experimental support for [building
215 toolchains against MUSL][m] instead of glibc on Linux.
216 * The compiler defines the `target_env` cfg value, which is used for
217 distinguishing toolchains that are otherwise for the same
218 platform. Presently this is set to `gnu` for common GNU Linux
219 targets and for MinGW targets, and `musl` for MUSL Linux targets.
220 * The [`cargo rustc`][crc] command invokes a build with custom flags
222 * [Android executables are always position independent][pie].
223 * [The `drop_with_repr_extern` lint warns about mixing `repr(C)`
226 [`str::split_whitespace`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.split_whitespace
227 [`FromRawFd`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.FromRawFd.html
228 [`AsRawFd`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.AsRawFd.html
229 [`std::os::unix::symlink`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/fs/fn.symlink.html
230 [`IntoIterator`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
231 [`From`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/convert/trait.From.html
232 [rf]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24491
233 [err-index]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/error-index.html
234 [sk]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24615
235 [pre]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25323
236 [file]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24598
237 [ch]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24683
238 [arc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24695
239 [si]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24701
240 [ap]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24834
241 [m]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24777
242 [fs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1044-io-fs-2.1.md
243 [crc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/pull/1568
244 [pie]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24953
245 [abs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25441
246 [c]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25496
247 [`Cloned`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/struct.Cloned.html
248 [`Incoming`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/net/struct.Incoming.html
249 [inc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25522
250 [bh]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25856
251 [`BinaryHeap`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html
252 [ll]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26022
253 [`split_off`]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/collections/linked_list/struct.LinkedList.html#method.split_off
254 [drop]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24935
256 Version 1.0.0 (May 2015)
257 ========================
259 * ~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
264 * The vast majority of the standard library is now `#[stable]`. It is
265 no longer possible to use unstable features with a stable build of
267 * Many popular crates on [crates.io] now work on the stable release
269 * Arithmetic on basic integer types now [checks for overflow in debug
275 * Several [restrictions have been added to trait coherence][coh] in
276 order to make it easier for upstream authors to change traits
277 without breaking downstream code.
278 * Digits of binary and octal literals are [lexed more eagerly][lex] to
279 improve error messages and macro behavior. For example, `0b1234` is
280 now lexed as `0b1234` instead of two tokens, `0b1` and `234`.
281 * Trait bounds [are always invariant][inv], eliminating the need for
282 the `PhantomFn` and `MarkerTrait` lang items, which have been
284 * ["-" is no longer a valid character in crate names][cr], the `extern crate
285 "foo" as bar` syntax has been replaced with `extern crate foo as
286 bar`, and Cargo now automatically translates "-" in *package* names
287 to underscore for the crate name.
288 * [Lifetime shadowing is an error][lt].
289 * [`Send` no longer implies `'static`][send-rfc].
290 * [UFCS now supports trait-less associated paths][moar-ufcs] like
292 * Primitive types [now have inherent methods][prim-inherent],
293 obviating the need for extension traits like `SliceExt`.
294 * Methods with `Self: Sized` in their `where` clause are [considered
295 object-safe][self-sized], allowing many extension traits like
296 `IteratorExt` to be merged into the traits they extended.
297 * You can now [refer to associated types][assoc-where] whose
298 corresponding trait bounds appear only in a `where` clause.
299 * The final bits of [OIBIT landed][oibit-final], meaning that traits
300 like `Send` and `Sync` are now library-defined.
301 * A [Reflect trait][reflect] was introduced, which means that
302 downcasting via the `Any` trait is effectively limited to concrete
303 types. This helps retain the potentially-important "parametricity"
304 property: generic code cannot behave differently for different type
305 arguments except in minor ways.
306 * The `unsafe_destructor` feature is now deprecated in favor of the
307 [new `dropck`][dropck]. This change is a major reduction in unsafe
313 * The `thread_local` module [has been renamed to `std::thread`][th].
314 * The methods of `IteratorExt` [have been moved to the `Iterator`
316 * Several traits that implement Rust's conventions for type
317 conversions, `AsMut`, `AsRef`, `From`, and `Into` have been
318 [centralized in the `std::convert` module][con].
319 * The `FromError` trait [was removed in favor of `From`][fe].
320 * The basic sleep function [has moved to
321 `std::thread::sleep_ms`][slp].
322 * The `splitn` function now takes an `n` parameter that represents the
323 number of items yielded by the returned iterator [instead of the
324 number of 'splits'][spl].
325 * [On Unix, all file descriptors are `CLOEXEC` by default][clo].
326 * [Derived implementations of `PartialOrd` now order enums according
327 to their explicitly-assigned discriminants][po].
328 * [Methods for searching strings are generic over `Pattern`s][pat],
329 implemented presently by `&char`, `&str`, `FnMut(char) -> bool` and
331 * [In method resolution, object methods are resolved before inherent
333 * [`String::from_str` has been deprecated in favor of the `From` impl,
335 * [`io::Error` implements `Sync`][ios].
336 * [The `words` method on `&str` has been replaced with
337 `split_whitespace`][sw], to avoid answering the tricky question, 'what is
339 * The new path and IO modules are complete and `#[stable]`. This
340 was the major library focus for this cycle.
341 * The path API was [revised][path-normalize] to normalize `.`,
342 adjusting the tradeoffs in favor of the most common usage.
343 * A large number of remaining APIs in `std` were also stabilized
344 during this cycle; about 75% of the non-deprecated API surface
346 * The new [string pattern API][string-pattern] landed, which makes
347 the string slice API much more internally consistent and flexible.
348 * A new set of [generic conversion traits][conversion] replaced
349 many existing ad hoc traits.
350 * Generic numeric traits were [completely removed][num-traits]. This
351 was made possible thanks to inherent methods for primitive types,
352 and the removal gives maximal flexibility for designing a numeric
353 hierarchy in the future.
354 * The `Fn` traits are now related via [inheritance][fn-inherit]
355 and provide ergonomic [blanket implementations][fn-blanket].
356 * The `Index` and `IndexMut` traits were changed to
357 [take the index by value][index-value], enabling code like
358 `hash_map["string"]` to work.
359 * `Copy` now [inherits][copy-clone] from `Clone`, meaning that all
360 `Copy` data is known to be `Clone` as well.
365 * Many errors now have extended explanations that can be accessed with
366 the `--explain` flag to `rustc`.
367 * Many new examples have been added to the standard library
369 * rustdoc has received a number of improvements focused on completion
371 * Metadata was tuned, shrinking binaries [by 27%][metadata-shrink].
372 * Much headway was made on ecosystem-wide CI, making it possible
373 to [compare builds for breakage][ci-compare].
376 [crates.io]: http://crates.io
377 [clo]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24034
378 [coh]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1023-rebalancing-coherence.md
379 [con]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23875
380 [cr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23419
381 [fe]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23879
382 [ie]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23300
383 [inv]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23938
384 [ios]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24133
385 [lex]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0879-small-base-lexing.md
386 [lt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24057
387 [meth]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24056
388 [pat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0528-string-patterns.md
389 [po]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24270
390 [sf]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24517
391 [slp]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23949
392 [spl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0979-align-splitn-with-other-languages.md
393 [sw]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1054-str-words.md
394 [th]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0909-move-thread-local-to-std-thread.md
395 [send-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0458-send-improvements.md
396 [moar-ufcs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22172
397 [prim-inherent]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23104
398 [overflow]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0560-integer-overflow.md
399 [metadata-shrink]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22971
400 [self-sized]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22301
401 [assoc-where]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22512
402 [string-pattern]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22466
403 [oibit-final]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21689
404 [reflect]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23712
405 [conversion]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/529
406 [num-traits]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23549
407 [index-value]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23601
408 [dropck]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/769
409 [ci-compare]: https://gist.github.com/brson/a30a77836fbec057cbee
410 [fn-inherit]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23282
411 [fn-blanket]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23895
412 [copy-clone]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23860
413 [path-normalize]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23229
416 Version 1.0.0-alpha.2 (February 2015)
417 =====================================
419 * ~1300 changes, numerous bugfixes
423 * The various I/O modules were [overhauled][io-rfc] to reduce
424 unnecessary abstractions and provide better interoperation with
425 the underlying platform. The old `io` module remains temporarily
427 * The standard library now [participates in feature gating][feat],
428 so use of unstable libraries now requires a `#![feature(...)]`
429 attribute. The impact of this change is [described on the
430 forum][feat-forum]. [RFC][feat-rfc].
434 * `for` loops [now operate on the `IntoIterator` trait][into],
435 which eliminates the need to call `.iter()`, etc. to iterate
436 over collections. There are some new subtleties to remember
437 though regarding what sort of iterators various types yield, in
438 particular that `for foo in bar { }` yields values from a move
439 iterator, destroying the original collection. [RFC][into-rfc].
440 * Objects now have [default lifetime bounds][obj], so you don't
441 have to write `Box<Trait+'static>` when you don't care about
442 storing references. [RFC][obj-rfc].
443 * In types that implement `Drop`, [lifetimes must outlive the
444 value][drop]. This will soon make it possible to safely
445 implement `Drop` for types where `#[unsafe_destructor]` is now
446 required. Read the [gorgeous RFC][drop-rfc] for details.
447 * The fully qualified <T as Trait>::X syntax lets you set the Self
448 type for a trait method or associated type. [RFC][ufcs-rfc].
449 * References to types that implement `Deref<U>` now [automatically
450 coerce to references][deref] to the dereferenced type `U`,
451 e.g. `&T where T: Deref<U>` automatically coerces to `&U`. This
452 should eliminate many unsightly uses of `&*`, as when converting
453 from references to vectors into references to
454 slices. [RFC][deref-rfc].
455 * The explicit [closure kind syntax][close] (`|&:|`, `|&mut:|`,
456 `|:|`) is obsolete and closure kind is inferred from context.
457 * [`Self` is a keyword][Self].
461 * The `Show` and `String` formatting traits [have been
462 renamed][fmt] to `Debug` and `Display` to more clearly reflect
463 their related purposes. Automatically getting a string
464 conversion to use with `format!("{:?}", something_to_debug)` is
465 now written `#[derive(Debug)]`.
466 * Abstract [OS-specific string types][osstr], `std::ff::{OsString,
467 OsStr}`, provide strings in platform-specific encodings for easier
468 interop with system APIs. [RFC][osstr-rfc].
469 * The `boxed::into_raw` and `Box::from_raw` functions [convert
470 between `Box<T>` and `*mut T`][boxraw], a common pattern for
471 creating raw pointers.
475 * Certain long error messages of the form 'expected foo found bar'
476 are now [split neatly across multiple
477 lines][multiline]. Examples in the PR.
478 * On Unix Rust can be [uninstalled][un] by running
479 `/usr/local/lib/rustlib/uninstall.sh`.
480 * The `#[rustc_on_unimplemented]` attribute, requiring the
481 'on_unimplemented' feature, lets rustc [display custom error
482 messages when a trait is expected to be implemented for a type
487 * Rust is tested against a [LALR grammar][lalr], which parses
488 almost all the Rust files that rustc does.
490 [boxraw]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21318
491 [close]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21843
492 [deref]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21351
493 [deref-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0241-deref-conversions.md
494 [drop]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21972
495 [drop-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0769-sound-generic-drop.md
496 [feat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21248
497 [feat-forum]: http://users.rust-lang.org/t/psa-important-info-about-rustcs-new-feature-staging/82/5
498 [feat-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0507-release-channels.md
499 [fmt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21457
500 [into]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/20790
501 [into-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0235-collections-conventions.md#intoiterator-and-iterable
502 [io-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0517-io-os-reform.md
503 [lalr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21452
504 [multiline]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/19870
505 [obj]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22230
506 [obj-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0599-default-object-bound.md
507 [onun]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/20889
508 [osstr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21488
509 [osstr-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0517-io-os-reform.md
510 [Self]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22158
511 [ufcs-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0132-ufcs.md
512 [un]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22256
515 Version 1.0.0-alpha (January 2015)
516 ==================================
518 * ~2400 changes, numerous bugfixes
522 * The language itself is considered feature complete for 1.0,
523 though there will be many usability improvements and bugfixes
524 before the final release.
525 * Nearly 50% of the public API surface of the standard library has
526 been declared 'stable'. Those interfaces are unlikely to change
528 * The long-running debate over integer types has been
529 [settled][ints]: Rust will ship with types named `isize` and
530 `usize`, rather than `int` and `uint`, for pointer-sized
531 integers. Guidelines will be rolled out during the alpha cycle.
532 * Most crates that are not `std` have been moved out of the Rust
533 distribution into the Cargo ecosystem so they can evolve
534 separately and don't need to be stabilized as quickly, including
535 'time', 'getopts', 'num', 'regex', and 'term'.
536 * Documentation continues to be expanded with more API coverage, more
537 examples, and more in-depth explanations. The guides have been
538 consolidated into [The Rust Programming Language][trpl].
539 * "[Rust By Example][rbe]" is now maintained by the Rust team.
540 * All official Rust binary installers now come with [Cargo], the
541 Rust package manager.
545 * Closures have been [completely redesigned][unboxed] to be
546 implemented in terms of traits, can now be used as generic type
547 bounds and thus monomorphized and inlined, or via an opaque
548 pointer (boxed) as in the old system. The new system is often
549 referred to as 'unboxed' closures.
550 * Traits now support [associated types][assoc], allowing families
551 of related types to be defined together and used generically in
553 * Enum variants are [namespaced by their type names][enum].
554 * [`where` clauses][where] provide a more versatile and attractive
555 syntax for specifying generic bounds, though the previous syntax
557 * Rust again picks a [fallback][fb] (either i32 or f64) for uninferred
559 * Rust [no longer has a runtime][rt] of any description, and only
560 supports OS threads, not green threads.
561 * At long last, Rust has been overhauled for 'dynamically-sized
562 types' ([DST]), which integrates 'fat pointers' (object types,
563 arrays, and `str`) more deeply into the type system, making it
565 * Rust now has a general [range syntax][range], `i..j`, `i..`, and
566 `..j` that produce range types and which, when combined with the
567 `Index` operator and multidispatch, leads to a convenient slice
569 * The new range syntax revealed an ambiguity in the fixed-length
570 array syntax, so now fixed length arrays [are written `[T;
572 * The `Copy` trait is no longer implemented automatically. Unsafe
573 pointers no longer implement `Sync` and `Send` so types
574 containing them don't automatically either. `Sync` and `Send`
575 are now 'unsafe traits' so one can "forcibly" implement them via
576 `unsafe impl` if a type confirms to the requirements for them
577 even though the internals do not (e.g. structs containing unsafe
578 pointers like `Arc`). These changes are intended to prevent some
579 footguns and are collectively known as [opt-in built-in
580 traits][oibit] (though `Sync` and `Send` will soon become pure
581 library types unknown to the compiler).
582 * Operator traits now take their operands [by value][ops], and
583 comparison traits can use multidispatch to compare one type
584 against multiple other types, allowing e.g. `String` to be
585 compared with `&str`.
586 * `if let` and `while let` are no longer feature-gated.
587 * Rust has adopted a more [uniform syntax for escaping unicode
588 characters][unicode].
589 * `macro_rules!` [has been declared stable][mac]. Though it is a
590 flawed system it is sufficiently popular that it must be usable
591 for 1.0. Effort has gone into [future-proofing][mac-future] it
592 in ways that will allow other macro systems to be developed in
593 parallel, and won't otherwise impact the evolution of the
595 * The prelude has been [pared back significantly][prelude] such
596 that it is the minimum necessary to support the most pervasive
597 code patterns, and through [generalized where clauses][where]
598 many of the prelude extension traits have been consolidated.
599 * Rust's rudimentary reflection [has been removed][refl], as it
600 incurred too much code generation for little benefit.
601 * [Struct variants][structvars] are no longer feature-gated.
602 * Trait bounds can be [polymorphic over lifetimes][hrtb]. Also
603 known as 'higher-ranked trait bounds', this crucially allows
604 unboxed closures to work.
605 * Macros invocations surrounded by parens or square brackets and
606 not terminated by a semicolon are [parsed as
607 expressions][macros], which makes expressions like `vec![1i32,
608 2, 3].len()` work as expected.
609 * Trait objects now implement their traits automatically, and
610 traits that can be coerced to objects now must be [object
612 * Automatically deriving traits is now done with `#[derive(...)]`
613 not `#[deriving(...)]` for [consistency with other naming
614 conventions][derive].
615 * Importing the containing module or enum at the same time as
616 items or variants they contain is [now done with `self` instead
617 of `mod`][self], as in use `foo::{self, bar}`
618 * Glob imports are no longer feature-gated.
619 * The `box` operator and `box` patterns have been feature-gated
620 pending a redesign. For now unique boxes should be allocated
621 like other containers, with `Box::new`.
625 * A [series][coll1] of [efforts][coll2] to establish
626 [conventions][coll3] for collections types has resulted in API
627 improvements throughout the standard library.
628 * New [APIs for error handling][err] provide ergonomic interop
629 between error types, and [new conventions][err-conv] describe
630 more clearly the recommended error handling strategies in Rust.
631 * The `fail!` macro has been renamed to [`panic!`][panic] so that
632 it is easier to discuss failure in the context of error handling
633 without making clarifications as to whether you are referring to
634 the 'fail' macro or failure more generally.
635 * On Linux, `OsRng` prefers the new, more reliable `getrandom`
636 syscall when available.
637 * The 'serialize' crate has been renamed 'rustc-serialize' and
638 moved out of the distribution to Cargo. Although it is widely
639 used now, it is expected to be superseded in the near future.
640 * The `Show` formatter, typically implemented with
641 `#[derive(Show)]` is [now requested with the `{:?}`
642 specifier][show] and is intended for use by all types, for uses
643 such as `println!` debugging. The new `String` formatter must be
644 implemented by hand, uses the `{}` specifier, and is intended
645 for full-fidelity conversions of things that can logically be
646 represented as strings.
650 * [Flexible target specification][flex] allows rustc's code
651 generation to be configured to support otherwise-unsupported
653 * Rust comes with rust-gdb and rust-lldb scripts that launch their
654 respective debuggers with Rust-appropriate pretty-printing.
655 * The Windows installation of Rust is distributed with the the
656 MinGW components currently required to link binaries on that
661 * Nullable enum optimizations have been extended to more types so
662 that e.g. `Option<Vec<T>>` and `Option<String>` take up no more
663 space than the inner types themselves.
664 * Work has begun on supporting AArch64.
666 [Cargo]: https://crates.io
667 [unboxed]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2014/11/26/purging-proc/
668 [enum]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0390-enum-namespacing.md
669 [flex]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0131-target-specification.md
670 [err]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0201-error-chaining.md
671 [err-conv]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0236-error-conventions.md
672 [rt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0230-remove-runtime.md
673 [mac]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0453-macro-reform.md
674 [mac-future]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/550
675 [DST]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2014/01/05/dst-take-5/
676 [coll1]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0235-collections-conventions.md
677 [coll2]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0509-collections-reform-part-2.md
678 [coll3]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0216-collection-views.md
679 [ops]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md
680 [prelude]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0503-prelude-stabilization.md
681 [where]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0135-where.md
682 [refl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0379-remove-reflection.md
683 [panic]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0221-panic.md
684 [structvars]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0418-struct-variants.md
685 [hrtb]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0387-higher-ranked-trait-bounds.md
686 [unicode]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0446-es6-unicode-escapes.md
687 [oibit]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0019-opt-in-builtin-traits.md
688 [macros]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0378-expr-macros.md
689 [range]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md#indexing-and-slicing
690 [arrays]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0520-new-array-repeat-syntax.md
691 [show]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0504-show-stabilization.md
692 [derive]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0534-deriving2derive.md
693 [self]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0532-self-in-use.md
694 [fb]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0212-restore-int-fallback.md
695 [objsafe]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0255-object-safety.md
696 [assoc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0195-associated-items.md
697 [ints]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/544#issuecomment-68760871
698 [trpl]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/book/index.html
699 [rbe]: http://rustbyexample.com/
702 Version 0.12.0 (October 2014)
703 =============================
705 * ~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
709 * The introductory documentation (now called The Rust Guide) has
710 been completely rewritten, as have a number of supplementary
712 * Rust's package manager, Cargo, continues to improve and is
713 sometimes considered to be quite awesome.
714 * Many API's in `std` have been reviewed and updated for
715 consistency with the in-development Rust coding
716 guidelines. The standard library documentation tracks
717 stabilization progress.
718 * Minor libraries have been moved out-of-tree to the rust-lang org
719 on GitHub: uuid, semver, glob, num, hexfloat, fourcc. They can
720 be installed with Cargo.
721 * Lifetime elision allows lifetime annotations to be left off of
722 function declarations in many common scenarios.
723 * Rust now works on 64-bit Windows.
726 * Indexing can be overloaded with the `Index` and `IndexMut`
728 * The `if let` construct takes a branch only if the `let` pattern
729 matches, currently behind the 'if_let' feature gate.
730 * 'where clauses', a more flexible syntax for specifying trait
731 bounds that is more aesthetic, have been added for traits and
732 free functions. Where clauses will in the future make it
733 possible to constrain associated types, which would be
734 impossible with the existing syntax.
735 * A new slicing syntax (e.g. `[0..4]`) has been introduced behind
736 the 'slicing_syntax' feature gate, and can be overloaded with
737 the `Slice` or `SliceMut` traits.
738 * The syntax for matching of sub-slices has been changed to use a
739 postfix `..` instead of prefix (.e.g. `[a, b, c..]`), for
740 consistency with other uses of `..` and to future-proof
741 potential additional uses of the syntax.
742 * The syntax for matching inclusive ranges in patterns has changed
743 from `0..3` to `0...4` to be consistent with the exclusive range
745 * Matching of sub-slices in non-tail positions (e.g. `[a.., b,
746 c]`) has been put behind the 'advanced_slice_patterns' feature
747 gate and may be removed in the future.
748 * Components of tuples and tuple structs can be extracted using
749 the `value.0` syntax, currently behind the `tuple_indexing`
751 * The `#[crate_id]` attribute is no longer supported; versioning
752 is handled by the package manager.
753 * Renaming crate imports are now written `extern crate foo as bar`
754 instead of `extern crate bar = foo`.
755 * Renaming use statements are now written `use foo as bar` instead
757 * `let` and `match` bindings and argument names in macros are now
759 * The new, more efficient, closure types ('unboxed closures') have
760 been added under a feature gate, 'unboxed_closures'. These will
761 soon replace the existing closure types, once higher-ranked
762 trait lifetimes are added to the language.
763 * `move` has been added as a keyword, for indicating closures
764 that capture by value.
765 * Mutation and assignment is no longer allowed in pattern guards.
766 * Generic structs and enums can now have trait bounds.
767 * The `Share` trait is now called `Sync` to free up the term
768 'shared' to refer to 'shared reference' (the default reference
770 * Dynamically-sized types have been mostly implemented,
771 unifying the behavior of fat-pointer types with the rest of the
773 * As part of dynamically-sized types, the `Sized` trait has been
774 introduced, which qualifying types implement by default, and
775 which type parameters expect by default. To specify that a type
776 parameter does not need to be sized, write `<Sized? T>`. Most
777 types are `Sized`, notable exceptions being unsized arrays
778 (`[T]`) and trait types.
779 * Closures can return `!`, as in `|| -> !` or `proc() -> !`.
780 * Lifetime bounds can now be applied to type parameters and object
782 * The old, reference counted GC type, `Gc<T>` which was once
783 denoted by the `@` sigil, has finally been removed. GC will be
784 revisited in the future.
787 * Library documentation has been improved for a number of modules.
788 * Bit-vectors, collections::bitv has been modernized.
789 * The url crate is deprecated in favor of
790 http://github.com/servo/rust-url, which can be installed with
792 * Most I/O stream types can be cloned and subsequently closed from
794 * A `std::time::Duration` type has been added for use in I/O
795 methods that rely on timers, as well as in the 'time' crate's
796 `Timespec` arithmetic.
797 * The runtime I/O abstraction layer that enabled the green thread
798 scheduler to do non-thread-blocking I/O has been removed, along
799 with the libuv-based implementation employed by the green thread
800 scheduler. This will greatly simplify the future I/O work.
801 * `collections::btree` has been rewritten to have a more
802 idiomatic and efficient design.
805 * rustdoc output now indicates the stability levels of API's.
806 * The `--crate-name` flag can specify the name of the crate
807 being compiled, like `#[crate_name]`.
808 * The `-C metadata` specifies additional metadata to hash into
809 symbol names, and `-C extra-filename` specifies additional
810 information to put into the output filename, for use by the
811 package manager for versioning.
812 * debug info generation has continued to improve and should be
813 more reliable under both gdb and lldb.
814 * rustc has experimental support for compiling in parallel
815 using the `-C codegen-units` flag.
816 * rustc no longer encodes rpath information into binaries by
820 * Stack usage has been optimized with LLVM lifetime annotations.
821 * Official Rust binaries on Linux are more compatible with older
822 kernels and distributions, built on CentOS 5.10.
825 Version 0.11.0 (July 2014)
826 ==========================
828 * ~1700 changes, numerous bugfixes
831 * ~[T] has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
833 * ~str has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
835 * ~T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
837 * @T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
838 standard library's std::gc::Gc<T> type.
839 * Struct fields are now all private by default.
840 * Vector indices and shift amounts are both required to be a `uint`
841 instead of any integral type.
842 * Byte character, byte string, and raw byte string literals are now all
843 supported by prefixing the normal literal with a `b`.
844 * Multiple ABIs are no longer allowed in an ABI string
845 * The syntax for lifetimes on closures/procedures has been tweaked
846 slightly: `<'a>|A, B|: 'b + K -> T`
847 * Floating point modulus has been removed from the language; however it
848 is still provided by a library implementation.
849 * Private enum variants are now disallowed.
850 * The `priv` keyword has been removed from the language.
851 * A closure can no longer be invoked through a &-pointer.
852 * The `use foo, bar, baz;` syntax has been removed from the language.
853 * The transmute intrinsic no longer works on type parameters.
854 * Statics now allow blocks/items in their definition.
855 * Trait bounds are separated from objects with + instead of : now.
856 * Objects can no longer be read while they are mutably borrowed.
857 * The address of a static is now marked as insignificant unless the
858 #[inline(never)] attribute is placed it.
859 * The #[unsafe_destructor] attribute is now behind a feature gate.
860 * Struct literals are no longer allowed in ambiguous positions such as
861 if, while, match, and for..in.
862 * Declaration of lang items and intrinsics are now feature-gated by
864 * Integral literals no longer default to `int`, and floating point
865 literals no longer default to `f64`. Literals must be suffixed with an
866 appropriate type if inference cannot determine the type of the
868 * The Box<T> type is no longer implicitly borrowed to &mut T.
869 * Procedures are now required to not capture borrowed references.
872 * The standard library is now a "facade" over a number of underlying
873 libraries. This means that development on the standard library should
874 be speeder due to smaller crates, as well as a clearer line between
876 * A new library, libcore, lives under the standard library's facade
877 which is Rust's "0-assumption" library, suitable for embedded and
878 kernel development for example.
879 * A regex crate has been added to the standard distribution. This crate
880 includes statically compiled regular expressions.
881 * The unwrap/unwrap_err methods on Result require a Show bound for
882 better error messages.
883 * The return types of the std::comm primitives have been centralized
884 around the Result type.
885 * A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to time out their
887 * A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to close their
888 reading/writing halves to cancel pending operations.
889 * Reverse iterator methods have been removed in favor of `rev()` on
890 their forward-iteration counterparts.
891 * A bitflags! macro has been added to enable easy interop with C and
892 management of bit flags.
893 * A debug_assert! macro is now provided which is disabled when
894 `--cfg ndebug` is passed to the compiler.
895 * A graphviz crate has been added for creating .dot files.
896 * The std::cast module has been migrated into std::mem.
897 * The std::local_data api has been migrated from freestanding functions
898 to being based on methods.
899 * The Pod trait has been renamed to Copy.
900 * jemalloc has been added as the default allocator for types.
901 * The API for allocating memory has been changed to use proper alignment
902 and sized deallocation
903 * Connecting a TcpStream or binding a TcpListener is now based on a
904 string address and a u16 port. This allows connecting to a hostname as
906 * The Reader trait now contains a core method, read_at_least(), which
907 correctly handles many repeated 0-length reads.
908 * The process-spawning API is now centered around a builder-style
910 * The :? printing qualifier has been moved from the standard library to
911 an external libdebug crate.
912 * Eq/Ord have been renamed to PartialEq/PartialOrd. TotalEq/TotalOrd
913 have been renamed to Eq/Ord.
914 * The select/plural methods have been removed from format!. The escapes
915 for { and } have also changed from \{ and \} to {{ and }},
917 * The TaskBuilder API has been re-worked to be a true builder, and
918 extension traits for spawning native/green tasks have been added.
921 * All breaking changes to the language or libraries now have their
922 commit message annotated with `[breaking-change]` to allow for easy
923 discovery of breaking changes.
924 * The compiler will now try to suggest how to annotate lifetimes if a
925 lifetime-related error occurs.
926 * Debug info continues to be improved greatly with general bug fixes and
927 better support for situations like link time optimization (LTO).
928 * Usage of syntax extensions when cross-compiling has been fixed.
929 * Functionality equivalent to GCC & Clang's -ffunction-sections,
930 -fdata-sections and --gc-sections has been enabled by default
931 * The compiler is now stricter about where it will load module files
932 from when a module is declared via `mod foo;`.
933 * The #[phase(syntax)] attribute has been renamed to #[phase(plugin)].
934 Syntax extensions are now discovered via a "plugin registrar" type
935 which will be extended in the future to other various plugins.
936 * Lints have been restructured to allow for dynamically loadable lints.
937 * A number of rustdoc improvements:
938 * The HTML output has been visually redesigned.
939 * Markdown is now powered by hoedown instead of sundown.
940 * Searching heuristics have been greatly improved.
941 * The search index has been reduced in size by a great amount.
942 * Cross-crate documentation via `pub use` has been greatly improved.
943 * Primitive types are now hyperlinked and documented.
944 * Documentation has been moved from static.rust-lang.org/doc to
946 * A new sandbox, play.rust-lang.org, is available for running and
947 sharing rust code examples on-line.
948 * Unused attributes are now more robustly warned about.
949 * The dead_code lint now warns about unused struct fields.
950 * Cross-compiling to iOS is now supported.
951 * Cross-compiling to mipsel is now supported.
952 * Stability attributes are now inherited by default and no longer apply
953 to intra-crate usage, only inter-crate usage.
954 * Error message related to non-exhaustive match expressions have been
958 Version 0.10 (April 2014)
959 =========================
961 * ~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
964 * A new RFC process is now in place for modifying the language.
965 * Patterns with `@`-pointers have been removed from the language.
966 * Patterns with unique vectors (`~[T]`) have been removed from the
968 * Patterns with unique strings (`~str`) have been removed from the
970 * `@str` has been removed from the language.
971 * `@[T]` has been removed from the language.
972 * `@self` has been removed from the language.
973 * `@Trait` has been removed from the language.
974 * Headers on `~` allocations which contain `@` boxes inside the type for
975 reference counting have been removed.
976 * The semantics around the lifetimes of temporary expressions have changed,
977 see #3511 and #11585 for more information.
978 * Cross-crate syntax extensions are now possible, but feature gated. See
979 #11151 for more information. This includes both `macro_rules!` macros as
980 well as syntax extensions such as `format!`.
981 * New lint modes have been added, and older ones have been turned on to be
983 * Unnecessary parentheses
986 * Uppercase variables
987 * Publicly visible private types
988 * `#[deriving]` with raw pointers
989 * Unsafe functions can no longer be coerced to closures.
990 * Various obscure macros such as `log_syntax!` are now behind feature gates.
991 * The `#[simd]` attribute is now behind a feature gate.
992 * Visibility is no longer allowed on `extern crate` statements, and
993 unnecessary visibility (`priv`) is no longer allowed on `use` statements.
994 * Trailing commas are now allowed in argument lists and tuple patterns.
995 * The `do` keyword has been removed, it is now a reserved keyword.
996 * Default type parameters have been implemented, but are feature gated.
997 * Borrowed variables through captures in closures are now considered soundly.
998 * `extern mod` is now `extern crate`
999 * The `Freeze` trait has been removed.
1000 * The `Share` trait has been added for types that can be shared among
1002 * Labels in macros are now hygienic.
1003 * Expression/statement macro invocations can be delimited with `{}` now.
1004 * Treatment of types allowed in `static mut` locations has been tweaked.
1005 * The `*` and `.` operators are now overloadable through the `Deref` and
1007 * `~Trait` and `proc` no longer have `Send` bounds by default.
1008 * Partial type hints are now supported with the `_` type marker.
1009 * An `Unsafe` type was introduced for interior mutability. It is now
1010 considered undefined to transmute from `&T` to `&mut T` without using the
1012 * The #[linkage] attribute was implemented for extern statics/functions.
1013 * The inner attribute syntax has changed from `#[foo];` to `#![foo]`.
1014 * `Pod` was renamed to `Copy`.
1017 * The `libextra` library has been removed. It has now been decomposed into
1018 component libraries with smaller and more focused nuggets of
1019 functionality. The full list of libraries can be found on the
1020 documentation index page.
1021 * std: `std::condition` has been removed. All I/O errors are now propagated
1022 through the `Result` type. In order to assist with error handling, a
1023 `try!` macro for unwrapping errors with an early return and a lint for
1024 unused results has been added. See #12039 for more information.
1025 * std: The `vec` module has been renamed to `slice`.
1026 * std: A new vector type, `Vec<T>`, has been added in preparation for DST.
1027 This will become the only growable vector in the future.
1028 * std: `std::io` now has more public-reexports. Types such as `BufferedReader`
1029 are now found at `std::io::BufferedReader` instead of
1030 `std::io::buffered::BufferedReader`.
1031 * std: `print` and `println` are no longer in the prelude, the `print!` and
1032 `println!` macros are intended to be used instead.
1033 * std: `Rc` now has a `Weak` pointer for breaking cycles, and it no longer
1034 attempts to statically prevent cycles.
1035 * std: The standard distribution is adopting the policy of pushing failure
1036 to the user rather than failing in libraries. Many functions (such as
1037 `slice::last()`) now return `Option<T>` instead of `T` + failing.
1038 * std: `fmt::Default` has been renamed to `fmt::Show`, and it now has a new
1039 deriving mode: `#[deriving(Show)]`.
1040 * std: `ToStr` is now implemented for all types implementing `Show`.
1041 * std: The formatting trait methods now take `&self` instead of `&T`
1042 * std: The `invert()` method on iterators has been renamed to `rev()`
1043 * std: `std::num` has seen a reduction in the genericity of its traits,
1044 consolidating functionality into a few core traits.
1045 * std: Backtraces are now printed on task failure if the environment
1046 variable `RUST_BACKTRACE` is present.
1047 * std: Naming conventions for iterators have been standardized. More details
1048 can be found on the wiki's style guide.
1049 * std: `eof()` has been removed from the `Reader` trait. Specific types may
1050 still implement the function.
1051 * std: Networking types are now cloneable to allow simultaneous reads/writes.
1052 * std: `assert_approx_eq!` has been removed
1053 * std: The `e` and `E` formatting specifiers for floats have been added to
1054 print them in exponential notation.
1055 * std: The `Times` trait has been removed
1056 * std: Indications of variance and opting out of builtin bounds is done
1057 through marker types in `std::kinds::marker` now
1058 * std: `hash` has been rewritten, `IterBytes` has been removed, and
1059 `#[deriving(Hash)]` is now possible.
1060 * std: `SharedChan` has been removed, `Sender` is now cloneable.
1061 * std: `Chan` and `Port` were renamed to `Sender` and `Receiver`.
1062 * std: `Chan::new` is now `channel()`.
1063 * std: A new synchronous channel type has been implemented.
1064 * std: A `select!` macro is now provided for selecting over `Receiver`s.
1065 * std: `hashmap` and `trie` have been moved to `libcollections`
1066 * std: `run` has been rolled into `io::process`
1067 * std: `assert_eq!` now uses `{}` instead of `{:?}`
1068 * std: The equality and comparison traits have seen some reorganization.
1069 * std: `rand` has moved to `librand`.
1070 * std: `to_{lower,upper}case` has been implemented for `char`.
1071 * std: Logging has been moved to `liblog`.
1072 * collections: `HashMap` has been rewritten for higher performance and less
1074 * native: The default runtime is now `libnative`. If `libgreen` is desired,
1075 it can be booted manually. The runtime guide has more information and
1077 * native: All I/O functionality except signals has been implemented.
1078 * green: Task spawning with `libgreen` has been optimized with stack caching
1079 and various trimming of code.
1080 * green: Tasks spawned by `libgreen` now have an unmapped guard page.
1081 * sync: The `extra::sync` module has been updated to modern rust (and moved
1082 to the `sync` library), tweaking and improving various interfaces while
1083 dropping redundant functionality.
1084 * sync: A new `Barrier` type has been added to the `sync` library.
1085 * sync: An efficient mutex for native and green tasks has been implemented.
1086 * serialize: The `base64` module has seen some improvement. It treats
1087 newlines better, has non-string error values, and has seen general
1089 * fourcc: A `fourcc!` macro was introduced
1090 * hexfloat: A `hexfloat!` macro was implemented for specifying floats via a
1091 hexadecimal literal.
1094 * `rustpkg` has been deprecated and removed from the main repository. Its
1095 replacement, `cargo`, is under development.
1096 * Nightly builds of rust are now available
1097 * The memory usage of rustc has been improved many times throughout this
1099 * The build process supports disabling rpath support for the rustc binary
1101 * Code generation has improved in some cases, giving more information to the
1102 LLVM optimization passes to enable more extensive optimizations.
1103 * Debuginfo compatibility with lldb on OSX has been restored.
1104 * The master branch is now gated on an android bot, making building for
1105 android much more reliable.
1106 * Output flags have been centralized into one `--emit` flag.
1107 * Crate type flags have been centralized into one `--crate-type` flag.
1108 * Codegen flags have been consolidated behind a `-C` flag.
1109 * Linking against outdated crates now has improved error messages.
1110 * Error messages with lifetimes will often suggest how to annotate the
1111 function to fix the error.
1112 * Many more types are documented in the standard library, and new guides
1114 * Many `rustdoc` improvements:
1115 * code blocks are syntax highlighted.
1116 * render standalone markdown files.
1117 * the --test flag tests all code blocks by default.
1118 * exported macros are displayed.
1119 * reexported types have their documentation inlined at the location of the
1121 * search works across crates that have been rendered to the same output
1125 Version 0.9 (January 2014)
1126 ==========================
1128 * ~1800 changes, numerous bugfixes
1131 * The `float` type has been removed. Use `f32` or `f64` instead.
1132 * A new facility for enabling experimental features (feature gating) has
1133 been added, using the crate-level `#[feature(foo)]` attribute.
1134 * Managed boxes (@) are now behind a feature gate
1135 (`#[feature(managed_boxes)]`) in preparation for future removal. Use the
1136 standard library's `Gc` or `Rc` types instead.
1137 * `@mut` has been removed. Use `std::cell::{Cell, RefCell}` instead.
1138 * Jumping back to the top of a loop is now done with `continue` instead of
1140 * Strings can no longer be mutated through index assignment.
1141 * Raw strings can be created via the basic `r"foo"` syntax or with matched
1142 hash delimiters, as in `r###"foo"###`.
1143 * `~fn` is now written `proc (args) -> retval { ... }` and may only be
1145 * The `&fn` type is now written `|args| -> ret` to match the literal form.
1146 * `@fn`s have been removed.
1147 * `do` only works with procs in order to make it obvious what the cost
1149 * Single-element tuple-like structs can no longer be dereferenced to
1150 obtain the inner value. A more comprehensive solution for overloading
1151 the dereference operator will be provided in the future.
1152 * The `#[link(...)]` attribute has been replaced with
1153 `#[crate_id = "name#vers"]`.
1154 * Empty `impl`s must be terminated with empty braces and may not be
1155 terminated with a semicolon.
1156 * Keywords are no longer allowed as lifetime names; the `self` lifetime
1157 no longer has any special meaning.
1158 * The old `fmt!` string formatting macro has been removed.
1159 * `printf!` and `printfln!` (old-style formatting) removed in favor of
1160 `print!` and `println!`.
1161 * `mut` works in patterns now, as in `let (mut x, y) = (1, 2);`.
1162 * The `extern mod foo (name = "bar")` syntax has been removed. Use
1163 `extern mod foo = "bar"` instead.
1164 * New reserved keywords: `alignof`, `offsetof`, `sizeof`.
1165 * Macros can have attributes.
1166 * Macros can expand to items with attributes.
1167 * Macros can expand to multiple items.
1168 * The `asm!` macro is feature-gated (`#[feature(asm)]`).
1169 * Comments may be nested.
1170 * Values automatically coerce to trait objects they implement, without
1172 * Enum discriminants are no longer an entire word but as small as needed to
1173 contain all the variants. The `repr` attribute can be used to override
1174 the discriminant size, as in `#[repr(int)]` for integer-sized, and
1175 `#[repr(C)]` to match C enums.
1176 * Non-string literals are not allowed in attributes (they never worked).
1177 * The FFI now supports variadic functions.
1178 * Octal numeric literals, as in `0o7777`.
1179 * The `concat!` syntax extension performs compile-time string concatenation.
1180 * The `#[fixed_stack_segment]` and `#[rust_stack]` attributes have been
1181 removed as Rust no longer uses segmented stacks.
1182 * Non-ascii identifiers are feature-gated (`#[feature(non_ascii_idents)]`).
1183 * Ignoring all fields of an enum variant or tuple-struct is done with `..`,
1184 not `*`; ignoring remaining fields of a struct is also done with `..`,
1185 not `_`; ignoring a slice of a vector is done with `..`, not `.._`.
1186 * `rustc` supports the "win64" calling convention via `extern "win64"`.
1187 * `rustc` supports the "system" calling convention, which defaults to the
1188 preferred convention for the target platform, "stdcall" on 32-bit Windows,
1190 * The `type_overflow` lint (default: warn) checks literals for overflow.
1191 * The `unsafe_block` lint (default: allow) checks for usage of `unsafe`.
1192 * The `attribute_usage` lint (default: warn) warns about unknown
1194 * The `unknown_features` lint (default: warn) warns about unknown
1196 * The `dead_code` lint (default: warn) checks for dead code.
1197 * Rust libraries can be linked statically to one another
1198 * `#[link_args]` is behind the `link_args` feature gate.
1199 * Native libraries are now linked with `#[link(name = "foo")]`
1200 * Native libraries can be statically linked to a rust crate
1201 (`#[link(name = "foo", kind = "static")]`).
1202 * Native OS X frameworks are now officially supported
1203 (`#[link(name = "foo", kind = "framework")]`).
1204 * The `#[thread_local]` attribute creates thread-local (not task-local)
1205 variables. Currently behind the `thread_local` feature gate.
1206 * The `return` keyword may be used in closures.
1207 * Types that can be copied via a memcpy implement the `Pod` kind.
1208 * The `cfg` attribute can now be used on struct fields and enum variants.
1211 * std: The `option` and `result` API's have been overhauled to make them
1212 simpler, more consistent, and more composable.
1213 * std: The entire `std::io` module has been replaced with one that is
1214 more comprehensive and that properly interfaces with the underlying
1215 scheduler. File, TCP, UDP, Unix sockets, pipes, and timers are all
1217 * std: `io::util` contains a number of useful implementations of
1218 `Reader` and `Writer`, including `NullReader`, `NullWriter`,
1219 `ZeroReader`, `TeeReader`.
1220 * std: The reference counted pointer type `extra::rc` moved into std.
1221 * std: The `Gc` type in the `gc` module will replace `@` (it is currently
1222 just a wrapper around it).
1223 * std: The `Either` type has been removed.
1224 * std: `fmt::Default` can be implemented for any type to provide default
1225 formatting to the `format!` macro, as in `format!("{}", myfoo)`.
1226 * std: The `rand` API continues to be tweaked.
1227 * std: The `rust_begin_unwind` function, useful for inserting breakpoints
1228 on failure in gdb, is now named `rust_fail`.
1229 * std: The `each_key` and `each_value` methods on `HashMap` have been
1230 replaced by the `keys` and `values` iterators.
1231 * std: Functions dealing with type size and alignment have moved from the
1232 `sys` module to the `mem` module.
1233 * std: The `path` module was written and API changed.
1234 * std: `str::from_utf8` has been changed to cast instead of allocate.
1235 * std: `starts_with` and `ends_with` methods added to vectors via the
1236 `ImmutableEqVector` trait, which is in the prelude.
1237 * std: Vectors can be indexed with the `get_opt` method, which returns `None`
1238 if the index is out of bounds.
1239 * std: Task failure no longer propagates between tasks, as the model was
1240 complex, expensive, and incompatible with thread-based tasks.
1241 * std: The `Any` type can be used for dynamic typing.
1242 * std: `~Any` can be passed to the `fail!` macro and retrieved via
1244 * std: Methods that produce iterators generally do not have an `_iter`
1246 * std: `cell::Cell` and `cell::RefCell` can be used to introduce mutability
1247 roots (mutable fields, etc.). Use instead of e.g. `@mut`.
1248 * std: `util::ignore` renamed to `prelude::drop`.
1249 * std: Slices have `sort` and `sort_by` methods via the `MutableVector`
1251 * std: `vec::raw` has seen a lot of cleanup and API changes.
1252 * std: The standard library no longer includes any C++ code, and very
1253 minimal C, eliminating the dependency on libstdc++.
1254 * std: Runtime scheduling and I/O functionality has been factored out into
1255 extensible interfaces and is now implemented by two different crates:
1256 libnative, for native threading and I/O; and libgreen, for green threading
1257 and I/O. This paves the way for using the standard library in more limited
1258 embedded environments.
1259 * std: The `comm` module has been rewritten to be much faster, have a
1260 simpler, more consistent API, and to work for both native and green
1262 * std: All libuv dependencies have been moved into the rustuv crate.
1263 * native: New implementations of runtime scheduling on top of OS threads.
1264 * native: New native implementations of TCP, UDP, file I/O, process spawning,
1266 * green: The green thread scheduler and message passing types are almost
1268 * extra: The `flatpipes` module had bitrotted and was removed.
1269 * extra: All crypto functions have been removed and Rust now has a policy of
1270 not reimplementing crypto in the standard library. In the future crypto
1271 will be provided by external crates with bindings to established libraries.
1272 * extra: `c_vec` has been modernized.
1273 * extra: The `sort` module has been removed. Use the `sort` method on
1277 * The `rust` and `rusti` commands have been removed, due to lack of
1279 * `rustdoc` was completely rewritten.
1280 * `rustdoc` can test code examples in documentation.
1281 * `rustpkg` can test packages with the argument, 'test'.
1282 * `rustpkg` supports arbitrary dependencies, including C libraries.
1283 * `rustc`'s support for generating debug info is improved again.
1284 * `rustc` has better error reporting for unbalanced delimiters.
1285 * `rustc`'s JIT support was removed due to bitrot.
1286 * Executables and static libraries can be built with LTO (-Z lto)
1287 * `rustc` adds a `--dep-info` flag for communicating dependencies to
1291 Version 0.8 (September 2013)
1292 ============================
1294 * ~2200 changes, numerous bugfixes
1297 * The `for` loop syntax has changed to work with the `Iterator` trait.
1298 * At long last, unwinding works on Windows.
1299 * Default methods are ready for use.
1300 * Many trait inheritance bugs fixed.
1301 * Owned and borrowed trait objects work more reliably.
1302 * `copy` is no longer a keyword. It has been replaced by the `Clone` trait.
1303 * rustc can omit emission of code for the `debug!` macro if it is passed
1305 * mod.rs is now "blessed". When loading `mod foo;`, rustc will now look
1306 for foo.rs, then foo/mod.rs, and will generate an error when both are
1308 * Strings no longer contain trailing nulls. The new `std::c_str` module
1309 provides new mechanisms for converting to C strings.
1310 * The type of foreign functions is now `extern "C" fn` instead of `*u8'.
1311 * The FFI has been overhauled such that foreign functions are called directly,
1312 instead of through a stack-switching wrapper.
1313 * Calling a foreign function must be done through a Rust function with the
1314 `#[fixed_stack_segment]` attribute.
1315 * The `externfn!` macro can be used to declare both a foreign function and
1316 a `#[fixed_stack_segment]` wrapper at once.
1317 * `pub` and `priv` modifiers on `extern` blocks are no longer parsed.
1318 * `unsafe` is no longer allowed on extern fns - they are all unsafe.
1319 * `priv` is disallowed everywhere except for struct fields and enum variants.
1320 * `&T` (besides `&'static T`) is no longer allowed in `@T`.
1321 * `ref` bindings in irrefutable patterns work correctly now.
1322 * `char` is now prevented from containing invalid code points.
1323 * Casting to `bool` is no longer allowed.
1324 * `\0` is now accepted as an escape in chars and strings.
1325 * `yield` is a reserved keyword.
1326 * `typeof` is a reserved keyword.
1327 * Crates may be imported by URL with `extern mod foo = "url";`.
1328 * Explicit enum discriminants may be given as uints as in `enum E { V = 0u }`
1329 * Static vectors can be initialized with repeating elements,
1330 e.g. `static foo: [u8, .. 100]: [0, .. 100];`.
1331 * Static structs can be initialized with functional record update,
1332 e.g. `static foo: Foo = Foo { a: 5, .. bar };`.
1333 * `cfg!` can be used to conditionally execute code based on the crate
1334 configuration, similarly to `#[cfg(...)]`.
1335 * The `unnecessary_qualification` lint detects unneeded module
1336 prefixes (default: allow).
1337 * Arithmetic operations have been implemented on the SIMD types in
1338 `std::unstable::simd`.
1339 * Exchange allocation headers were removed, reducing memory usage.
1340 * `format!` implements a completely new, extensible, and higher-performance
1341 string formatting system. It will replace `fmt!`.
1342 * `print!` and `println!` write formatted strings (using the `format!`
1343 extension) to stdout.
1344 * `write!` and `writeln!` write formatted strings (using the `format!`
1345 extension) to the new Writers in `std::rt::io`.
1346 * The library section in which a function or static is placed may
1347 be specified with `#[link_section = "..."]`.
1348 * The `proto!` syntax extension for defining bounded message protocols
1350 * `macro_rules!` is hygienic for `let` declarations.
1351 * The `#[export_name]` attribute specifies the name of a symbol.
1352 * `unreachable!` can be used to indicate unreachable code, and fails
1356 * std: Transitioned to the new runtime, written in Rust.
1357 * std: Added an experimental I/O library, `rt::io`, based on the new
1359 * std: A new generic `range` function was added to the prelude, replacing
1360 `uint::range` and friends.
1361 * std: `range_rev` no longer exists. Since range is an iterator it can be
1362 reversed with `range(lo, hi).invert()`.
1363 * std: The `chain` method on option renamed to `and_then`; `unwrap_or_default`
1364 renamed to `unwrap_or`.
1365 * std: The `iterator` module was renamed to `iter`.
1366 * std: Integral types now support the `checked_add`, `checked_sub`, and
1367 `checked_mul` operations for detecting overflow.
1368 * std: Many methods in `str`, `vec`, `option, `result` were renamed for
1370 * std: Methods are standardizing on conventions for casting methods:
1371 `to_foo` for copying, `into_foo` for moving, `as_foo` for temporary
1373 * std: The `CString` type in `c_str` provides new ways to convert to and
1375 * std: `DoubleEndedIterator` can yield elements in two directions.
1376 * std: The `mut_split` method on vectors partitions an `&mut [T]` into
1378 * std: `str::from_bytes` renamed to `str::from_utf8`.
1379 * std: `pop_opt` and `shift_opt` methods added to vectors.
1380 * std: The task-local data interface no longer uses @, and keys are
1381 no longer function pointers.
1382 * std: The `swap_unwrap` method of `Option` renamed to `take_unwrap`.
1383 * std: Added `SharedPort` to `comm`.
1384 * std: `Eq` has a default method for `ne`; only `eq` is required
1386 * std: `Ord` has default methods for `le`, `gt` and `ge`; only `lt`
1387 is required in implementations.
1388 * std: `is_utf8` performance is improved, impacting many string functions.
1389 * std: `os::MemoryMap` provides cross-platform mmap.
1390 * std: `ptr::offset` is now unsafe, but also more optimized. Offsets that
1391 are not 'in-bounds' are considered undefined.
1392 * std: Many freestanding functions in `vec` removed in favor of methods.
1393 * std: Many freestanding functions on scalar types removed in favor of
1395 * std: Many options to task builders were removed since they don't make
1396 sense in the new scheduler design.
1397 * std: More containers implement `FromIterator` so can be created by the
1399 * std: More complete atomic types in `unstable::atomics`.
1400 * std: `comm::PortSet` removed.
1401 * std: Mutating methods in the `Set` and `Map` traits have been moved into
1402 the `MutableSet` and `MutableMap` traits. `Container::is_empty`,
1403 `Map::contains_key`, `MutableMap::insert`, and `MutableMap::remove` have
1404 default implementations.
1405 * std: Various `from_str` functions were removed in favor of a generic
1406 `from_str` which is available in the prelude.
1407 * std: `util::unreachable` removed in favor of the `unreachable!` macro.
1408 * extra: `dlist`, the doubly-linked list was modernized.
1409 * extra: Added a `hex` module with `ToHex` and `FromHex` traits.
1410 * extra: Added `glob` module, replacing `std::os::glob`.
1411 * extra: `rope` was removed.
1412 * extra: `deque` was renamed to `ringbuf`. `RingBuf` implements `Deque`.
1413 * extra: `net`, and `timer` were removed. The experimental replacements
1414 are `std::rt::io::net` and `std::rt::io::timer`.
1415 * extra: Iterators implemented for `SmallIntMap`.
1416 * extra: Iterators implemented for `Bitv` and `BitvSet`.
1417 * extra: `SmallIntSet` removed. Use `BitvSet`.
1418 * extra: Performance of JSON parsing greatly improved.
1419 * extra: `semver` updated to SemVer 2.0.0.
1420 * extra: `term` handles more terminals correctly.
1421 * extra: `dbg` module removed.
1422 * extra: `par` module removed.
1423 * extra: `future` was cleaned up, with some method renames.
1424 * extra: Most free functions in `getopts` were converted to methods.
1427 * rustc's debug info generation (`-Z debug-info`) is greatly improved.
1428 * rustc accepts `--target-cpu` to compile to a specific CPU architecture,
1429 similarly to gcc's `--march` flag.
1430 * rustc's performance compiling small crates is much better.
1431 * rustpkg has received many improvements.
1432 * rustpkg supports git tags as package IDs.
1433 * rustpkg builds into target-specific directories so it can be used for
1435 * The number of concurrent test tasks is controlled by the environment
1436 variable RUST_TEST_TASKS.
1437 * The test harness can now report metrics for benchmarks.
1438 * All tools have man pages.
1439 * Programs compiled with `--test` now support the `-h` and `--help` flags.
1440 * The runtime uses jemalloc for allocations.
1441 * Segmented stacks are temporarily disabled as part of the transition to
1442 the new runtime. Stack overflows are possible!
1443 * A new documentation backend, rustdoc_ng, is available for use. It is
1444 still invoked through the normal `rustdoc` command.
1447 Version 0.7 (July 2013)
1448 =======================
1450 * ~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
1453 * `impl`s no longer accept a visibility qualifier. Put them on methods
1455 * The borrow checker has been rewritten with flow-sensitivity, fixing
1456 many bugs and inconveniences.
1457 * The `self` parameter no longer implicitly means `&'self self`,
1458 and can be explicitly marked with a lifetime.
1459 * Overloadable compound operators (`+=`, etc.) have been temporarily
1460 removed due to bugs.
1461 * The `for` loop protocol now requires `for`-iterators to return `bool`
1462 so they compose better.
1463 * The `Durable` trait is replaced with the `'static` bounds.
1464 * Trait default methods work more often.
1465 * Structs with the `#[packed]` attribute have byte alignment and
1466 no padding between fields.
1467 * Type parameters bound by `Copy` must now be copied explicitly with
1469 * It is now illegal to move out of a dereferenced unsafe pointer.
1470 * `Option<~T>` is now represented as a nullable pointer.
1471 * `@mut` does dynamic borrow checks correctly.
1472 * The `main` function is only detected at the topmost level of the crate.
1473 The `#[main]` attribute is still valid anywhere.
1474 * Struct fields may no longer be mutable. Use inherited mutability.
1475 * The `#[no_send]` attribute makes a type that would otherwise be
1477 * The `#[no_freeze]` attribute makes a type that would otherwise be
1479 * Unbounded recursion will abort the process after reaching the limit
1480 specified by the `RUST_MAX_STACK` environment variable (default: 1GB).
1481 * The `vecs_implicitly_copyable` lint mode has been removed. Vectors
1482 are never implicitly copyable.
1483 * `#[static_assert]` makes compile-time assertions about static bools.
1484 * At long last, 'argument modes' no longer exist.
1485 * The rarely used `use mod` statement no longer exists.
1488 * `fail!` and `assert!` accept `~str`, `&'static str` or `fmt!`-style
1490 * `Encodable`, `Decodable`, `Ord`, `TotalOrd`, `TotalEq`, `DeepClone`,
1491 `Rand`, `Zero` and `ToStr` can all be automatically derived with
1493 * The `bytes!` macro returns a vector of bytes for string, u8, char,
1494 and unsuffixed integer literals.
1497 * The `core` crate was renamed to `std`.
1498 * The `std` crate was renamed to `extra`.
1499 * More and improved documentation.
1500 * std: `iterator` module for external iterator objects.
1501 * Many old-style (internal, higher-order function) iterators replaced by
1502 implementations of `Iterator`.
1503 * std: Many old internal vector and string iterators,
1504 incl. `any`, `all`. removed.
1505 * std: The `finalize` method of `Drop` renamed to `drop`.
1506 * std: The `drop` method now takes `&mut self` instead of `&self`.
1507 * std: The prelude no longer reexports any modules, only types and traits.
1508 * std: Prelude additions: `print`, `println`, `FromStr`, `ApproxEq`, `Equiv`,
1509 `Iterator`, `IteratorUtil`, many numeric traits, many tuple traits.
1510 * std: New numeric traits: `Fractional`, `Real`, `RealExt`, `Integer`, `Ratio`,
1511 `Algebraic`, `Trigonometric`, `Exponential`, `Primitive`.
1512 * std: Tuple traits and accessors defined for up to 12-tuples, e.g.
1513 `(0, 1, 2).n2()` or `(0, 1, 2).n2_ref()`.
1514 * std: Many types implement `Clone`.
1515 * std: `path` type renamed to `Path`.
1516 * std: `mut` module and `Mut` type removed.
1517 * std: Many standalone functions removed in favor of methods and iterators
1518 in `vec`, `str`. In the future methods will also work as functions.
1519 * std: `reinterpret_cast` removed. Use `transmute`.
1520 * std: ascii string handling in `std::ascii`.
1521 * std: `Rand` is implemented for ~/@.
1522 * std: `run` module for spawning processes overhauled.
1523 * std: Various atomic types added to `unstable::atomic`.
1524 * std: Various types implement `Zero`.
1525 * std: `LinearMap` and `LinearSet` renamed to `HashMap` and `HashSet`.
1526 * std: Borrowed pointer functions moved from `ptr` to `borrow`.
1527 * std: Added `os::mkdir_recursive`.
1528 * std: Added `os::glob` function performs filesystems globs.
1529 * std: `FuzzyEq` renamed to `ApproxEq`.
1530 * std: `Map` now defines `pop` and `swap` methods.
1531 * std: `Cell` constructors converted to static methods.
1532 * extra: `rc` module adds the reference counted pointers, `Rc` and `RcMut`.
1533 * extra: `flate` module moved from `std` to `extra`.
1534 * extra: `fileinput` module for iterating over a series of files.
1535 * extra: `Complex` number type and `complex` module.
1536 * extra: `Rational` number type and `rational` module.
1537 * extra: `BigInt`, `BigUint` implement numeric and comparison traits.
1538 * extra: `term` uses terminfo now, is more correct.
1539 * extra: `arc` functions converted to methods.
1540 * extra: Implementation of fixed output size variations of SHA-2.
1543 * `unused_variable` lint mode for unused variables (default: warn).
1544 * `unused_unsafe` lint mode for detecting unnecessary `unsafe` blocks
1546 * `unused_mut` lint mode for identifying unused `mut` qualifiers
1548 * `dead_assignment` lint mode for unread variables (default: warn).
1549 * `unnecessary_allocation` lint mode detects some heap allocations that are
1550 immediately borrowed so could be written without allocating (default: warn).
1551 * `missing_doc` lint mode (default: allow).
1552 * `unreachable_code` lint mode (default: warn).
1553 * The `rusti` command has been rewritten and a number of bugs addressed.
1554 * rustc outputs in color on more terminals.
1555 * rustc accepts a `--link-args` flag to pass arguments to the linker.
1556 * rustc accepts a `-Z print-link-args` flag for debugging linkage.
1557 * Compiling with `-g` will make the binary record information about
1558 dynamic borrowcheck failures for debugging.
1559 * rustdoc has a nicer stylesheet.
1560 * Various improvements to rustdoc.
1561 * Improvements to rustpkg (see the detailed release notes).
1564 Version 0.6 (April 2013)
1565 ========================
1567 * ~2100 changes, numerous bugfixes
1570 * The self type parameter in traits is now spelled `Self`
1571 * The `self` parameter in trait and impl methods must now be explicitly
1572 named (for example: `fn f(&self) { }`). Implicit self is deprecated.
1573 * Static methods no longer require the `static` keyword and instead
1574 are distinguished by the lack of a `self` parameter
1575 * Replaced the `Durable` trait with the `'static` lifetime
1576 * The old closure type syntax with the trailing sigil has been
1577 removed in favor of the more consistent leading sigil
1578 * `super` is a keyword, and may be prefixed to paths
1579 * Trait bounds are separated with `+` instead of whitespace
1580 * Traits are implemented with `impl Trait for Type`
1581 instead of `impl Type: Trait`
1582 * Lifetime syntax is now `&'l foo` instead of `&l/foo`
1583 * The `export` keyword has finally been removed
1584 * The `move` keyword has been removed (see "Semantic changes")
1585 * The interior mutability qualifier on vectors, `[mut T]`, has been
1586 removed. Use `&mut [T]`, etc.
1587 * `mut` is no longer valid in `~mut T`. Use inherited mutability
1588 * `fail` is no longer a keyword. Use `fail!()`
1589 * `assert` is no longer a keyword. Use `assert!()`
1590 * `log` is no longer a keyword. use `debug!`, etc.
1591 * 1-tuples may be represented as `(T,)`
1592 * Struct fields may no longer be `mut`. Use inherited mutability,
1593 `@mut T`, `core::mut` or `core::cell`
1594 * `extern mod { ... }` is no longer valid syntax for foreign
1595 function modules. Use extern blocks: `extern { ... }`
1596 * Newtype enums removed. Use tuple-structs.
1597 * Trait implementations no longer support visibility modifiers
1598 * Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
1599 * `const` renamed to `static` to correspond to lifetime name,
1600 and make room for future `static mut` unsafe mutable globals.
1601 * Replaced `#[deriving_eq]` with `#[deriving(Eq)]`, etc.
1602 * `Clone` implementations can be automatically generated with
1603 `#[deriving(Clone)]`
1604 * Casts to traits must use a pointer sigil, e.g. `@foo as @Bar`
1605 instead of `foo as Bar`.
1606 * Fixed length vector types are now written as `[int, .. 3]`
1607 instead of `[int * 3]`.
1608 * Fixed length vector types can express the length as a constant
1609 expression. (ex: `[int, .. GL_BUFFER_SIZE - 2]`)
1612 * Types with owned pointers or custom destructors move by default,
1613 eliminating the `move` keyword
1614 * All foreign functions are considered unsafe
1615 * &mut is now unaliasable
1616 * Writes to borrowed @mut pointers are prevented dynamically
1618 * The name of the main function can be customized using #[main]
1619 * The default type of an inferred closure is &fn instead of @fn
1620 * `use` statements may no longer be "chained" - they cannot import
1621 identifiers imported by previous `use` statements
1622 * `use` statements are crate relative, importing from the "top"
1623 of the crate by default. Paths may be prefixed with `super::`
1624 or `self::` to change the search behavior.
1625 * Method visibility is inherited from the implementation declaration
1626 * Structural records have been removed
1627 * Many more types can be used in static items, including enums
1628 'static-lifetime pointers and vectors
1629 * Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
1630 * Typechecking of closure types has been overhauled to
1631 improve inference and eliminate unsoundness
1632 * Macros leave scope at the end of modules, unless that module is
1633 tagged with #[macro_escape]
1636 * Added big integers to `std::bigint`
1637 * Removed `core::oldcomm` module
1638 * Added pipe-based `core::comm` module
1639 * Numeric traits have been reorganized under `core::num`
1640 * `vec::slice` finally returns a slice
1641 * `debug!` and friends don't require a format string, e.g. `debug!(Foo)`
1642 * Containers reorganized around traits in `core::container`
1643 * `core::dvec` removed, `~[T]` is a drop-in replacement
1644 * `core::send_map` renamed to `core::hashmap`
1645 * `std::map` removed; replaced with `core::hashmap`
1646 * `std::treemap` reimplemented as an owned balanced tree
1647 * `std::deque` and `std::smallintmap` reimplemented as owned containers
1648 * `core::trie` added as a fast ordered map for integer keys
1649 * Set types added to `core::hashmap`, `core::trie` and `std::treemap`
1650 * `Ord` split into `Ord` and `TotalOrd`. `Ord` is still used to
1651 overload the comparison operators, whereas `TotalOrd` is used
1652 by certain container types
1655 * Replaced the 'cargo' package manager with 'rustpkg'
1656 * Added all-purpose 'rust' tool
1657 * `rustc --test` now supports benchmarks with the `#[bench]` attribute
1658 * rustc now *attempts* to offer spelling suggestions
1659 * Improved support for ARM and Android
1660 * Preliminary MIPS backend
1661 * Improved foreign function ABI implementation for x86, x86_64
1662 * Various memory usage improvements
1663 * Rust code may be embedded in foreign code under limited circumstances
1664 * Inline assembler supported by new asm!() syntax extension.
1667 Version 0.5 (December 2012)
1668 ===========================
1670 * ~900 changes, numerous bugfixes
1673 * Removed `<-` move operator
1674 * Completed the transition from the `#fmt` extension syntax to `fmt!`
1675 * Removed old fixed length vector syntax - `[T]/N`
1676 * New token-based quasi-quoters, `quote_tokens!`, `quote_expr!`, etc.
1677 * Macros may now expand to items and statements
1678 * `a.b()` is always parsed as a method call, never as a field projection
1679 * `Eq` and `IterBytes` implementations can be automatically generated
1680 with `#[deriving_eq]` and `#[deriving_iter_bytes]` respectively
1681 * Removed the special crate language for `.rc` files
1682 * Function arguments may consist of any irrefutable pattern
1685 * `&` and `~` pointers may point to objects
1686 * Tuple structs - `struct Foo(Bar, Baz)`. Will replace newtype enums.
1687 * Enum variants may be structs
1688 * Destructors can be added to all nominal types with the Drop trait
1689 * Structs and nullary enum variants may be constants
1690 * Values that cannot be implicitly copied are now automatically moved
1691 without writing `move` explicitly
1692 * `&T` may now be coerced to `*T`
1693 * Coercions happen in `let` statements as well as function calls
1694 * `use` statements now take crate-relative paths
1695 * The module and type namespaces have been merged so that static
1696 method names can be resolved under the trait in which they are
1699 * Improved support for language features
1700 * Trait inheritance works in many scenarios
1701 * More support for explicit self arguments in methods - `self`, `&self`
1702 `@self`, and `~self` all generally work as expected
1703 * Static methods work in more situations
1704 * Experimental: Traits may declare default methods for the implementations
1708 * New condition handling system in `core::condition`
1709 * Timsort added to `std::sort`
1710 * New priority queue, `std::priority_queue`
1711 * Pipes for serializable types, `std::flatpipes'
1712 * Serialization overhauled to be trait-based
1713 * Expanded `getopts` definitions
1714 * Moved futures to `std`
1715 * More functions are pure now
1716 * `core::comm` renamed to `oldcomm`. Still deprecated
1717 * `rustdoc` and `cargo` are libraries now
1720 * Added a preliminary REPL, `rusti`
1721 * License changed from MIT to dual MIT/APL2
1724 Version 0.4 (October 2012)
1725 ==========================
1727 * ~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
1730 * All keywords are now strict and may not be used as identifiers anywhere
1731 * Keyword removal: 'again', 'import', 'check', 'new', 'owned', 'send',
1732 'of', 'with', 'to', 'class'.
1733 * Classes are replaced with simpler structs
1734 * Explicit method self types
1735 * `ret` became `return` and `alt` became `match`
1736 * `import` is now `use`; `use is now `extern mod`
1737 * `extern mod { ... }` is now `extern { ... }`
1738 * `use mod` is the recommended way to import modules
1739 * `pub` and `priv` replace deprecated export lists
1740 * The syntax of `match` pattern arms now uses fat arrow (=>)
1741 * `main` no longer accepts an args vector; use `os::args` instead
1744 * Trait implementations are now coherent, ala Haskell typeclasses
1745 * Trait methods may be static
1746 * Argument modes are deprecated
1747 * Borrowed pointers are much more mature and recommended for use
1748 * Strings and vectors in the static region are stored in constant memory
1749 * Typestate was removed
1750 * Resolution rewritten to be more reliable
1751 * Support for 'dual-mode' data structures (freezing and thawing)
1754 * Most binary operators can now be overloaded via the traits in
1756 * `std::net::url` for representing URLs
1757 * Sendable hash maps in `core::send_map`
1758 * `core::task' gained a (currently unsafe) task-local storage API
1761 * An efficient new intertask communication primitive called the pipe,
1762 along with a number of higher-level channel types, in `core::pipes`
1763 * `std::arc`, an atomically reference counted, immutable, shared memory
1765 * `std::sync`, various exotic synchronization tools based on arcs and pipes
1766 * Futures are now based on pipes and sendable
1767 * More robust linked task failure
1768 * Improved task builder API
1771 * Improved error reporting
1772 * Preliminary JIT support
1773 * Preliminary work on precise GC
1774 * Extensive architectural improvements to rustc
1775 * Begun a transition away from buggy C++-based reflection (shape) code to
1776 Rust-based (visitor) code
1777 * All hash functions and tables converted to secure, randomized SipHash
1780 Version 0.3 (July 2012)
1781 ========================
1783 * ~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
1785 * New coding conveniences
1786 * Integer-literal suffix inference
1787 * Per-item control over warnings, errors
1788 * #[cfg(windows)] and #[cfg(unix)] attributes
1789 * Documentation comments
1790 * More compact closure syntax
1791 * 'do' expressions for treating higher-order functions as
1793 * *-patterns (wildcard extended to all constructor fields)
1796 * Name resolution pass and exhaustiveness checker rewritten
1797 * Region pointers and borrow checking supersede alias
1799 * Init-ness checking is now provided by a region-based liveness
1800 pass instead of the typestate pass; same for last-use analysis
1801 * Extensive work on region pointers
1803 * Experimental new language features
1804 * Slices and fixed-size, interior-allocated vectors
1805 * #!-comments for lang versioning, shell execution
1806 * Destructors and iface implementation for classes;
1807 type-parameterized classes and class methods
1808 * 'const' type kind for types that can be used to implement
1809 shared-memory concurrency patterns
1813 * Removal of various obsolete features
1814 * Keywords: 'be', 'prove', 'syntax', 'note', 'mutable', 'bind',
1815 'crust', 'native' (now 'extern'), 'cont' (now 'again')
1817 * Constructs: do-while loops ('do' repurposed), fn binding,
1818 resources (replaced by destructors)
1820 * Compiler reorganization
1821 * Syntax-layer of compiler split into separate crate
1822 * Clang (from LLVM project) integrated into build
1823 * Typechecker split into sub-modules
1826 * New time functions
1827 * Extension methods for many built-in types
1828 * Arc: atomic-refcount read-only / exclusive-use shared cells
1829 * Par: parallel map and search routines
1830 * Extensive work on libuv interface
1831 * Much vector code moved to libraries
1832 * Syntax extensions: #line, #col, #file, #mod, #stringify,
1833 #include, #include_str, #include_bin
1836 * Cargo automatically resolves dependencies
1839 Version 0.2 (March 2012)
1840 =========================
1842 * >1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
1844 * New docs and doc tooling
1846 * New port: FreeBSD x86_64
1848 * Compilation model enhancements
1849 * Generics now specialized, multiply instantiated
1850 * Functions now inlined across separate crates
1852 * Scheduling, stack and threading fixes
1853 * Noticeably improved message-passing performance
1854 * Explicit schedulers
1858 * Experimental new language features
1859 * Operator overloading
1863 * Various language extensions
1864 * C-callback function types: 'crust fn ...'
1865 * Infinite-loop construct: 'loop { ... }'
1866 * Shorten 'mutable' to 'mut'
1867 * Required mutable-local qualifier: 'let mut ...'
1868 * Basic glob-exporting: 'export foo::*;'
1869 * Alt now exhaustive, 'alt check' for runtime-checked
1870 * Block-function form of 'for' loop, with 'break' and 'ret'.
1873 * AST quasi-quote syntax extension
1874 * Revived libuv interface
1875 * New modules: core::{future, iter}, std::arena
1876 * Merged per-platform std::{os*, fs*} to core::{libc, os}
1877 * Extensive cleanup, regularization in libstd, libcore
1880 Version 0.1 (January 20, 2012)
1881 ===============================
1883 * Most language features work, including:
1884 * Unique pointers, unique closures, move semantics
1885 * Interface-constrained generics
1886 * Static interface dispatch
1888 * Multithread task scheduling
1889 * Typestate predicates
1890 * Failure unwinding, destructors
1891 * Pattern matching and destructuring assignment
1892 * Lightweight block-lambda syntax
1893 * Preliminary macro-by-example
1895 * Compiler works with the following configurations:
1896 * Linux: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
1897 * MacOS: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
1898 * Windows: x86 hosts and targets
1900 * Cross compilation / multi-target configuration supported.
1902 * Preliminary API-documentation and package-management tools included.
1906 * Documentation is incomplete.
1908 * Performance is below intended target.
1910 * Standard library APIs are subject to extensive change, reorganization.
1912 * Language-level versioning is not yet operational - future code will