1 Version 1.2.0 (2015-08-07)
2 ===========================
4 * ~1200 changes, numerous bugfixes
9 * [Dynamically-sized-type coercions][dst] allow smart pointer types
10 like `Rc` to contain types without a fixed size, arrays and trait
11 objects, finally enabling use of `Rc<[T]>` and completing the
12 implementation of DST.
13 * [Parallel codegen][parcodegen] is now working again, which can
14 substantially speed up large builds in debug mode; It also gets
15 another ~33% speedup when bootstrapping on a 4 core machine (using 8
16 jobs). It's not enabled by default, but will be "in the near
17 future". It can be activated with the `-C codegen-units=N` flag to
19 * This is the first release with [experimental support for linking
20 with the MSVC linker and lib C on Windows (instead of using the GNU
21 variants via MinGW)][win]. It is yet recommended only for the most
23 * Benchmark compilations are showing a 30% improvement in
24 bootstrapping over 1.1.
29 * The [`to_uppercase`] and [`to_lowercase`] methods on `char` now do
30 unicode case mapping, which is a previously-planned change in
31 behavior and considered a bugfix.
32 * [`mem::align_of`] now specifies [the *minimum alignment* for
33 T][align], which is usually the alignment programs are interested
34 in, and the same value reported by clang's
35 `alignof`. [`mem::min_align_of`] is deprecated. This is not known to
37 * [The `#[packed]` attribute is no longer silently accepted by the
38 compiler][packed]. This attribute did nothing and code that
39 mentioned it likely did not work as intended.
40 * Associated type defaults are [now behind the
41 `associated_type_defaults` feature gate][ad]. In 1.1 associated type
42 defaults *did not work*, but could be mentioned syntactically. As
43 such this breakage has minimal impact.
48 * Patterns with `ref mut` now correctly invoke [`DerefMut`] when
49 matching against dereferencable values.
54 * The [`Extend`] trait, which grows a collection from an iterator, is
55 implemented over iterators of references, for `String`, `Vec`,
56 `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`, `EnumSet`, `BinaryHeap`, `VecMap`,
57 `BTreeSet` and `BTreeMap`. [RFC][extend-rfc].
58 * The [`iter::once`] function returns an iterator that yields a single
59 element, and [`iter::empty`] returns an iterator that yields no
61 * The [`matches`] and [`rmatches`] methods on `str` return iterators
62 over substring matches.
63 * [`Cell`] and [`RefCell`] both implement `Eq`.
64 * A number of methods for wrapping arithmetic are added to the
65 integral types, [`wrapping_div`], [`wrapping_rem`],
66 [`wrapping_neg`], [`wrapping_shl`], [`wrapping_shr`]. These are in
67 addition to the existing [`wrapping_add`], [`wrapping_sub`], and
68 [`wrapping_mul`] methods, and alternatives to the [`Wrapping`]
69 type.. It is illegal for the default arithmetic operations in Rust
70 to overflow; the desire to wrap must be explicit.
71 * The `{:#?}` formatting specifier [displays the alternate,
72 pretty-printed][debugfmt] form of the `Debug` formatter. This
73 feature was actually introduced prior to 1.0 with little
75 * [`fmt::Formatter`] implements [`fmt::Write`], a `fmt`-specific trait
76 for writing data to formatted strings, similar to [`io::Write`].
77 * [`fmt::Formatter`] adds 'debug builder' methods, [`debug_struct`],
78 [`debug_tuple`], [`debug_list`], [`debug_set`], [`debug_map`]. These
79 are used by code generators to emit implementations of [`Debug`].
80 * `str` has new [`to_uppercase`][strup] and [`to_lowercase`][strlow]
81 methods that convert case, following Unicode case mapping.
82 * It is now easier to handle poisoned locks. The [`PoisonError`]
83 type, returned by failing lock operations, exposes `into_inner`,
84 `get_ref`, and `get_mut`, which all give access to the inner lock
85 guard, and allow the poisoned lock to continue to operate. The
86 `is_poisoned` method of [`RwLock`] and [`Mutex`] can poll for a
87 poisoned lock without attempting to take the lock.
88 * On Unix the [`FromRawFd`] trait is implemented for [`Stdio`], and
89 [`AsRawFd`] for [`ChildStdin`], [`ChildStdout`], [`ChildStderr`].
90 On Windows the `FromRawHandle` trait is implemented for `Stdio`,
91 and `AsRawHandle` for `ChildStdin`, `ChildStdout`,
93 * [`io::ErrorKind`] has a new variant, `InvalidData`, which indicates
99 * `rustc` employs smarter heuristics for guessing at [typos].
100 * `rustc` emits more efficient code for [no-op conversions between
101 unsafe pointers][nop].
102 * Fat pointers are now [passed in pairs of immediate arguments][fat],
103 resulting in faster compile times and smaller code.
105 [`Extend`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/trait.Extend.html
106 [extend-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0839-embrace-extend-extinguish.md
107 [`iter::once`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/fn.once.html
108 [`iter::empty`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/fn.empty.html
109 [`matches`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.matches
110 [`rmatches`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.rmatches
111 [`Cell`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/cell/struct.Cell.html
112 [`RefCell`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html
113 [`wrapping_add`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_add
114 [`wrapping_sub`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_sub
115 [`wrapping_mul`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_mul
116 [`wrapping_div`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_div
117 [`wrapping_rem`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_rem
118 [`wrapping_neg`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_neg
119 [`wrapping_shl`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_shl
120 [`wrapping_shr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.i8.html#method.wrapping_shr
121 [`Wrapping`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/num/struct.Wrapping.html
122 [`fmt::Formatter`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/struct.Formatter.html
123 [`fmt::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/trait.Write.html
124 [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/io/trait.Write.html
125 [`debug_struct`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_struct
126 [`debug_tuple`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_tuple
127 [`debug_list`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_list
128 [`debug_set`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_set
129 [`debug_map`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_map
130 [`Debug`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/trait.Debug.html
131 [strup]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.to_uppercase
132 [strlow]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.to_lowercase
133 [`to_uppercase`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_uppercase
134 [`to_lowercase`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_lowercase
135 [`PoisonError`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html
136 [`RwLock`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/sync/struct.RwLock.html
137 [`Mutex`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html
138 [`FromRawFd`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.FromRawFd.html
139 [`AsRawFd`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.AsRawFd.html
140 [`Stdio`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.Stdio.html
141 [`ChildStdin`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.ChildStdin.html
142 [`ChildStdout`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.ChildStdout.html
143 [`ChildStderr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/process/struct.ChildStderr.html
144 [`io::ErrorKind`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/io/enum.ErrorKind.html
145 [debugfmt]: https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/3ceaui/psa_produces_prettyprinted_debug_output/
146 [`DerefMut`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/ops/trait.DerefMut.html
147 [`mem::align_of`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/mem/fn.align_of.html
148 [align]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25646
149 [`mem::min_align_of`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/mem/fn.min_align_of.html
150 [typos]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26087
151 [nop]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26336
152 [fat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26411
153 [dst]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0982-dst-coercion.md
154 [parcodegen]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26018
155 [packed]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25541
156 [ad]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/27382
157 [win]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25350
159 Version 1.1.0 (2015-06-25)
160 =========================
162 * ~850 changes, numerous bugfixes
167 * The [`std::fs` module has been expanded][fs] to expand the set of
168 functionality exposed:
169 * `DirEntry` now supports optimizations like `file_type` and `metadata` which
170 don't incur a syscall on some platforms.
171 * A `symlink_metadata` function has been added.
172 * The `fs::Metadata` structure now lowers to its OS counterpart, providing
173 access to all underlying information.
174 * The compiler now contains extended explanations of many errors. When an error
175 with an explanation occurs the compiler suggests using the `--explain` flag
176 to read the explanation. Error explanations are also [available online][err-index].
177 * Thanks to multiple [improvements][sk] to [type checking][pre], as
178 well as other work, the time to bootstrap the compiler decreased by
184 * The [`str::split_whitespace`] method splits a string on unicode
185 whitespace boundaries.
186 * On both Windows and Unix, new extension traits provide conversion of
187 I/O types to and from the underlying system handles. On Unix, these
188 traits are [`FromRawFd`] and [`AsRawFd`], on Windows `FromRawHandle`
189 and `AsRawHandle`. These are implemented for `File`, `TcpStream`,
190 `TcpListener`, and `UpdSocket`. Further implementations for
191 `std::process` will be stabilized later.
192 * On Unix, [`std::os::unix::symlink`] creates symlinks. On
193 Windows, symlinks can be created with
194 `std::os::windows::symlink_dir` and
195 `std::os::windows::symlink_file`.
196 * The `mpsc::Receiver` type can now be converted into an iterator with
197 `into_iter` on the [`IntoIterator`] trait.
198 * `Ipv4Addr` can be created from `u32` with the `From<u32>`
199 implementation of the [`From`] trait.
200 * The `Debug` implementation for `RangeFull` [creates output that is
201 more consistent with other implementations][rf].
202 * [`Debug` is implemented for `File`][file].
203 * The `Default` implementation for `Arc` [no longer requires `Sync +
205 * [The `Iterator` methods `count`, `nth`, and `last` have been
206 overridden for slices to have O(1) performance instead of O(n)][si].
207 * Incorrect handling of paths on Windows has been improved in both the
208 compiler and the standard library.
209 * [`AtomicPtr` gained a `Default` implementation][ap].
210 * In accordance with Rust's policy on arithmetic overflow `abs` now
211 [panics on overflow when debug assertions are enabled][abs].
212 * The [`Cloned`] iterator, which was accidentally left unstable for
213 1.0 [has been stabilized][c].
214 * The [`Incoming`] iterator, which iterates over incoming TCP
215 connections, and which was accidentally unnamable in 1.0, [is now
216 properly exported][inc].
217 * [`BinaryHeap`] no longer corrupts itself [when functions called by
218 `sift_up` or `sift_down` panic][bh].
219 * The [`split_off`] method of `LinkedList` [no longer corrupts
220 the list in certain scenarios][ll].
225 * Type checking performance [has improved notably][sk] with
226 [multiple improvements][pre].
227 * The compiler [suggests code changes][ch] for more errors.
228 * rustc and it's build system have experimental support for [building
229 toolchains against MUSL][m] instead of glibc on Linux.
230 * The compiler defines the `target_env` cfg value, which is used for
231 distinguishing toolchains that are otherwise for the same
232 platform. Presently this is set to `gnu` for common GNU Linux
233 targets and for MinGW targets, and `musl` for MUSL Linux targets.
234 * The [`cargo rustc`][crc] command invokes a build with custom flags
236 * [Android executables are always position independent][pie].
237 * [The `drop_with_repr_extern` lint warns about mixing `repr(C)`
240 [`str::split_whitespace`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.str.html#method.split_whitespace
241 [`FromRawFd`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.FromRawFd.html
242 [`AsRawFd`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/io/trait.AsRawFd.html
243 [`std::os::unix::symlink`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/os/unix/fs/fn.symlink.html
244 [`IntoIterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
245 [`From`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/convert/trait.From.html
246 [rf]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24491
247 [err-index]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/error-index.html
248 [sk]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24615
249 [pre]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25323
250 [file]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24598
251 [ch]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24683
252 [arc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24695
253 [si]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24701
254 [ap]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24834
255 [m]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24777
256 [fs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1044-io-fs-2.1.md
257 [crc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/pull/1568
258 [pie]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24953
259 [abs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25441
260 [c]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25496
261 [`Cloned`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/iter/struct.Cloned.html
262 [`Incoming`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/net/struct.Incoming.html
263 [inc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25522
264 [bh]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/25856
265 [`BinaryHeap`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html
266 [ll]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/26022
267 [`split_off`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/collections/linked_list/struct.LinkedList.html#method.split_off
268 [drop]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24935
270 Version 1.0.0 (2015-05-15)
271 ========================
273 * ~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
278 * The vast majority of the standard library is now `#[stable]`. It is
279 no longer possible to use unstable features with a stable build of
281 * Many popular crates on [crates.io] now work on the stable release
283 * Arithmetic on basic integer types now [checks for overflow in debug
289 * Several [restrictions have been added to trait coherence][coh] in
290 order to make it easier for upstream authors to change traits
291 without breaking downstream code.
292 * Digits of binary and octal literals are [lexed more eagerly][lex] to
293 improve error messages and macro behavior. For example, `0b1234` is
294 now lexed as `0b1234` instead of two tokens, `0b1` and `234`.
295 * Trait bounds [are always invariant][inv], eliminating the need for
296 the `PhantomFn` and `MarkerTrait` lang items, which have been
298 * ["-" is no longer a valid character in crate names][cr], the `extern crate
299 "foo" as bar` syntax has been replaced with `extern crate foo as
300 bar`, and Cargo now automatically translates "-" in *package* names
301 to underscore for the crate name.
302 * [Lifetime shadowing is an error][lt].
303 * [`Send` no longer implies `'static`][send-rfc].
304 * [UFCS now supports trait-less associated paths][moar-ufcs] like
306 * Primitive types [now have inherent methods][prim-inherent],
307 obviating the need for extension traits like `SliceExt`.
308 * Methods with `Self: Sized` in their `where` clause are [considered
309 object-safe][self-sized], allowing many extension traits like
310 `IteratorExt` to be merged into the traits they extended.
311 * You can now [refer to associated types][assoc-where] whose
312 corresponding trait bounds appear only in a `where` clause.
313 * The final bits of [OIBIT landed][oibit-final], meaning that traits
314 like `Send` and `Sync` are now library-defined.
315 * A [Reflect trait][reflect] was introduced, which means that
316 downcasting via the `Any` trait is effectively limited to concrete
317 types. This helps retain the potentially-important "parametricity"
318 property: generic code cannot behave differently for different type
319 arguments except in minor ways.
320 * The `unsafe_destructor` feature is now deprecated in favor of the
321 [new `dropck`][dropck]. This change is a major reduction in unsafe
327 * The `thread_local` module [has been renamed to `std::thread`][th].
328 * The methods of `IteratorExt` [have been moved to the `Iterator`
330 * Several traits that implement Rust's conventions for type
331 conversions, `AsMut`, `AsRef`, `From`, and `Into` have been
332 [centralized in the `std::convert` module][con].
333 * The `FromError` trait [was removed in favor of `From`][fe].
334 * The basic sleep function [has moved to
335 `std::thread::sleep_ms`][slp].
336 * The `splitn` function now takes an `n` parameter that represents the
337 number of items yielded by the returned iterator [instead of the
338 number of 'splits'][spl].
339 * [On Unix, all file descriptors are `CLOEXEC` by default][clo].
340 * [Derived implementations of `PartialOrd` now order enums according
341 to their explicitly-assigned discriminants][po].
342 * [Methods for searching strings are generic over `Pattern`s][pat],
343 implemented presently by `&char`, `&str`, `FnMut(char) -> bool` and
345 * [In method resolution, object methods are resolved before inherent
347 * [`String::from_str` has been deprecated in favor of the `From` impl,
349 * [`io::Error` implements `Sync`][ios].
350 * [The `words` method on `&str` has been replaced with
351 `split_whitespace`][sw], to avoid answering the tricky question, 'what is
353 * The new path and IO modules are complete and `#[stable]`. This
354 was the major library focus for this cycle.
355 * The path API was [revised][path-normalize] to normalize `.`,
356 adjusting the tradeoffs in favor of the most common usage.
357 * A large number of remaining APIs in `std` were also stabilized
358 during this cycle; about 75% of the non-deprecated API surface
360 * The new [string pattern API][string-pattern] landed, which makes
361 the string slice API much more internally consistent and flexible.
362 * A new set of [generic conversion traits][conversion] replaced
363 many existing ad hoc traits.
364 * Generic numeric traits were [completely removed][num-traits]. This
365 was made possible thanks to inherent methods for primitive types,
366 and the removal gives maximal flexibility for designing a numeric
367 hierarchy in the future.
368 * The `Fn` traits are now related via [inheritance][fn-inherit]
369 and provide ergonomic [blanket implementations][fn-blanket].
370 * The `Index` and `IndexMut` traits were changed to
371 [take the index by value][index-value], enabling code like
372 `hash_map["string"]` to work.
373 * `Copy` now [inherits][copy-clone] from `Clone`, meaning that all
374 `Copy` data is known to be `Clone` as well.
379 * Many errors now have extended explanations that can be accessed with
380 the `--explain` flag to `rustc`.
381 * Many new examples have been added to the standard library
383 * rustdoc has received a number of improvements focused on completion
385 * Metadata was tuned, shrinking binaries [by 27%][metadata-shrink].
386 * Much headway was made on ecosystem-wide CI, making it possible
387 to [compare builds for breakage][ci-compare].
390 [crates.io]: http://crates.io
391 [clo]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24034
392 [coh]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1023-rebalancing-coherence.md
393 [con]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23875
394 [cr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23419
395 [fe]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23879
396 [ie]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23300
397 [inv]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23938
398 [ios]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24133
399 [lex]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0879-small-base-lexing.md
400 [lt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24057
401 [meth]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24056
402 [pat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0528-string-patterns.md
403 [po]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24270
404 [sf]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24517
405 [slp]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23949
406 [spl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0979-align-splitn-with-other-languages.md
407 [sw]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1054-str-words.md
408 [th]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0909-move-thread-local-to-std-thread.md
409 [send-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0458-send-improvements.md
410 [moar-ufcs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22172
411 [prim-inherent]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23104
412 [overflow]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0560-integer-overflow.md
413 [metadata-shrink]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22971
414 [self-sized]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22301
415 [assoc-where]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22512
416 [string-pattern]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22466
417 [oibit-final]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21689
418 [reflect]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23712
419 [conversion]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/529
420 [num-traits]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23549
421 [index-value]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23601
422 [dropck]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/769
423 [ci-compare]: https://gist.github.com/brson/a30a77836fbec057cbee
424 [fn-inherit]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23282
425 [fn-blanket]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23895
426 [copy-clone]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23860
427 [path-normalize]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23229
430 Version 1.0.0-alpha.2 (February 2015)
431 =====================================
433 * ~1300 changes, numerous bugfixes
437 * The various I/O modules were [overhauled][io-rfc] to reduce
438 unnecessary abstractions and provide better interoperation with
439 the underlying platform. The old `io` module remains temporarily
441 * The standard library now [participates in feature gating][feat],
442 so use of unstable libraries now requires a `#![feature(...)]`
443 attribute. The impact of this change is [described on the
444 forum][feat-forum]. [RFC][feat-rfc].
448 * `for` loops [now operate on the `IntoIterator` trait][into],
449 which eliminates the need to call `.iter()`, etc. to iterate
450 over collections. There are some new subtleties to remember
451 though regarding what sort of iterators various types yield, in
452 particular that `for foo in bar { }` yields values from a move
453 iterator, destroying the original collection. [RFC][into-rfc].
454 * Objects now have [default lifetime bounds][obj], so you don't
455 have to write `Box<Trait+'static>` when you don't care about
456 storing references. [RFC][obj-rfc].
457 * In types that implement `Drop`, [lifetimes must outlive the
458 value][drop]. This will soon make it possible to safely
459 implement `Drop` for types where `#[unsafe_destructor]` is now
460 required. Read the [gorgeous RFC][drop-rfc] for details.
461 * The fully qualified <T as Trait>::X syntax lets you set the Self
462 type for a trait method or associated type. [RFC][ufcs-rfc].
463 * References to types that implement `Deref<U>` now [automatically
464 coerce to references][deref] to the dereferenced type `U`,
465 e.g. `&T where T: Deref<U>` automatically coerces to `&U`. This
466 should eliminate many unsightly uses of `&*`, as when converting
467 from references to vectors into references to
468 slices. [RFC][deref-rfc].
469 * The explicit [closure kind syntax][close] (`|&:|`, `|&mut:|`,
470 `|:|`) is obsolete and closure kind is inferred from context.
471 * [`Self` is a keyword][Self].
475 * The `Show` and `String` formatting traits [have been
476 renamed][fmt] to `Debug` and `Display` to more clearly reflect
477 their related purposes. Automatically getting a string
478 conversion to use with `format!("{:?}", something_to_debug)` is
479 now written `#[derive(Debug)]`.
480 * Abstract [OS-specific string types][osstr], `std::ff::{OsString,
481 OsStr}`, provide strings in platform-specific encodings for easier
482 interop with system APIs. [RFC][osstr-rfc].
483 * The `boxed::into_raw` and `Box::from_raw` functions [convert
484 between `Box<T>` and `*mut T`][boxraw], a common pattern for
485 creating raw pointers.
489 * Certain long error messages of the form 'expected foo found bar'
490 are now [split neatly across multiple
491 lines][multiline]. Examples in the PR.
492 * On Unix Rust can be [uninstalled][un] by running
493 `/usr/local/lib/rustlib/uninstall.sh`.
494 * The `#[rustc_on_unimplemented]` attribute, requiring the
495 'on_unimplemented' feature, lets rustc [display custom error
496 messages when a trait is expected to be implemented for a type
501 * Rust is tested against a [LALR grammar][lalr], which parses
502 almost all the Rust files that rustc does.
504 [boxraw]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21318
505 [close]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21843
506 [deref]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21351
507 [deref-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0241-deref-conversions.md
508 [drop]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21972
509 [drop-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0769-sound-generic-drop.md
510 [feat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21248
511 [feat-forum]: https://users.rust-lang.org/t/psa-important-info-about-rustcs-new-feature-staging/82/5
512 [feat-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0507-release-channels.md
513 [fmt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21457
514 [into]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/20790
515 [into-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0235-collections-conventions.md#intoiterator-and-iterable
516 [io-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0517-io-os-reform.md
517 [lalr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21452
518 [multiline]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/19870
519 [obj]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22230
520 [obj-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0599-default-object-bound.md
521 [onun]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/20889
522 [osstr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21488
523 [osstr-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0517-io-os-reform.md
524 [Self]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22158
525 [ufcs-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0132-ufcs.md
526 [un]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22256
529 Version 1.0.0-alpha (January 2015)
530 ==================================
532 * ~2400 changes, numerous bugfixes
536 * The language itself is considered feature complete for 1.0,
537 though there will be many usability improvements and bugfixes
538 before the final release.
539 * Nearly 50% of the public API surface of the standard library has
540 been declared 'stable'. Those interfaces are unlikely to change
542 * The long-running debate over integer types has been
543 [settled][ints]: Rust will ship with types named `isize` and
544 `usize`, rather than `int` and `uint`, for pointer-sized
545 integers. Guidelines will be rolled out during the alpha cycle.
546 * Most crates that are not `std` have been moved out of the Rust
547 distribution into the Cargo ecosystem so they can evolve
548 separately and don't need to be stabilized as quickly, including
549 'time', 'getopts', 'num', 'regex', and 'term'.
550 * Documentation continues to be expanded with more API coverage, more
551 examples, and more in-depth explanations. The guides have been
552 consolidated into [The Rust Programming Language][trpl].
553 * "[Rust By Example][rbe]" is now maintained by the Rust team.
554 * All official Rust binary installers now come with [Cargo], the
555 Rust package manager.
559 * Closures have been [completely redesigned][unboxed] to be
560 implemented in terms of traits, can now be used as generic type
561 bounds and thus monomorphized and inlined, or via an opaque
562 pointer (boxed) as in the old system. The new system is often
563 referred to as 'unboxed' closures.
564 * Traits now support [associated types][assoc], allowing families
565 of related types to be defined together and used generically in
567 * Enum variants are [namespaced by their type names][enum].
568 * [`where` clauses][where] provide a more versatile and attractive
569 syntax for specifying generic bounds, though the previous syntax
571 * Rust again picks a [fallback][fb] (either i32 or f64) for uninferred
573 * Rust [no longer has a runtime][rt] of any description, and only
574 supports OS threads, not green threads.
575 * At long last, Rust has been overhauled for 'dynamically-sized
576 types' ([DST]), which integrates 'fat pointers' (object types,
577 arrays, and `str`) more deeply into the type system, making it
579 * Rust now has a general [range syntax][range], `i..j`, `i..`, and
580 `..j` that produce range types and which, when combined with the
581 `Index` operator and multidispatch, leads to a convenient slice
583 * The new range syntax revealed an ambiguity in the fixed-length
584 array syntax, so now fixed length arrays [are written `[T;
586 * The `Copy` trait is no longer implemented automatically. Unsafe
587 pointers no longer implement `Sync` and `Send` so types
588 containing them don't automatically either. `Sync` and `Send`
589 are now 'unsafe traits' so one can "forcibly" implement them via
590 `unsafe impl` if a type confirms to the requirements for them
591 even though the internals do not (e.g. structs containing unsafe
592 pointers like `Arc`). These changes are intended to prevent some
593 footguns and are collectively known as [opt-in built-in
594 traits][oibit] (though `Sync` and `Send` will soon become pure
595 library types unknown to the compiler).
596 * Operator traits now take their operands [by value][ops], and
597 comparison traits can use multidispatch to compare one type
598 against multiple other types, allowing e.g. `String` to be
599 compared with `&str`.
600 * `if let` and `while let` are no longer feature-gated.
601 * Rust has adopted a more [uniform syntax for escaping unicode
602 characters][unicode].
603 * `macro_rules!` [has been declared stable][mac]. Though it is a
604 flawed system it is sufficiently popular that it must be usable
605 for 1.0. Effort has gone into [future-proofing][mac-future] it
606 in ways that will allow other macro systems to be developed in
607 parallel, and won't otherwise impact the evolution of the
609 * The prelude has been [pared back significantly][prelude] such
610 that it is the minimum necessary to support the most pervasive
611 code patterns, and through [generalized where clauses][where]
612 many of the prelude extension traits have been consolidated.
613 * Rust's rudimentary reflection [has been removed][refl], as it
614 incurred too much code generation for little benefit.
615 * [Struct variants][structvars] are no longer feature-gated.
616 * Trait bounds can be [polymorphic over lifetimes][hrtb]. Also
617 known as 'higher-ranked trait bounds', this crucially allows
618 unboxed closures to work.
619 * Macros invocations surrounded by parens or square brackets and
620 not terminated by a semicolon are [parsed as
621 expressions][macros], which makes expressions like `vec![1i32,
622 2, 3].len()` work as expected.
623 * Trait objects now implement their traits automatically, and
624 traits that can be coerced to objects now must be [object
626 * Automatically deriving traits is now done with `#[derive(...)]`
627 not `#[deriving(...)]` for [consistency with other naming
628 conventions][derive].
629 * Importing the containing module or enum at the same time as
630 items or variants they contain is [now done with `self` instead
631 of `mod`][self], as in use `foo::{self, bar}`
632 * Glob imports are no longer feature-gated.
633 * The `box` operator and `box` patterns have been feature-gated
634 pending a redesign. For now unique boxes should be allocated
635 like other containers, with `Box::new`.
639 * A [series][coll1] of [efforts][coll2] to establish
640 [conventions][coll3] for collections types has resulted in API
641 improvements throughout the standard library.
642 * New [APIs for error handling][err] provide ergonomic interop
643 between error types, and [new conventions][err-conv] describe
644 more clearly the recommended error handling strategies in Rust.
645 * The `fail!` macro has been renamed to [`panic!`][panic] so that
646 it is easier to discuss failure in the context of error handling
647 without making clarifications as to whether you are referring to
648 the 'fail' macro or failure more generally.
649 * On Linux, `OsRng` prefers the new, more reliable `getrandom`
650 syscall when available.
651 * The 'serialize' crate has been renamed 'rustc-serialize' and
652 moved out of the distribution to Cargo. Although it is widely
653 used now, it is expected to be superseded in the near future.
654 * The `Show` formatter, typically implemented with
655 `#[derive(Show)]` is [now requested with the `{:?}`
656 specifier][show] and is intended for use by all types, for uses
657 such as `println!` debugging. The new `String` formatter must be
658 implemented by hand, uses the `{}` specifier, and is intended
659 for full-fidelity conversions of things that can logically be
660 represented as strings.
664 * [Flexible target specification][flex] allows rustc's code
665 generation to be configured to support otherwise-unsupported
667 * Rust comes with rust-gdb and rust-lldb scripts that launch their
668 respective debuggers with Rust-appropriate pretty-printing.
669 * The Windows installation of Rust is distributed with the the
670 MinGW components currently required to link binaries on that
675 * Nullable enum optimizations have been extended to more types so
676 that e.g. `Option<Vec<T>>` and `Option<String>` take up no more
677 space than the inner types themselves.
678 * Work has begun on supporting AArch64.
680 [Cargo]: https://crates.io
681 [unboxed]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2014/11/26/purging-proc/
682 [enum]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0390-enum-namespacing.md
683 [flex]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0131-target-specification.md
684 [err]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0201-error-chaining.md
685 [err-conv]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0236-error-conventions.md
686 [rt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0230-remove-runtime.md
687 [mac]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0453-macro-reform.md
688 [mac-future]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/550
689 [DST]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2014/01/05/dst-take-5/
690 [coll1]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0235-collections-conventions.md
691 [coll2]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0509-collections-reform-part-2.md
692 [coll3]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0216-collection-views.md
693 [ops]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md
694 [prelude]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0503-prelude-stabilization.md
695 [where]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0135-where.md
696 [refl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0379-remove-reflection.md
697 [panic]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0221-panic.md
698 [structvars]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0418-struct-variants.md
699 [hrtb]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0387-higher-ranked-trait-bounds.md
700 [unicode]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0446-es6-unicode-escapes.md
701 [oibit]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0019-opt-in-builtin-traits.md
702 [macros]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0378-expr-macros.md
703 [range]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md#indexing-and-slicing
704 [arrays]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0520-new-array-repeat-syntax.md
705 [show]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0504-show-stabilization.md
706 [derive]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0534-deriving2derive.md
707 [self]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0532-self-in-use.md
708 [fb]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0212-restore-int-fallback.md
709 [objsafe]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0255-object-safety.md
710 [assoc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0195-associated-items.md
711 [ints]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/544#issuecomment-68760871
712 [trpl]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/index.html
713 [rbe]: http://rustbyexample.com/
716 Version 0.12.0 (October 2014)
717 =============================
719 * ~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
723 * The introductory documentation (now called The Rust Guide) has
724 been completely rewritten, as have a number of supplementary
726 * Rust's package manager, Cargo, continues to improve and is
727 sometimes considered to be quite awesome.
728 * Many API's in `std` have been reviewed and updated for
729 consistency with the in-development Rust coding
730 guidelines. The standard library documentation tracks
731 stabilization progress.
732 * Minor libraries have been moved out-of-tree to the rust-lang org
733 on GitHub: uuid, semver, glob, num, hexfloat, fourcc. They can
734 be installed with Cargo.
735 * Lifetime elision allows lifetime annotations to be left off of
736 function declarations in many common scenarios.
737 * Rust now works on 64-bit Windows.
740 * Indexing can be overloaded with the `Index` and `IndexMut`
742 * The `if let` construct takes a branch only if the `let` pattern
743 matches, currently behind the 'if_let' feature gate.
744 * 'where clauses', a more flexible syntax for specifying trait
745 bounds that is more aesthetic, have been added for traits and
746 free functions. Where clauses will in the future make it
747 possible to constrain associated types, which would be
748 impossible with the existing syntax.
749 * A new slicing syntax (e.g. `[0..4]`) has been introduced behind
750 the 'slicing_syntax' feature gate, and can be overloaded with
751 the `Slice` or `SliceMut` traits.
752 * The syntax for matching of sub-slices has been changed to use a
753 postfix `..` instead of prefix (.e.g. `[a, b, c..]`), for
754 consistency with other uses of `..` and to future-proof
755 potential additional uses of the syntax.
756 * The syntax for matching inclusive ranges in patterns has changed
757 from `0..3` to `0...4` to be consistent with the exclusive range
759 * Matching of sub-slices in non-tail positions (e.g. `[a.., b,
760 c]`) has been put behind the 'advanced_slice_patterns' feature
761 gate and may be removed in the future.
762 * Components of tuples and tuple structs can be extracted using
763 the `value.0` syntax, currently behind the `tuple_indexing`
765 * The `#[crate_id]` attribute is no longer supported; versioning
766 is handled by the package manager.
767 * Renaming crate imports are now written `extern crate foo as bar`
768 instead of `extern crate bar = foo`.
769 * Renaming use statements are now written `use foo as bar` instead
771 * `let` and `match` bindings and argument names in macros are now
773 * The new, more efficient, closure types ('unboxed closures') have
774 been added under a feature gate, 'unboxed_closures'. These will
775 soon replace the existing closure types, once higher-ranked
776 trait lifetimes are added to the language.
777 * `move` has been added as a keyword, for indicating closures
778 that capture by value.
779 * Mutation and assignment is no longer allowed in pattern guards.
780 * Generic structs and enums can now have trait bounds.
781 * The `Share` trait is now called `Sync` to free up the term
782 'shared' to refer to 'shared reference' (the default reference
784 * Dynamically-sized types have been mostly implemented,
785 unifying the behavior of fat-pointer types with the rest of the
787 * As part of dynamically-sized types, the `Sized` trait has been
788 introduced, which qualifying types implement by default, and
789 which type parameters expect by default. To specify that a type
790 parameter does not need to be sized, write `<Sized? T>`. Most
791 types are `Sized`, notable exceptions being unsized arrays
792 (`[T]`) and trait types.
793 * Closures can return `!`, as in `|| -> !` or `proc() -> !`.
794 * Lifetime bounds can now be applied to type parameters and object
796 * The old, reference counted GC type, `Gc<T>` which was once
797 denoted by the `@` sigil, has finally been removed. GC will be
798 revisited in the future.
801 * Library documentation has been improved for a number of modules.
802 * Bit-vectors, collections::bitv has been modernized.
803 * The url crate is deprecated in favor of
804 http://github.com/servo/rust-url, which can be installed with
806 * Most I/O stream types can be cloned and subsequently closed from
808 * A `std::time::Duration` type has been added for use in I/O
809 methods that rely on timers, as well as in the 'time' crate's
810 `Timespec` arithmetic.
811 * The runtime I/O abstraction layer that enabled the green thread
812 scheduler to do non-thread-blocking I/O has been removed, along
813 with the libuv-based implementation employed by the green thread
814 scheduler. This will greatly simplify the future I/O work.
815 * `collections::btree` has been rewritten to have a more
816 idiomatic and efficient design.
819 * rustdoc output now indicates the stability levels of API's.
820 * The `--crate-name` flag can specify the name of the crate
821 being compiled, like `#[crate_name]`.
822 * The `-C metadata` specifies additional metadata to hash into
823 symbol names, and `-C extra-filename` specifies additional
824 information to put into the output filename, for use by the
825 package manager for versioning.
826 * debug info generation has continued to improve and should be
827 more reliable under both gdb and lldb.
828 * rustc has experimental support for compiling in parallel
829 using the `-C codegen-units` flag.
830 * rustc no longer encodes rpath information into binaries by
834 * Stack usage has been optimized with LLVM lifetime annotations.
835 * Official Rust binaries on Linux are more compatible with older
836 kernels and distributions, built on CentOS 5.10.
839 Version 0.11.0 (July 2014)
840 ==========================
842 * ~1700 changes, numerous bugfixes
845 * ~[T] has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
847 * ~str has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
849 * ~T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
851 * @T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
852 standard library's std::gc::Gc<T> type.
853 * Struct fields are now all private by default.
854 * Vector indices and shift amounts are both required to be a `uint`
855 instead of any integral type.
856 * Byte character, byte string, and raw byte string literals are now all
857 supported by prefixing the normal literal with a `b`.
858 * Multiple ABIs are no longer allowed in an ABI string
859 * The syntax for lifetimes on closures/procedures has been tweaked
860 slightly: `<'a>|A, B|: 'b + K -> T`
861 * Floating point modulus has been removed from the language; however it
862 is still provided by a library implementation.
863 * Private enum variants are now disallowed.
864 * The `priv` keyword has been removed from the language.
865 * A closure can no longer be invoked through a &-pointer.
866 * The `use foo, bar, baz;` syntax has been removed from the language.
867 * The transmute intrinsic no longer works on type parameters.
868 * Statics now allow blocks/items in their definition.
869 * Trait bounds are separated from objects with + instead of : now.
870 * Objects can no longer be read while they are mutably borrowed.
871 * The address of a static is now marked as insignificant unless the
872 #[inline(never)] attribute is placed it.
873 * The #[unsafe_destructor] attribute is now behind a feature gate.
874 * Struct literals are no longer allowed in ambiguous positions such as
875 if, while, match, and for..in.
876 * Declaration of lang items and intrinsics are now feature-gated by
878 * Integral literals no longer default to `int`, and floating point
879 literals no longer default to `f64`. Literals must be suffixed with an
880 appropriate type if inference cannot determine the type of the
882 * The Box<T> type is no longer implicitly borrowed to &mut T.
883 * Procedures are now required to not capture borrowed references.
886 * The standard library is now a "facade" over a number of underlying
887 libraries. This means that development on the standard library should
888 be speeder due to smaller crates, as well as a clearer line between
890 * A new library, libcore, lives under the standard library's facade
891 which is Rust's "0-assumption" library, suitable for embedded and
892 kernel development for example.
893 * A regex crate has been added to the standard distribution. This crate
894 includes statically compiled regular expressions.
895 * The unwrap/unwrap_err methods on Result require a Show bound for
896 better error messages.
897 * The return types of the std::comm primitives have been centralized
898 around the Result type.
899 * A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to time out their
901 * A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to close their
902 reading/writing halves to cancel pending operations.
903 * Reverse iterator methods have been removed in favor of `rev()` on
904 their forward-iteration counterparts.
905 * A bitflags! macro has been added to enable easy interop with C and
906 management of bit flags.
907 * A debug_assert! macro is now provided which is disabled when
908 `--cfg ndebug` is passed to the compiler.
909 * A graphviz crate has been added for creating .dot files.
910 * The std::cast module has been migrated into std::mem.
911 * The std::local_data api has been migrated from freestanding functions
912 to being based on methods.
913 * The Pod trait has been renamed to Copy.
914 * jemalloc has been added as the default allocator for types.
915 * The API for allocating memory has been changed to use proper alignment
916 and sized deallocation
917 * Connecting a TcpStream or binding a TcpListener is now based on a
918 string address and a u16 port. This allows connecting to a hostname as
920 * The Reader trait now contains a core method, read_at_least(), which
921 correctly handles many repeated 0-length reads.
922 * The process-spawning API is now centered around a builder-style
924 * The :? printing qualifier has been moved from the standard library to
925 an external libdebug crate.
926 * Eq/Ord have been renamed to PartialEq/PartialOrd. TotalEq/TotalOrd
927 have been renamed to Eq/Ord.
928 * The select/plural methods have been removed from format!. The escapes
929 for { and } have also changed from \{ and \} to {{ and }},
931 * The TaskBuilder API has been re-worked to be a true builder, and
932 extension traits for spawning native/green tasks have been added.
935 * All breaking changes to the language or libraries now have their
936 commit message annotated with `[breaking-change]` to allow for easy
937 discovery of breaking changes.
938 * The compiler will now try to suggest how to annotate lifetimes if a
939 lifetime-related error occurs.
940 * Debug info continues to be improved greatly with general bug fixes and
941 better support for situations like link time optimization (LTO).
942 * Usage of syntax extensions when cross-compiling has been fixed.
943 * Functionality equivalent to GCC & Clang's -ffunction-sections,
944 -fdata-sections and --gc-sections has been enabled by default
945 * The compiler is now stricter about where it will load module files
946 from when a module is declared via `mod foo;`.
947 * The #[phase(syntax)] attribute has been renamed to #[phase(plugin)].
948 Syntax extensions are now discovered via a "plugin registrar" type
949 which will be extended in the future to other various plugins.
950 * Lints have been restructured to allow for dynamically loadable lints.
951 * A number of rustdoc improvements:
952 * The HTML output has been visually redesigned.
953 * Markdown is now powered by hoedown instead of sundown.
954 * Searching heuristics have been greatly improved.
955 * The search index has been reduced in size by a great amount.
956 * Cross-crate documentation via `pub use` has been greatly improved.
957 * Primitive types are now hyperlinked and documented.
958 * Documentation has been moved from static.rust-lang.org/doc to
960 * A new sandbox, play.rust-lang.org, is available for running and
961 sharing rust code examples on-line.
962 * Unused attributes are now more robustly warned about.
963 * The dead_code lint now warns about unused struct fields.
964 * Cross-compiling to iOS is now supported.
965 * Cross-compiling to mipsel is now supported.
966 * Stability attributes are now inherited by default and no longer apply
967 to intra-crate usage, only inter-crate usage.
968 * Error message related to non-exhaustive match expressions have been
972 Version 0.10 (April 2014)
973 =========================
975 * ~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
978 * A new RFC process is now in place for modifying the language.
979 * Patterns with `@`-pointers have been removed from the language.
980 * Patterns with unique vectors (`~[T]`) have been removed from the
982 * Patterns with unique strings (`~str`) have been removed from the
984 * `@str` has been removed from the language.
985 * `@[T]` has been removed from the language.
986 * `@self` has been removed from the language.
987 * `@Trait` has been removed from the language.
988 * Headers on `~` allocations which contain `@` boxes inside the type for
989 reference counting have been removed.
990 * The semantics around the lifetimes of temporary expressions have changed,
991 see #3511 and #11585 for more information.
992 * Cross-crate syntax extensions are now possible, but feature gated. See
993 #11151 for more information. This includes both `macro_rules!` macros as
994 well as syntax extensions such as `format!`.
995 * New lint modes have been added, and older ones have been turned on to be
997 * Unnecessary parentheses
1000 * Uppercase variables
1001 * Publicly visible private types
1002 * `#[deriving]` with raw pointers
1003 * Unsafe functions can no longer be coerced to closures.
1004 * Various obscure macros such as `log_syntax!` are now behind feature gates.
1005 * The `#[simd]` attribute is now behind a feature gate.
1006 * Visibility is no longer allowed on `extern crate` statements, and
1007 unnecessary visibility (`priv`) is no longer allowed on `use` statements.
1008 * Trailing commas are now allowed in argument lists and tuple patterns.
1009 * The `do` keyword has been removed, it is now a reserved keyword.
1010 * Default type parameters have been implemented, but are feature gated.
1011 * Borrowed variables through captures in closures are now considered soundly.
1012 * `extern mod` is now `extern crate`
1013 * The `Freeze` trait has been removed.
1014 * The `Share` trait has been added for types that can be shared among
1016 * Labels in macros are now hygienic.
1017 * Expression/statement macro invocations can be delimited with `{}` now.
1018 * Treatment of types allowed in `static mut` locations has been tweaked.
1019 * The `*` and `.` operators are now overloadable through the `Deref` and
1021 * `~Trait` and `proc` no longer have `Send` bounds by default.
1022 * Partial type hints are now supported with the `_` type marker.
1023 * An `Unsafe` type was introduced for interior mutability. It is now
1024 considered undefined to transmute from `&T` to `&mut T` without using the
1026 * The #[linkage] attribute was implemented for extern statics/functions.
1027 * The inner attribute syntax has changed from `#[foo];` to `#![foo]`.
1028 * `Pod` was renamed to `Copy`.
1031 * The `libextra` library has been removed. It has now been decomposed into
1032 component libraries with smaller and more focused nuggets of
1033 functionality. The full list of libraries can be found on the
1034 documentation index page.
1035 * std: `std::condition` has been removed. All I/O errors are now propagated
1036 through the `Result` type. In order to assist with error handling, a
1037 `try!` macro for unwrapping errors with an early return and a lint for
1038 unused results has been added. See #12039 for more information.
1039 * std: The `vec` module has been renamed to `slice`.
1040 * std: A new vector type, `Vec<T>`, has been added in preparation for DST.
1041 This will become the only growable vector in the future.
1042 * std: `std::io` now has more public-reexports. Types such as `BufferedReader`
1043 are now found at `std::io::BufferedReader` instead of
1044 `std::io::buffered::BufferedReader`.
1045 * std: `print` and `println` are no longer in the prelude, the `print!` and
1046 `println!` macros are intended to be used instead.
1047 * std: `Rc` now has a `Weak` pointer for breaking cycles, and it no longer
1048 attempts to statically prevent cycles.
1049 * std: The standard distribution is adopting the policy of pushing failure
1050 to the user rather than failing in libraries. Many functions (such as
1051 `slice::last()`) now return `Option<T>` instead of `T` + failing.
1052 * std: `fmt::Default` has been renamed to `fmt::Show`, and it now has a new
1053 deriving mode: `#[deriving(Show)]`.
1054 * std: `ToStr` is now implemented for all types implementing `Show`.
1055 * std: The formatting trait methods now take `&self` instead of `&T`
1056 * std: The `invert()` method on iterators has been renamed to `rev()`
1057 * std: `std::num` has seen a reduction in the genericity of its traits,
1058 consolidating functionality into a few core traits.
1059 * std: Backtraces are now printed on task failure if the environment
1060 variable `RUST_BACKTRACE` is present.
1061 * std: Naming conventions for iterators have been standardized. More details
1062 can be found on the wiki's style guide.
1063 * std: `eof()` has been removed from the `Reader` trait. Specific types may
1064 still implement the function.
1065 * std: Networking types are now cloneable to allow simultaneous reads/writes.
1066 * std: `assert_approx_eq!` has been removed
1067 * std: The `e` and `E` formatting specifiers for floats have been added to
1068 print them in exponential notation.
1069 * std: The `Times` trait has been removed
1070 * std: Indications of variance and opting out of builtin bounds is done
1071 through marker types in `std::kinds::marker` now
1072 * std: `hash` has been rewritten, `IterBytes` has been removed, and
1073 `#[deriving(Hash)]` is now possible.
1074 * std: `SharedChan` has been removed, `Sender` is now cloneable.
1075 * std: `Chan` and `Port` were renamed to `Sender` and `Receiver`.
1076 * std: `Chan::new` is now `channel()`.
1077 * std: A new synchronous channel type has been implemented.
1078 * std: A `select!` macro is now provided for selecting over `Receiver`s.
1079 * std: `hashmap` and `trie` have been moved to `libcollections`
1080 * std: `run` has been rolled into `io::process`
1081 * std: `assert_eq!` now uses `{}` instead of `{:?}`
1082 * std: The equality and comparison traits have seen some reorganization.
1083 * std: `rand` has moved to `librand`.
1084 * std: `to_{lower,upper}case` has been implemented for `char`.
1085 * std: Logging has been moved to `liblog`.
1086 * collections: `HashMap` has been rewritten for higher performance and less
1088 * native: The default runtime is now `libnative`. If `libgreen` is desired,
1089 it can be booted manually. The runtime guide has more information and
1091 * native: All I/O functionality except signals has been implemented.
1092 * green: Task spawning with `libgreen` has been optimized with stack caching
1093 and various trimming of code.
1094 * green: Tasks spawned by `libgreen` now have an unmapped guard page.
1095 * sync: The `extra::sync` module has been updated to modern rust (and moved
1096 to the `sync` library), tweaking and improving various interfaces while
1097 dropping redundant functionality.
1098 * sync: A new `Barrier` type has been added to the `sync` library.
1099 * sync: An efficient mutex for native and green tasks has been implemented.
1100 * serialize: The `base64` module has seen some improvement. It treats
1101 newlines better, has non-string error values, and has seen general
1103 * fourcc: A `fourcc!` macro was introduced
1104 * hexfloat: A `hexfloat!` macro was implemented for specifying floats via a
1105 hexadecimal literal.
1108 * `rustpkg` has been deprecated and removed from the main repository. Its
1109 replacement, `cargo`, is under development.
1110 * Nightly builds of rust are now available
1111 * The memory usage of rustc has been improved many times throughout this
1113 * The build process supports disabling rpath support for the rustc binary
1115 * Code generation has improved in some cases, giving more information to the
1116 LLVM optimization passes to enable more extensive optimizations.
1117 * Debuginfo compatibility with lldb on OSX has been restored.
1118 * The master branch is now gated on an android bot, making building for
1119 android much more reliable.
1120 * Output flags have been centralized into one `--emit` flag.
1121 * Crate type flags have been centralized into one `--crate-type` flag.
1122 * Codegen flags have been consolidated behind a `-C` flag.
1123 * Linking against outdated crates now has improved error messages.
1124 * Error messages with lifetimes will often suggest how to annotate the
1125 function to fix the error.
1126 * Many more types are documented in the standard library, and new guides
1128 * Many `rustdoc` improvements:
1129 * code blocks are syntax highlighted.
1130 * render standalone markdown files.
1131 * the --test flag tests all code blocks by default.
1132 * exported macros are displayed.
1133 * reexported types have their documentation inlined at the location of the
1135 * search works across crates that have been rendered to the same output
1139 Version 0.9 (January 2014)
1140 ==========================
1142 * ~1800 changes, numerous bugfixes
1145 * The `float` type has been removed. Use `f32` or `f64` instead.
1146 * A new facility for enabling experimental features (feature gating) has
1147 been added, using the crate-level `#[feature(foo)]` attribute.
1148 * Managed boxes (@) are now behind a feature gate
1149 (`#[feature(managed_boxes)]`) in preparation for future removal. Use the
1150 standard library's `Gc` or `Rc` types instead.
1151 * `@mut` has been removed. Use `std::cell::{Cell, RefCell}` instead.
1152 * Jumping back to the top of a loop is now done with `continue` instead of
1154 * Strings can no longer be mutated through index assignment.
1155 * Raw strings can be created via the basic `r"foo"` syntax or with matched
1156 hash delimiters, as in `r###"foo"###`.
1157 * `~fn` is now written `proc (args) -> retval { ... }` and may only be
1159 * The `&fn` type is now written `|args| -> ret` to match the literal form.
1160 * `@fn`s have been removed.
1161 * `do` only works with procs in order to make it obvious what the cost
1163 * Single-element tuple-like structs can no longer be dereferenced to
1164 obtain the inner value. A more comprehensive solution for overloading
1165 the dereference operator will be provided in the future.
1166 * The `#[link(...)]` attribute has been replaced with
1167 `#[crate_id = "name#vers"]`.
1168 * Empty `impl`s must be terminated with empty braces and may not be
1169 terminated with a semicolon.
1170 * Keywords are no longer allowed as lifetime names; the `self` lifetime
1171 no longer has any special meaning.
1172 * The old `fmt!` string formatting macro has been removed.
1173 * `printf!` and `printfln!` (old-style formatting) removed in favor of
1174 `print!` and `println!`.
1175 * `mut` works in patterns now, as in `let (mut x, y) = (1, 2);`.
1176 * The `extern mod foo (name = "bar")` syntax has been removed. Use
1177 `extern mod foo = "bar"` instead.
1178 * New reserved keywords: `alignof`, `offsetof`, `sizeof`.
1179 * Macros can have attributes.
1180 * Macros can expand to items with attributes.
1181 * Macros can expand to multiple items.
1182 * The `asm!` macro is feature-gated (`#[feature(asm)]`).
1183 * Comments may be nested.
1184 * Values automatically coerce to trait objects they implement, without
1186 * Enum discriminants are no longer an entire word but as small as needed to
1187 contain all the variants. The `repr` attribute can be used to override
1188 the discriminant size, as in `#[repr(int)]` for integer-sized, and
1189 `#[repr(C)]` to match C enums.
1190 * Non-string literals are not allowed in attributes (they never worked).
1191 * The FFI now supports variadic functions.
1192 * Octal numeric literals, as in `0o7777`.
1193 * The `concat!` syntax extension performs compile-time string concatenation.
1194 * The `#[fixed_stack_segment]` and `#[rust_stack]` attributes have been
1195 removed as Rust no longer uses segmented stacks.
1196 * Non-ascii identifiers are feature-gated (`#[feature(non_ascii_idents)]`).
1197 * Ignoring all fields of an enum variant or tuple-struct is done with `..`,
1198 not `*`; ignoring remaining fields of a struct is also done with `..`,
1199 not `_`; ignoring a slice of a vector is done with `..`, not `.._`.
1200 * `rustc` supports the "win64" calling convention via `extern "win64"`.
1201 * `rustc` supports the "system" calling convention, which defaults to the
1202 preferred convention for the target platform, "stdcall" on 32-bit Windows,
1204 * The `type_overflow` lint (default: warn) checks literals for overflow.
1205 * The `unsafe_block` lint (default: allow) checks for usage of `unsafe`.
1206 * The `attribute_usage` lint (default: warn) warns about unknown
1208 * The `unknown_features` lint (default: warn) warns about unknown
1210 * The `dead_code` lint (default: warn) checks for dead code.
1211 * Rust libraries can be linked statically to one another
1212 * `#[link_args]` is behind the `link_args` feature gate.
1213 * Native libraries are now linked with `#[link(name = "foo")]`
1214 * Native libraries can be statically linked to a rust crate
1215 (`#[link(name = "foo", kind = "static")]`).
1216 * Native OS X frameworks are now officially supported
1217 (`#[link(name = "foo", kind = "framework")]`).
1218 * The `#[thread_local]` attribute creates thread-local (not task-local)
1219 variables. Currently behind the `thread_local` feature gate.
1220 * The `return` keyword may be used in closures.
1221 * Types that can be copied via a memcpy implement the `Pod` kind.
1222 * The `cfg` attribute can now be used on struct fields and enum variants.
1225 * std: The `option` and `result` API's have been overhauled to make them
1226 simpler, more consistent, and more composable.
1227 * std: The entire `std::io` module has been replaced with one that is
1228 more comprehensive and that properly interfaces with the underlying
1229 scheduler. File, TCP, UDP, Unix sockets, pipes, and timers are all
1231 * std: `io::util` contains a number of useful implementations of
1232 `Reader` and `Writer`, including `NullReader`, `NullWriter`,
1233 `ZeroReader`, `TeeReader`.
1234 * std: The reference counted pointer type `extra::rc` moved into std.
1235 * std: The `Gc` type in the `gc` module will replace `@` (it is currently
1236 just a wrapper around it).
1237 * std: The `Either` type has been removed.
1238 * std: `fmt::Default` can be implemented for any type to provide default
1239 formatting to the `format!` macro, as in `format!("{}", myfoo)`.
1240 * std: The `rand` API continues to be tweaked.
1241 * std: The `rust_begin_unwind` function, useful for inserting breakpoints
1242 on failure in gdb, is now named `rust_fail`.
1243 * std: The `each_key` and `each_value` methods on `HashMap` have been
1244 replaced by the `keys` and `values` iterators.
1245 * std: Functions dealing with type size and alignment have moved from the
1246 `sys` module to the `mem` module.
1247 * std: The `path` module was written and API changed.
1248 * std: `str::from_utf8` has been changed to cast instead of allocate.
1249 * std: `starts_with` and `ends_with` methods added to vectors via the
1250 `ImmutableEqVector` trait, which is in the prelude.
1251 * std: Vectors can be indexed with the `get_opt` method, which returns `None`
1252 if the index is out of bounds.
1253 * std: Task failure no longer propagates between tasks, as the model was
1254 complex, expensive, and incompatible with thread-based tasks.
1255 * std: The `Any` type can be used for dynamic typing.
1256 * std: `~Any` can be passed to the `fail!` macro and retrieved via
1258 * std: Methods that produce iterators generally do not have an `_iter`
1260 * std: `cell::Cell` and `cell::RefCell` can be used to introduce mutability
1261 roots (mutable fields, etc.). Use instead of e.g. `@mut`.
1262 * std: `util::ignore` renamed to `prelude::drop`.
1263 * std: Slices have `sort` and `sort_by` methods via the `MutableVector`
1265 * std: `vec::raw` has seen a lot of cleanup and API changes.
1266 * std: The standard library no longer includes any C++ code, and very
1267 minimal C, eliminating the dependency on libstdc++.
1268 * std: Runtime scheduling and I/O functionality has been factored out into
1269 extensible interfaces and is now implemented by two different crates:
1270 libnative, for native threading and I/O; and libgreen, for green threading
1271 and I/O. This paves the way for using the standard library in more limited
1272 embedded environments.
1273 * std: The `comm` module has been rewritten to be much faster, have a
1274 simpler, more consistent API, and to work for both native and green
1276 * std: All libuv dependencies have been moved into the rustuv crate.
1277 * native: New implementations of runtime scheduling on top of OS threads.
1278 * native: New native implementations of TCP, UDP, file I/O, process spawning,
1280 * green: The green thread scheduler and message passing types are almost
1282 * extra: The `flatpipes` module had bitrotted and was removed.
1283 * extra: All crypto functions have been removed and Rust now has a policy of
1284 not reimplementing crypto in the standard library. In the future crypto
1285 will be provided by external crates with bindings to established libraries.
1286 * extra: `c_vec` has been modernized.
1287 * extra: The `sort` module has been removed. Use the `sort` method on
1291 * The `rust` and `rusti` commands have been removed, due to lack of
1293 * `rustdoc` was completely rewritten.
1294 * `rustdoc` can test code examples in documentation.
1295 * `rustpkg` can test packages with the argument, 'test'.
1296 * `rustpkg` supports arbitrary dependencies, including C libraries.
1297 * `rustc`'s support for generating debug info is improved again.
1298 * `rustc` has better error reporting for unbalanced delimiters.
1299 * `rustc`'s JIT support was removed due to bitrot.
1300 * Executables and static libraries can be built with LTO (-Z lto)
1301 * `rustc` adds a `--dep-info` flag for communicating dependencies to
1305 Version 0.8 (September 2013)
1306 ============================
1308 * ~2200 changes, numerous bugfixes
1311 * The `for` loop syntax has changed to work with the `Iterator` trait.
1312 * At long last, unwinding works on Windows.
1313 * Default methods are ready for use.
1314 * Many trait inheritance bugs fixed.
1315 * Owned and borrowed trait objects work more reliably.
1316 * `copy` is no longer a keyword. It has been replaced by the `Clone` trait.
1317 * rustc can omit emission of code for the `debug!` macro if it is passed
1319 * mod.rs is now "blessed". When loading `mod foo;`, rustc will now look
1320 for foo.rs, then foo/mod.rs, and will generate an error when both are
1322 * Strings no longer contain trailing nulls. The new `std::c_str` module
1323 provides new mechanisms for converting to C strings.
1324 * The type of foreign functions is now `extern "C" fn` instead of `*u8'.
1325 * The FFI has been overhauled such that foreign functions are called directly,
1326 instead of through a stack-switching wrapper.
1327 * Calling a foreign function must be done through a Rust function with the
1328 `#[fixed_stack_segment]` attribute.
1329 * The `externfn!` macro can be used to declare both a foreign function and
1330 a `#[fixed_stack_segment]` wrapper at once.
1331 * `pub` and `priv` modifiers on `extern` blocks are no longer parsed.
1332 * `unsafe` is no longer allowed on extern fns - they are all unsafe.
1333 * `priv` is disallowed everywhere except for struct fields and enum variants.
1334 * `&T` (besides `&'static T`) is no longer allowed in `@T`.
1335 * `ref` bindings in irrefutable patterns work correctly now.
1336 * `char` is now prevented from containing invalid code points.
1337 * Casting to `bool` is no longer allowed.
1338 * `\0` is now accepted as an escape in chars and strings.
1339 * `yield` is a reserved keyword.
1340 * `typeof` is a reserved keyword.
1341 * Crates may be imported by URL with `extern mod foo = "url";`.
1342 * Explicit enum discriminants may be given as uints as in `enum E { V = 0u }`
1343 * Static vectors can be initialized with repeating elements,
1344 e.g. `static foo: [u8, .. 100]: [0, .. 100];`.
1345 * Static structs can be initialized with functional record update,
1346 e.g. `static foo: Foo = Foo { a: 5, .. bar };`.
1347 * `cfg!` can be used to conditionally execute code based on the crate
1348 configuration, similarly to `#[cfg(...)]`.
1349 * The `unnecessary_qualification` lint detects unneeded module
1350 prefixes (default: allow).
1351 * Arithmetic operations have been implemented on the SIMD types in
1352 `std::unstable::simd`.
1353 * Exchange allocation headers were removed, reducing memory usage.
1354 * `format!` implements a completely new, extensible, and higher-performance
1355 string formatting system. It will replace `fmt!`.
1356 * `print!` and `println!` write formatted strings (using the `format!`
1357 extension) to stdout.
1358 * `write!` and `writeln!` write formatted strings (using the `format!`
1359 extension) to the new Writers in `std::rt::io`.
1360 * The library section in which a function or static is placed may
1361 be specified with `#[link_section = "..."]`.
1362 * The `proto!` syntax extension for defining bounded message protocols
1364 * `macro_rules!` is hygienic for `let` declarations.
1365 * The `#[export_name]` attribute specifies the name of a symbol.
1366 * `unreachable!` can be used to indicate unreachable code, and fails
1370 * std: Transitioned to the new runtime, written in Rust.
1371 * std: Added an experimental I/O library, `rt::io`, based on the new
1373 * std: A new generic `range` function was added to the prelude, replacing
1374 `uint::range` and friends.
1375 * std: `range_rev` no longer exists. Since range is an iterator it can be
1376 reversed with `range(lo, hi).invert()`.
1377 * std: The `chain` method on option renamed to `and_then`; `unwrap_or_default`
1378 renamed to `unwrap_or`.
1379 * std: The `iterator` module was renamed to `iter`.
1380 * std: Integral types now support the `checked_add`, `checked_sub`, and
1381 `checked_mul` operations for detecting overflow.
1382 * std: Many methods in `str`, `vec`, `option, `result` were renamed for
1384 * std: Methods are standardizing on conventions for casting methods:
1385 `to_foo` for copying, `into_foo` for moving, `as_foo` for temporary
1387 * std: The `CString` type in `c_str` provides new ways to convert to and
1389 * std: `DoubleEndedIterator` can yield elements in two directions.
1390 * std: The `mut_split` method on vectors partitions an `&mut [T]` into
1392 * std: `str::from_bytes` renamed to `str::from_utf8`.
1393 * std: `pop_opt` and `shift_opt` methods added to vectors.
1394 * std: The task-local data interface no longer uses @, and keys are
1395 no longer function pointers.
1396 * std: The `swap_unwrap` method of `Option` renamed to `take_unwrap`.
1397 * std: Added `SharedPort` to `comm`.
1398 * std: `Eq` has a default method for `ne`; only `eq` is required
1400 * std: `Ord` has default methods for `le`, `gt` and `ge`; only `lt`
1401 is required in implementations.
1402 * std: `is_utf8` performance is improved, impacting many string functions.
1403 * std: `os::MemoryMap` provides cross-platform mmap.
1404 * std: `ptr::offset` is now unsafe, but also more optimized. Offsets that
1405 are not 'in-bounds' are considered undefined.
1406 * std: Many freestanding functions in `vec` removed in favor of methods.
1407 * std: Many freestanding functions on scalar types removed in favor of
1409 * std: Many options to task builders were removed since they don't make
1410 sense in the new scheduler design.
1411 * std: More containers implement `FromIterator` so can be created by the
1413 * std: More complete atomic types in `unstable::atomics`.
1414 * std: `comm::PortSet` removed.
1415 * std: Mutating methods in the `Set` and `Map` traits have been moved into
1416 the `MutableSet` and `MutableMap` traits. `Container::is_empty`,
1417 `Map::contains_key`, `MutableMap::insert`, and `MutableMap::remove` have
1418 default implementations.
1419 * std: Various `from_str` functions were removed in favor of a generic
1420 `from_str` which is available in the prelude.
1421 * std: `util::unreachable` removed in favor of the `unreachable!` macro.
1422 * extra: `dlist`, the doubly-linked list was modernized.
1423 * extra: Added a `hex` module with `ToHex` and `FromHex` traits.
1424 * extra: Added `glob` module, replacing `std::os::glob`.
1425 * extra: `rope` was removed.
1426 * extra: `deque` was renamed to `ringbuf`. `RingBuf` implements `Deque`.
1427 * extra: `net`, and `timer` were removed. The experimental replacements
1428 are `std::rt::io::net` and `std::rt::io::timer`.
1429 * extra: Iterators implemented for `SmallIntMap`.
1430 * extra: Iterators implemented for `Bitv` and `BitvSet`.
1431 * extra: `SmallIntSet` removed. Use `BitvSet`.
1432 * extra: Performance of JSON parsing greatly improved.
1433 * extra: `semver` updated to SemVer 2.0.0.
1434 * extra: `term` handles more terminals correctly.
1435 * extra: `dbg` module removed.
1436 * extra: `par` module removed.
1437 * extra: `future` was cleaned up, with some method renames.
1438 * extra: Most free functions in `getopts` were converted to methods.
1441 * rustc's debug info generation (`-Z debug-info`) is greatly improved.
1442 * rustc accepts `--target-cpu` to compile to a specific CPU architecture,
1443 similarly to gcc's `--march` flag.
1444 * rustc's performance compiling small crates is much better.
1445 * rustpkg has received many improvements.
1446 * rustpkg supports git tags as package IDs.
1447 * rustpkg builds into target-specific directories so it can be used for
1449 * The number of concurrent test tasks is controlled by the environment
1450 variable RUST_TEST_TASKS.
1451 * The test harness can now report metrics for benchmarks.
1452 * All tools have man pages.
1453 * Programs compiled with `--test` now support the `-h` and `--help` flags.
1454 * The runtime uses jemalloc for allocations.
1455 * Segmented stacks are temporarily disabled as part of the transition to
1456 the new runtime. Stack overflows are possible!
1457 * A new documentation backend, rustdoc_ng, is available for use. It is
1458 still invoked through the normal `rustdoc` command.
1461 Version 0.7 (July 2013)
1462 =======================
1464 * ~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
1467 * `impl`s no longer accept a visibility qualifier. Put them on methods
1469 * The borrow checker has been rewritten with flow-sensitivity, fixing
1470 many bugs and inconveniences.
1471 * The `self` parameter no longer implicitly means `&'self self`,
1472 and can be explicitly marked with a lifetime.
1473 * Overloadable compound operators (`+=`, etc.) have been temporarily
1474 removed due to bugs.
1475 * The `for` loop protocol now requires `for`-iterators to return `bool`
1476 so they compose better.
1477 * The `Durable` trait is replaced with the `'static` bounds.
1478 * Trait default methods work more often.
1479 * Structs with the `#[packed]` attribute have byte alignment and
1480 no padding between fields.
1481 * Type parameters bound by `Copy` must now be copied explicitly with
1483 * It is now illegal to move out of a dereferenced unsafe pointer.
1484 * `Option<~T>` is now represented as a nullable pointer.
1485 * `@mut` does dynamic borrow checks correctly.
1486 * The `main` function is only detected at the topmost level of the crate.
1487 The `#[main]` attribute is still valid anywhere.
1488 * Struct fields may no longer be mutable. Use inherited mutability.
1489 * The `#[no_send]` attribute makes a type that would otherwise be
1491 * The `#[no_freeze]` attribute makes a type that would otherwise be
1493 * Unbounded recursion will abort the process after reaching the limit
1494 specified by the `RUST_MAX_STACK` environment variable (default: 1GB).
1495 * The `vecs_implicitly_copyable` lint mode has been removed. Vectors
1496 are never implicitly copyable.
1497 * `#[static_assert]` makes compile-time assertions about static bools.
1498 * At long last, 'argument modes' no longer exist.
1499 * The rarely used `use mod` statement no longer exists.
1502 * `fail!` and `assert!` accept `~str`, `&'static str` or `fmt!`-style
1504 * `Encodable`, `Decodable`, `Ord`, `TotalOrd`, `TotalEq`, `DeepClone`,
1505 `Rand`, `Zero` and `ToStr` can all be automatically derived with
1507 * The `bytes!` macro returns a vector of bytes for string, u8, char,
1508 and unsuffixed integer literals.
1511 * The `core` crate was renamed to `std`.
1512 * The `std` crate was renamed to `extra`.
1513 * More and improved documentation.
1514 * std: `iterator` module for external iterator objects.
1515 * Many old-style (internal, higher-order function) iterators replaced by
1516 implementations of `Iterator`.
1517 * std: Many old internal vector and string iterators,
1518 incl. `any`, `all`. removed.
1519 * std: The `finalize` method of `Drop` renamed to `drop`.
1520 * std: The `drop` method now takes `&mut self` instead of `&self`.
1521 * std: The prelude no longer reexports any modules, only types and traits.
1522 * std: Prelude additions: `print`, `println`, `FromStr`, `ApproxEq`, `Equiv`,
1523 `Iterator`, `IteratorUtil`, many numeric traits, many tuple traits.
1524 * std: New numeric traits: `Fractional`, `Real`, `RealExt`, `Integer`, `Ratio`,
1525 `Algebraic`, `Trigonometric`, `Exponential`, `Primitive`.
1526 * std: Tuple traits and accessors defined for up to 12-tuples, e.g.
1527 `(0, 1, 2).n2()` or `(0, 1, 2).n2_ref()`.
1528 * std: Many types implement `Clone`.
1529 * std: `path` type renamed to `Path`.
1530 * std: `mut` module and `Mut` type removed.
1531 * std: Many standalone functions removed in favor of methods and iterators
1532 in `vec`, `str`. In the future methods will also work as functions.
1533 * std: `reinterpret_cast` removed. Use `transmute`.
1534 * std: ascii string handling in `std::ascii`.
1535 * std: `Rand` is implemented for ~/@.
1536 * std: `run` module for spawning processes overhauled.
1537 * std: Various atomic types added to `unstable::atomic`.
1538 * std: Various types implement `Zero`.
1539 * std: `LinearMap` and `LinearSet` renamed to `HashMap` and `HashSet`.
1540 * std: Borrowed pointer functions moved from `ptr` to `borrow`.
1541 * std: Added `os::mkdir_recursive`.
1542 * std: Added `os::glob` function performs filesystems globs.
1543 * std: `FuzzyEq` renamed to `ApproxEq`.
1544 * std: `Map` now defines `pop` and `swap` methods.
1545 * std: `Cell` constructors converted to static methods.
1546 * extra: `rc` module adds the reference counted pointers, `Rc` and `RcMut`.
1547 * extra: `flate` module moved from `std` to `extra`.
1548 * extra: `fileinput` module for iterating over a series of files.
1549 * extra: `Complex` number type and `complex` module.
1550 * extra: `Rational` number type and `rational` module.
1551 * extra: `BigInt`, `BigUint` implement numeric and comparison traits.
1552 * extra: `term` uses terminfo now, is more correct.
1553 * extra: `arc` functions converted to methods.
1554 * extra: Implementation of fixed output size variations of SHA-2.
1557 * `unused_variable` lint mode for unused variables (default: warn).
1558 * `unused_unsafe` lint mode for detecting unnecessary `unsafe` blocks
1560 * `unused_mut` lint mode for identifying unused `mut` qualifiers
1562 * `dead_assignment` lint mode for unread variables (default: warn).
1563 * `unnecessary_allocation` lint mode detects some heap allocations that are
1564 immediately borrowed so could be written without allocating (default: warn).
1565 * `missing_doc` lint mode (default: allow).
1566 * `unreachable_code` lint mode (default: warn).
1567 * The `rusti` command has been rewritten and a number of bugs addressed.
1568 * rustc outputs in color on more terminals.
1569 * rustc accepts a `--link-args` flag to pass arguments to the linker.
1570 * rustc accepts a `-Z print-link-args` flag for debugging linkage.
1571 * Compiling with `-g` will make the binary record information about
1572 dynamic borrowcheck failures for debugging.
1573 * rustdoc has a nicer stylesheet.
1574 * Various improvements to rustdoc.
1575 * Improvements to rustpkg (see the detailed release notes).
1578 Version 0.6 (April 2013)
1579 ========================
1581 * ~2100 changes, numerous bugfixes
1584 * The self type parameter in traits is now spelled `Self`
1585 * The `self` parameter in trait and impl methods must now be explicitly
1586 named (for example: `fn f(&self) { }`). Implicit self is deprecated.
1587 * Static methods no longer require the `static` keyword and instead
1588 are distinguished by the lack of a `self` parameter
1589 * Replaced the `Durable` trait with the `'static` lifetime
1590 * The old closure type syntax with the trailing sigil has been
1591 removed in favor of the more consistent leading sigil
1592 * `super` is a keyword, and may be prefixed to paths
1593 * Trait bounds are separated with `+` instead of whitespace
1594 * Traits are implemented with `impl Trait for Type`
1595 instead of `impl Type: Trait`
1596 * Lifetime syntax is now `&'l foo` instead of `&l/foo`
1597 * The `export` keyword has finally been removed
1598 * The `move` keyword has been removed (see "Semantic changes")
1599 * The interior mutability qualifier on vectors, `[mut T]`, has been
1600 removed. Use `&mut [T]`, etc.
1601 * `mut` is no longer valid in `~mut T`. Use inherited mutability
1602 * `fail` is no longer a keyword. Use `fail!()`
1603 * `assert` is no longer a keyword. Use `assert!()`
1604 * `log` is no longer a keyword. use `debug!`, etc.
1605 * 1-tuples may be represented as `(T,)`
1606 * Struct fields may no longer be `mut`. Use inherited mutability,
1607 `@mut T`, `core::mut` or `core::cell`
1608 * `extern mod { ... }` is no longer valid syntax for foreign
1609 function modules. Use extern blocks: `extern { ... }`
1610 * Newtype enums removed. Use tuple-structs.
1611 * Trait implementations no longer support visibility modifiers
1612 * Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
1613 * `const` renamed to `static` to correspond to lifetime name,
1614 and make room for future `static mut` unsafe mutable globals.
1615 * Replaced `#[deriving_eq]` with `#[deriving(Eq)]`, etc.
1616 * `Clone` implementations can be automatically generated with
1617 `#[deriving(Clone)]`
1618 * Casts to traits must use a pointer sigil, e.g. `@foo as @Bar`
1619 instead of `foo as Bar`.
1620 * Fixed length vector types are now written as `[int, .. 3]`
1621 instead of `[int * 3]`.
1622 * Fixed length vector types can express the length as a constant
1623 expression. (ex: `[int, .. GL_BUFFER_SIZE - 2]`)
1626 * Types with owned pointers or custom destructors move by default,
1627 eliminating the `move` keyword
1628 * All foreign functions are considered unsafe
1629 * &mut is now unaliasable
1630 * Writes to borrowed @mut pointers are prevented dynamically
1632 * The name of the main function can be customized using #[main]
1633 * The default type of an inferred closure is &fn instead of @fn
1634 * `use` statements may no longer be "chained" - they cannot import
1635 identifiers imported by previous `use` statements
1636 * `use` statements are crate relative, importing from the "top"
1637 of the crate by default. Paths may be prefixed with `super::`
1638 or `self::` to change the search behavior.
1639 * Method visibility is inherited from the implementation declaration
1640 * Structural records have been removed
1641 * Many more types can be used in static items, including enums
1642 'static-lifetime pointers and vectors
1643 * Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
1644 * Typechecking of closure types has been overhauled to
1645 improve inference and eliminate unsoundness
1646 * Macros leave scope at the end of modules, unless that module is
1647 tagged with #[macro_escape]
1650 * Added big integers to `std::bigint`
1651 * Removed `core::oldcomm` module
1652 * Added pipe-based `core::comm` module
1653 * Numeric traits have been reorganized under `core::num`
1654 * `vec::slice` finally returns a slice
1655 * `debug!` and friends don't require a format string, e.g. `debug!(Foo)`
1656 * Containers reorganized around traits in `core::container`
1657 * `core::dvec` removed, `~[T]` is a drop-in replacement
1658 * `core::send_map` renamed to `core::hashmap`
1659 * `std::map` removed; replaced with `core::hashmap`
1660 * `std::treemap` reimplemented as an owned balanced tree
1661 * `std::deque` and `std::smallintmap` reimplemented as owned containers
1662 * `core::trie` added as a fast ordered map for integer keys
1663 * Set types added to `core::hashmap`, `core::trie` and `std::treemap`
1664 * `Ord` split into `Ord` and `TotalOrd`. `Ord` is still used to
1665 overload the comparison operators, whereas `TotalOrd` is used
1666 by certain container types
1669 * Replaced the 'cargo' package manager with 'rustpkg'
1670 * Added all-purpose 'rust' tool
1671 * `rustc --test` now supports benchmarks with the `#[bench]` attribute
1672 * rustc now *attempts* to offer spelling suggestions
1673 * Improved support for ARM and Android
1674 * Preliminary MIPS backend
1675 * Improved foreign function ABI implementation for x86, x86_64
1676 * Various memory usage improvements
1677 * Rust code may be embedded in foreign code under limited circumstances
1678 * Inline assembler supported by new asm!() syntax extension.
1681 Version 0.5 (December 2012)
1682 ===========================
1684 * ~900 changes, numerous bugfixes
1687 * Removed `<-` move operator
1688 * Completed the transition from the `#fmt` extension syntax to `fmt!`
1689 * Removed old fixed length vector syntax - `[T]/N`
1690 * New token-based quasi-quoters, `quote_tokens!`, `quote_expr!`, etc.
1691 * Macros may now expand to items and statements
1692 * `a.b()` is always parsed as a method call, never as a field projection
1693 * `Eq` and `IterBytes` implementations can be automatically generated
1694 with `#[deriving_eq]` and `#[deriving_iter_bytes]` respectively
1695 * Removed the special crate language for `.rc` files
1696 * Function arguments may consist of any irrefutable pattern
1699 * `&` and `~` pointers may point to objects
1700 * Tuple structs - `struct Foo(Bar, Baz)`. Will replace newtype enums.
1701 * Enum variants may be structs
1702 * Destructors can be added to all nominal types with the Drop trait
1703 * Structs and nullary enum variants may be constants
1704 * Values that cannot be implicitly copied are now automatically moved
1705 without writing `move` explicitly
1706 * `&T` may now be coerced to `*T`
1707 * Coercions happen in `let` statements as well as function calls
1708 * `use` statements now take crate-relative paths
1709 * The module and type namespaces have been merged so that static
1710 method names can be resolved under the trait in which they are
1713 * Improved support for language features
1714 * Trait inheritance works in many scenarios
1715 * More support for explicit self arguments in methods - `self`, `&self`
1716 `@self`, and `~self` all generally work as expected
1717 * Static methods work in more situations
1718 * Experimental: Traits may declare default methods for the implementations
1722 * New condition handling system in `core::condition`
1723 * Timsort added to `std::sort`
1724 * New priority queue, `std::priority_queue`
1725 * Pipes for serializable types, `std::flatpipes'
1726 * Serialization overhauled to be trait-based
1727 * Expanded `getopts` definitions
1728 * Moved futures to `std`
1729 * More functions are pure now
1730 * `core::comm` renamed to `oldcomm`. Still deprecated
1731 * `rustdoc` and `cargo` are libraries now
1734 * Added a preliminary REPL, `rusti`
1735 * License changed from MIT to dual MIT/APL2
1738 Version 0.4 (October 2012)
1739 ==========================
1741 * ~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
1744 * All keywords are now strict and may not be used as identifiers anywhere
1745 * Keyword removal: 'again', 'import', 'check', 'new', 'owned', 'send',
1746 'of', 'with', 'to', 'class'.
1747 * Classes are replaced with simpler structs
1748 * Explicit method self types
1749 * `ret` became `return` and `alt` became `match`
1750 * `import` is now `use`; `use is now `extern mod`
1751 * `extern mod { ... }` is now `extern { ... }`
1752 * `use mod` is the recommended way to import modules
1753 * `pub` and `priv` replace deprecated export lists
1754 * The syntax of `match` pattern arms now uses fat arrow (=>)
1755 * `main` no longer accepts an args vector; use `os::args` instead
1758 * Trait implementations are now coherent, ala Haskell typeclasses
1759 * Trait methods may be static
1760 * Argument modes are deprecated
1761 * Borrowed pointers are much more mature and recommended for use
1762 * Strings and vectors in the static region are stored in constant memory
1763 * Typestate was removed
1764 * Resolution rewritten to be more reliable
1765 * Support for 'dual-mode' data structures (freezing and thawing)
1768 * Most binary operators can now be overloaded via the traits in
1770 * `std::net::url` for representing URLs
1771 * Sendable hash maps in `core::send_map`
1772 * `core::task' gained a (currently unsafe) task-local storage API
1775 * An efficient new intertask communication primitive called the pipe,
1776 along with a number of higher-level channel types, in `core::pipes`
1777 * `std::arc`, an atomically reference counted, immutable, shared memory
1779 * `std::sync`, various exotic synchronization tools based on arcs and pipes
1780 * Futures are now based on pipes and sendable
1781 * More robust linked task failure
1782 * Improved task builder API
1785 * Improved error reporting
1786 * Preliminary JIT support
1787 * Preliminary work on precise GC
1788 * Extensive architectural improvements to rustc
1789 * Begun a transition away from buggy C++-based reflection (shape) code to
1790 Rust-based (visitor) code
1791 * All hash functions and tables converted to secure, randomized SipHash
1794 Version 0.3 (July 2012)
1795 ========================
1797 * ~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
1799 * New coding conveniences
1800 * Integer-literal suffix inference
1801 * Per-item control over warnings, errors
1802 * #[cfg(windows)] and #[cfg(unix)] attributes
1803 * Documentation comments
1804 * More compact closure syntax
1805 * 'do' expressions for treating higher-order functions as
1807 * *-patterns (wildcard extended to all constructor fields)
1810 * Name resolution pass and exhaustiveness checker rewritten
1811 * Region pointers and borrow checking supersede alias
1813 * Init-ness checking is now provided by a region-based liveness
1814 pass instead of the typestate pass; same for last-use analysis
1815 * Extensive work on region pointers
1817 * Experimental new language features
1818 * Slices and fixed-size, interior-allocated vectors
1819 * #!-comments for lang versioning, shell execution
1820 * Destructors and iface implementation for classes;
1821 type-parameterized classes and class methods
1822 * 'const' type kind for types that can be used to implement
1823 shared-memory concurrency patterns
1827 * Removal of various obsolete features
1828 * Keywords: 'be', 'prove', 'syntax', 'note', 'mutable', 'bind',
1829 'crust', 'native' (now 'extern'), 'cont' (now 'again')
1831 * Constructs: do-while loops ('do' repurposed), fn binding,
1832 resources (replaced by destructors)
1834 * Compiler reorganization
1835 * Syntax-layer of compiler split into separate crate
1836 * Clang (from LLVM project) integrated into build
1837 * Typechecker split into sub-modules
1840 * New time functions
1841 * Extension methods for many built-in types
1842 * Arc: atomic-refcount read-only / exclusive-use shared cells
1843 * Par: parallel map and search routines
1844 * Extensive work on libuv interface
1845 * Much vector code moved to libraries
1846 * Syntax extensions: #line, #col, #file, #mod, #stringify,
1847 #include, #include_str, #include_bin
1850 * Cargo automatically resolves dependencies
1853 Version 0.2 (March 2012)
1854 =========================
1856 * >1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
1858 * New docs and doc tooling
1860 * New port: FreeBSD x86_64
1862 * Compilation model enhancements
1863 * Generics now specialized, multiply instantiated
1864 * Functions now inlined across separate crates
1866 * Scheduling, stack and threading fixes
1867 * Noticeably improved message-passing performance
1868 * Explicit schedulers
1872 * Experimental new language features
1873 * Operator overloading
1877 * Various language extensions
1878 * C-callback function types: 'crust fn ...'
1879 * Infinite-loop construct: 'loop { ... }'
1880 * Shorten 'mutable' to 'mut'
1881 * Required mutable-local qualifier: 'let mut ...'
1882 * Basic glob-exporting: 'export foo::*;'
1883 * Alt now exhaustive, 'alt check' for runtime-checked
1884 * Block-function form of 'for' loop, with 'break' and 'ret'.
1887 * AST quasi-quote syntax extension
1888 * Revived libuv interface
1889 * New modules: core::{future, iter}, std::arena
1890 * Merged per-platform std::{os*, fs*} to core::{libc, os}
1891 * Extensive cleanup, regularization in libstd, libcore
1894 Version 0.1 (January 20, 2012)
1895 ===============================
1897 * Most language features work, including:
1898 * Unique pointers, unique closures, move semantics
1899 * Interface-constrained generics
1900 * Static interface dispatch
1902 * Multithread task scheduling
1903 * Typestate predicates
1904 * Failure unwinding, destructors
1905 * Pattern matching and destructuring assignment
1906 * Lightweight block-lambda syntax
1907 * Preliminary macro-by-example
1909 * Compiler works with the following configurations:
1910 * Linux: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
1911 * MacOS: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
1912 * Windows: x86 hosts and targets
1914 * Cross compilation / multi-target configuration supported.
1916 * Preliminary API-documentation and package-management tools included.
1920 * Documentation is incomplete.
1922 * Performance is below intended target.
1924 * Standard library APIs are subject to extensive change, reorganization.
1926 * Language-level versioning is not yet operational - future code will
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